• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2006

We optimized conditions of extract solvents and elution solvents for total aflatoxins in foods using HPLC/FLD. The extract solvent was 70% methanol solution including 1% NaCl and the 3 mL of acetonitrile was used as elution solvent using immnuoaffinity column. The detection limits (LOD) was 0.05 ng/g. The recoveries for total aflatoxins ($B_1,\;B_2,\;G_1\;and\;G_2$) studied in foods were cereals ($74.1{\sim}95.5%,\;83.7{\sim}98.8%,\;80.4{\sim}102.4%,\;72.8{\sim}76.5%$), pulses ($85.8{\sim}87.5%,\;83.8{\sim}90.7%,\;92.0{\sim}94.5%,\;60.6{\sim}65.6%$), nuts ($84.6{\sim}97.1%,\;86.0{\sim}94.1%,\;95.5{\sim}111.5%,\;71.0{\sim}89.9%$), processed foods ($81.5{\sim}87.1%,\;82.8{\sim}85.8%,\;85.4{\sim}92.7%,\;68.9{\sim}76.4%$), dried fruits ($83.6{\sim}93.5%,\;78.1{\sim}90.4%,\;93.0{\sim}108.5%,\;64.9{\sim}78.5%$) and other foods ($72.5{\sim}98.3%,\;73.1{\sim}96.4%,\;83.5{\sim}107.2%,\;64.2{\sim}75.8%$), respectively.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.151-161
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• 2007

To obtain the information of dental arch size and the distance from one tooth center to adjacent tooth center of occlusal surface of each tooth which is perforated by Pindex system on working cast for removable die system, 600 dental casts in Busan were examined. The distance of center of occlusal surface of each tooth and dental arch size were digitized. The results were as follows; 1. Mean values of the distance from center of maxillary central incisor to maxillary lateral incisor(tooth number 11$\sim$12, 21$\sim$22) is 5,7 mm, 12$\sim$13(22$\sim$23) is 5.9 mm, 13$\sim$14(23$\sim$24) is 6.9 mm, 14$\sim$15(24$\sim$25) is 7.1 mm, 15$\sim$16(25$\sim$26) is 8.4 mm, 16$\sim$17(26$\sim$27) is 10.2 mm, 11$\sim$21 is 7.30 mm. Mean values of the distance from center of mandibular central incisor to mandibular lateral incisor(tooth number 31$\sim$32, 41$\sim$42) is 4.5 mm, 32$\sim$33(42$\sim$43) is 4.8 mm, 33$\sim$34(43$\sim$44) is 6.3 mm, 34$\sim$35(44$\sim$45) is 7.2 mm, 35$\sim$36(45$\sim$46) is 9.2 mm, 36$\sim$37(46$\sim$47) is 10.7 mm, 31$\sim$41 is 4.7 mm. 2. Mean values of the distance from the center of maxillary right central incisor to the center of maxillary left central incisor(11$\sim$21) is 7.3 mm, 12$\sim$22 is 18.2 mm, 13$\sim$23 is 26.9 mm, 14$\sim$24 is 37.2 mm, 15$\sim$25 is 43.2 mm, 16$\sim$26 is 48.5 mm, 17$\sim$27 is 53.5 mm. Mean values of the distance from the center of mandibular right central incisor to the center of mandibular left central incisor(31$\sim$41) is 4.7 mm, 32$\sim$42 is 13.3 mm, 33$\sim$43 is 21.7 mm, 34$\sim$44 is 31.9 mm, 35$\sim$45 is 38.2 mm, 36$\sim$46 is 44.8 mm, 37$\sim$47 is 50.7 mm. 3. Mean values of the distance from the line of between 11$\sim$21 to 12$\sim$22 is 10.9 mm, 12$\sim$22 to 13$\sim$23 is 8.7 mm, 13$\sim$23 to 14$\sim$24 is 10.3 mm, 14$\sim$24 to 15$\sim$25 is 6.0 mm, 15$\sim$25 to 16$\sim$26 is 5.3 mm, 16$\sim$26 to 17$\sim$27 is 5.0 mm. 31$\sim$41 to 32$\sim$42 is 8.6 mm, 32$\sim$42 to 33$\sim$43 is 8.4 mm, 33$\sim$43 to 34$\sim$44 is 10.2 mm, 34$\sim$44 to 35$\sim$45 is 6.3 mm, 35$\sim$45 to 36$\sim$46 is 6.6 mm, 36$\sim$46 to 37$\sim$47 is 5.9 mm. 4. We checked the bottom side of cast to verify the position of dowel pin. There is no difference upper side and lower side.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.49-60
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate geochemical characteristics for stream sediments in the Naju area. We collected 139 stream sediments samples from primary channels. Samples were dried slowly in the laboratory and chemical analysis was carried out using XRF. ICP-AES and NAA. In order to investigate geochemical characteristics, the geological groups categorized into granitic gneiss area, schist area, granite area, arenaceous rock area, tuff area, andesite area, and rhyolite area. Average contents of major elements for geological groups are $SiO_2\;58.37{\sim}66.06wt.%,\;Al_2O_3\;13.98{\sim}18.41wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;4.09{\sim}6.10wt.%,\;CaO\;0.54{\sim}1.33wt.%,\;MgO\;0.86{\sim}1.34wt.%,\;K_2O\;2.38{\sim}4.01wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.90{\sim}1.32wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.82{\sim}1.03wt.%,\;MnO\;0.09{\sim}0.15wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.11{\sim}0.18wt.%$. According to the comparison of average contents of major elements, $Al_2O_3\;and\;K_2O$ are higher in granitic gneiss area, $Fe_2O_3,\;CaO,\;P_2O_5$ are higher in tuff area, MgO and $TiO_2$ are higher in andesite area, $Na_2O_$ is higher in rhyolite area, $SiO_2$, and MnO are higher in arenaceous rock area. Average contents of minor and rare earth elements for geological groups are $Ba\;1278{\sim}1469ppm,\;Be\;1.1{\sim}1.5ppm,\;Cu\;18{\sim}25ppm,\;Nb\;25{\sim}37ppm,\;Ni\;16{\sim}25ppm,\;Pb\;21{\sim}28ppm,\;Sr\;83{\sim}155ppm,\;V\;64{\sim}98ppm,\;Zr\;83{\sim}146ppm,\;Li\;32{\sim}45ppm,\;Co\;7.2{\sim}12.7ppm,\;Cr\;37{\sim}76ppm,\;Cs\;4.8{\sim}9.1ppm,\;Hf\;7.5{\sim}25ppm,\;Rb\;88{\sim}178ppm,\;Sc\;7.7{\sim}12.6ppm,\;Zn\;83{\sim}143ppm,\;Pa\;11.3{\sim}37ppm,\;Ce\;69{\sim}206ppm,\;Eu\;1.1{\sim}1.5ppm,\;Yb\;1.8{\sim}4.4ppm$. According to the comparison of average contents of minor and rare earth elements for geological groups, Pb, Li, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sb, Pa, Ce, Eu, and Yb are higher in granitic gneiss area; Ba, Co, and Cr in schist area; Nb, Ni, and Zr in arenaceous rock area; Sr in tuff area: and Be, Cu, V, Sc, and Zn are such in andesite area.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.675-687
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to determine the geochemical characteristics of the stream sediments in the Cheongpung area. So that we can understand the natural background and predict the prospects of geochemical disaster, if any. We collected the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and slow dried the collected samples in the laboratory and ground them to pass a 200 mesh using an alumina mortar and pestle for chemical analysis. Miner-alogical characteristics, major, trace and rare earth elements were determined by XRD, XRF, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on the geological group of stream sediments, the studied area was grouped into granitic gneiss area, metatectic gneiss area, Dado tuff area, Yuchi conglomerate area, and Neungju flow area in the Cheongpung area. Contents of major elements for the stream sediments in the Cheongpung area were $SiO_2\;47.31{\sim}72.81\;wt.%,\;A1_2O_3 \;11.26{\sim}21.88\;wt.%,\;Fe_2O_3\;2.83{\sim}8.39\;wt.%,\;CaO\;0.34{\sim}7.54\;wt.%,\;MgO\; 0.55{\sim}3.59\;wt.%,\;K_2O\;1.71{\sim}4.31\;wt.%,\;Na_2O\;0.56{\sim}2.28\;wt.%,\;TiO_2\;0.46{\sim}1.24\;wt.%,\;MnO\;0.04{\sim}0.27\;wt.%,\;P_2O_5\;0.02{\sim}0.45\;wt.%$. The con-tents of trace and rare earth elements for the stream sediments were $Ba\;700ppm{\sim}8990ppm,\;Be\;1.0{\sim}3.50ppm,\;Cu\;6.20{\sim}60ppm,\;Nb\;12{\sim}28ppm,\;Ni\;4.4{\sim}61ppm,\;Pb\;13{\sim}34ppm,\;Sr\;65{\sim}787ppm,\;V\;4{\sim}98ppm,\;Zr\;32{\sim}164ppm,\;Li\;21{\sim}827ppm,\;Co\;3.68{\sim}65ppm,\;Cr\;16.7{\sim}409ppm,\;Cs\;2.72{\sim}37.1ppm,\;Hf\;4.99{\sim}49.2ppm,\;Rb\;71.9{\sim}649ppm,\;Sb\;0.16{\sim}5.03ppm,\;Sc\;4.97{\sim}52ppm,\;Zn\;26.3{\sim}375ppm,\;Ce\;60.6{\sim}373ppm,\;Eu\;0.82{\sim}6ppm,\;Yb\;0.71{\sim}10ppm$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 1993

Total dietary fiber and crude fiber contents were analyzed for 54 different kinds of Korean vegetable foods by AOAC method. On the fresh matter basis, total dietary fiber and crude fiber contents of tested food samples ranged from $1.19{\sim}10.35%,\;0.19{\sim}1.28%$ in cereals, $1.12{\sim}1.81%,\;0.29{\sim}0.64%$ in potatoes, $2.05{\sim}18.14%,\;0.38{\sim}4.42%$, in pulses, $0.99{\sim}7.42%,\;0.35{\sim}2.61%$ in fresh vegetables, $2.28{\sim}41.14%,\;0.97{\sim}20.96%$ in processed vegetables, $0.19{\sim}2.91%,\;0.10{\sim}0.79%$ in fruits, $4.27{\sim}10.83%,\;0.96{\sim}4.62%$ in nuts and seeds, $1.62{\sim}3.94%,\;0.79{\sim}0.89%$ in mushrooms, $28.70{\sim}38.19%,\;2.17{\sim}6.41%$ in seaweeds, and $4.65{\sim}6.67%,\;2.49{\sim}3.44%$ in seasonings, respectively. The ratio of total dietary fiber/crude fiber contents ranged from 2 to 13, showing a wide variation among food commodities, necessitating the analysis of total dietary fiber content for individual food items.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.3 s.178
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• pp.329-342
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to determine the geochemical characteristics for the stream sediments in the Konyang area. So we can estimate the environment contamination and understand geochemical disaster. We collect the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and slowly dry the collected samples in the laboratory and grind to pass a 200mesh using an alumina mortar and pestle for chemical analysis. Mineralogy, major, trace and rare earth elements are determined by XRD, XRE, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on the geological groups of stream sediments, the studied area was grouped into quartz porphyry area, sedimentary rock area, anorthosite area and gneiss area. Contents of major elements for the stream sediments in the Konyang area were $SiO_2\;41.86{\sim}76.74\;wt.%,\;Al_{2}O_{3}\;9.92{\sim}30.00\;wt.%,\;Fe_{2}O_{3}\;2.74{\sim}12.68\;wt.%,\;CaO\;0.22{\sim}3.31\;wt.%,\;MgO\;0.34{\sim}3.97\;wt.%,\;K_{2}O\;0.75{\sim}0.93\;wt.%,\;Na_{2}O\;0.25{\sim}1.92\;wt.%,\;TiO_{2}\;0.40{\sim}3.00\;wt.%,\;MnO\;0.03{\sim}0.21\;wt.%,\;P_{2}O_{5}\;0.05{\sim}0.38\;wt.%$. The contents of trace and rare earth elements for the stream sediments were $Cu\;7{\sim}102\;ppm,\;Pb\;15{\sim}47\;ppm,\;Sr\;48{\sim}513\;ppm,\;V\;29{\sim}129\;ppm,\;Zr\;31{\sim}217\;ppm,\;Li\;14{\sim}94\;ppm,\;Co\;5.6{\sim}32.1\;ppm,\;Cr\;23{\sim}259\;ppm,\;Cs\;1.7{\sim}8.7\;ppm,\;Hf\;2.1{\sim}109.0\;ppm,\;Rb\;34{\sim}247\;ppm,\;Sc\;4.5{\sim}21.9\;ppm,\;Zn\;24{\sim}609\;ppm,\;Sb\;0.8{\sim}2.6\;ppm,\;Th\;3{\sim}213\;ppm,\;Ce\;22{\sim}1000\;ppm,\;Eu\;0.7{\sim}5.3\;ppm,\;Yb\;0.6{\sim}6.4\;ppm$. Generally, the contents of $Al_{2}O_{3}\;and\;SiO_2$ had a good relationships with each other in rocks but it had a bad relationships in stream sediments for this study area. The contents of $Fe_{2}O_3$, CaO, MnO and $P_{2}O_{5}$ had a good relationships with major and minor elements in stream sediments of this study area. The contents of Co and V in the stream sediments had a good relationships with other toxic elements.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.151-155
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• 1995

In order to understand some physicochemical and functional properties of whey powders, imported and domestic products were analyzed. The pH values of imported whey powder solution were $5.85{\sim}6.33$, while those of domestic $5.70{\sim}6.43$. The titratable acidity values of imported whey powders were $0.11{\sim}0.18%$, while those of domestic products $0.10{\sim}0.24%$. The contents of moisture, crude ash, protein, lipid and lactose of the imported whey powder were $1.31{\sim}2.10%,\;7.37{\sim}7.49%,\;11.54{\sim}12.14%,\;0.82{\sim}1.40%\;and\;64.43{\sim}72.66%$, respectively, while those of domestic products $2.11{\sim}2.81%,\;5.39{\sim}8.03%,\;10.41{\sim}20.03%,\;1.88{\sim}2.54%\;and\;54.32{\sim}68.42%$, respectively. The active SH group contents of imported whey powders were $0.36{\sim}0.82{\mu}M/g$, while those of domestic products ranged $0.29{\sim}4.83{\mu}M/g$. The protein solubility of imported whey powders were $54.50{\sim}82.26%$, while that of domestic products $26.93{\sim}68.44%$. The emulsifying capacity and the emulsion stability of imported whey powders were $5.83{\sim}12.53cm^{2}/g$ and $10.24{\sim}12.45%$, respectively, while those of domestic products $6.19{\sim}11.28cm^{2}/g$ and $7.28{\sim}9.93%$, respectively. The foam overrun and stability of imported whey powders were $4.34{\sim}5.54%$ and $0.49{\sim}0.66%$, respectively, while those of domestic products $2.56{\sim}4.24%$ and $0.15{\sim}0.35%$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.2 no.3 s.5
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• pp.81-92
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• 2002

The objective of this paper is to help to make decision of the appropriate structural types in long span structured building due to range of span. For the intention, based on 7 forces of structural element, it is analized the relationships among 6 configurations of structural element(d/1), 25 structural types, 4 materials, and span-length known with 186 sample from 1850 to 1996. 1) bending forces: $club(1/100{\sim}1/10),\;plate(1/100{\sim}1/10),\;rahmen(steel,\;10{\sim}24m)\;simple\;beam(PC,\;10{\sim}35m)$ 2) shearing forces: $shell(1/100{\sim}1/1000)\;hyperbolic\;paraboloids(RC,25{\sim}97m)$ 3) shearing+bending forces: plate, folded $plate(RC21{\sim}59m)$ 4) compression axial forces: club, $arch(RC,\;32{\sim}65m)$ 5) compression+tension forces: shell, braced dome $shell(RC,\;40{\sim}201m),\;vault\;shell(RC,\;16{\sim}103m)$ 6) compression+tension axial forces: $rod(1/1000{\sim}1/100)$, cable(below 1/1000)+rod, coble+rod+membrane(below 1/1000), planar $truss(steel,\;31{\sim}134m),\;arch\;truss(31{\sim}135m),\;horizontal\;spaceframe(29{\sim}10\;8m),\;portal\;frame(39{\sim}55m),\;domical\;space\;truss(44{\sim}222m),\;framed\;\;membrane(45{\sim}110m),\;hybrid\;\;membrane\;(42{\sim}256m)$ 7) tension forces: cable, membrane, $suspension(60{\sim}150m),\;cable\;\;beam(40{\sim}130m),\;tensile\;membrane(42{\sim}136m),\;cable\;-slayed(25{\sim}90m),\;suspension\;membrane(24{\sim}97m),\;single\;layer\;pneumatic\;structure(45{\sim}231m),\;double\;layer\;pneumatic\;structures(30{\sim}44m)$

• Solar Energy
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.31-36
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• 1991

We have maintained the optimum water temperature for misgumus in winter season by solar thermal heating energy. The optimum temperatures for the misgumus anguillicaudatus were experimentally estimated, i.e. for the total length $4{\sim}5cm$ and body weight $1{\sim}2g$, the optimum temperature was $18{\sim}20^{\circ}C$. For the total length $5{\sim}7cm$, body weight $2{\sim}3g$ was $20{\sim}22^{\circ}C$ and for the total length $7{\sim}9cm$, body weight $4{\sim}6g$ was $22{\sim}24^{\circ}C$. The smaller misgumas($1{\sim}3g$) grows relatively slow but the bigger one($4{\sim}8g$) grows relatively fast and total average body weight increment was about $30{\sim}50g$ per month.

• Solar Energy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.94-106
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• 1992

The optimum water temperature was maintained for Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(CANTOR) in winter season by solar thermal heating. The optimum temperature ranges for the Misgurnus anguillicaudatus(CANTOR) were experimentally estimated, i.e. for the body length $7{\sim}9cm$ and body weight $4{\sim}6g$, the optimum temperature range was $21{\sim}23^{\circ}C$. For the body length $9{\sim}11cm$ and body weight $6{\sim}8g$, it was $23{\sim}25^{\circ}C$, And for the body length $11{\sim}13cm$ and body weight $8{\sim}10g$, it was $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$. The Misgurnus anguillicaudaus(CATOR) with the body weight $5{\sim}10g$ and body length $8{\sim}15cm$ grew relativeiy fast but the bigger ones with body weight above 15g, grew relatively slow and total average weight increment was about $50{\sim}80g$ per month.