• ETRI Journal
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2017

Multimodal medical image fusion is the process of retrieving valuable information from medical images. The primary goal of medical image fusion is to combine several images obtained from various sources into a distinct image suitable for improved diagnosis. Complexity in medical images is higher, and many soft computing methods are applied by researchers to process them. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets are more appropriate for medical images because the images have many uncertainties. In this paper, a new method, based on Sugeno's intuitionistic fuzzy set (SIFS), is proposed. First, medical images are converted into Sugeno's intuitionistic fuzzy image (SIFI). An exponential intuitionistic fuzzy entropy calculates the optimum values of membership, non-membership, and hesitation degree functions. Then, the two SIFIs are disintegrated into image blocks for calculating the count of blackness and whiteness of the blocks. Finally, the fused image is rebuilt from the recombination of SIFI image blocks. The efficiency of the use of SIFS in multimodal medical image fusion is demonstrated on several pairs of images and the results are compared with existing studies in recent literature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.535-546
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• 2023

In the present paper, multiple interface cracks between a functionally graded orthotropic coating and an orthotropic half-plane substrate under concentrated loading are considered by means of the distribution dislocation technique (DDT). With the use of integration of Fourier transform the problem is reduced to a system of Cauchy-type singular integral equations which are solved numerically to compute the dislocation density on the surfaces of the cracks. The distribution dislocation is a powerful method to calculate accurate solutions to plane crack problems, especially this method is very good to find SIFs for multiple unequal cracks located at the interface. Hence this technique allows considering any number of interface cracks. The primary objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of the interaction of multiple interface cracks, load location, material orthotropy, nonhomogeneity parameters and geometry parameters on the modes I and II SIFs. Numerical results show that modes I/II SIFs decrease with increasing the nonhomogeneity parameter and the highest magnitude of SIF occurs where distances between the load location and crack tips are minimal.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.796-804
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• 2003

The use of fracture mechanics has traditionally concentrated on crack growth under an opening mechanism. However, many service failures occur from cracks subjected to mixed-mode loading. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the fatigue behavior under mixed-mode loading. Under mixed-mode loading, not only the fatigue crack propagation rate is of importance, but also the crack propagation direction. In modified range 0.3$\leq$a/W$\leq$0.5, the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of mode I and mode II for the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen were calculated by using elastic finite element analysis. The propagation behavior of the fatigue cracks of cold rolled stainless steels (STS304) under mixed-mode conditions was evaluated by using K$\_$I/ and $_{4}$ (SIFs of mode I and mode II). The maximum tangential stress (MTS) criterion and stress intensity factor were applied to predict the crack propagation direction and the propagation behavior of fatigue cracks.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.2167-2173
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• 1996

An approximate weight function technique using the indirect boundary integral equation has been presented for the analysis of stress intensity foactors(SIFs) of a thick pipe. One-term boundary integral was introduced to represent the crack surface displacement field for the displacement based weight function technique. An explicit closed-form SIF solution applicable to symmetric cracked pipes without any modification of the solution including both circumferential and radial cracks has been derived. The necessary information in the analysis is two or three reference SIFs. In most cases the SIF solution were in good agreement with those available in the literature.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.93-109
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• 2015

Finite element analysis (FEA) combined with the concepts of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) provides a practical and convenient means to study the fracture and crack growth of materials. In this paper, a numerical modeling of crack propagation in the cement mantle of the reconstructed acetabulum is presented. This work is based on the implementation of the displacement extrapolation method (DEM) and the strain energy density (SED) theory in a finite element code. At each crack increment length, the kinking angle is evaluated as a function of stress intensity factors (SIFs). In this paper, we analyzed the mechanical behavior of cracks initiated in the cement mantle by evaluating the SIFs. The effect of the defect on the crack propagation path was highlighted.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.255-260
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• 2002

This paper describes a fuzzy-based system for analyzing the stress intensity factors (SIFs) of three-dimensional (3D) cracks. A geometry model, i.e. a solid containing one or several 3D cracks is defined. Several distributions of local node density are chosen, and then automatically superposed on one another over the geometry model by using the fuzzy knowledge processing. Nodes are generated by the bucketing method, and ten-coded quadratic tetrahedral solid elements are generated by the Delaunay triangulation techniques. The singular elements such that the mid-point nodes near crack front are shifted at the quarter-points, and these are automatically placed along the 3D crack front. The complete finite element(FE) model is generated, and a stress analysis is performed. The SIFs are calculated using the displacement extrapolation method. To demonstrate practical performances of the present system, semi-elliptical surface cracks in a inhomogeneous plate subjected to uniform tension are solved.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2019

This paper is concerned with the numerical calculation of mixed-mode stress intensity factors (SIFs) of 2-D isotropic functionally graded materials (FGMs) by the natural element method (more exactly, Petrov-Galerkin NEM). The spatial variation of elastic modulus in non-homogeneous FGMs is reflected into the modified interaction integral ${\tilde{M}}^{(1,2)}$. The local NEM grid near the crack tip is refined, and the directly approximated strain and stress fields by PG-NEM are enhanced and smoothened by the patch recovery technique. Two numerical examples with the exponentially varying elastic modulus are taken to illustrate the proposed method. The mixed-mode SIFs are parametrically computed with respect to the exponent index in the elastic modulus and external loading and the crack angle and compared with the other reported results. It has been justified from the numerical results that the present method successfully and accurately calculates the mixed-mode stress intensity factors of 2-D non-homogeneous functionally graded materials.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2017

The Newman-Raju formula and contour integral-based finite element analyses(FEAs) have been widely used to assess crack growth rates and residual lives at crack locations in ships or offshore structures, but the Newman-Raju formula is known to be less accurate for the complicated weld details and the conventional FEA-based contour integral approach needs concentrated efforts to construct FEA models. Recently, an extended finite element method(XFEM) has been proposed to reduce those modeling efforts with reliable accuracy. Stress intensity factors(SIFs) from the approaches such as the Newman-Raju formula, conventional FEA-based J-integral, and XFEM-based J-integral were compared for an infinitely long plate with a propagating elliptic crack. It was concluded that the XFEM approach was far reliable in terms of prediction ability of SIFs. Assuming a 25 year-aged coast guard patrol ship had the prescribed cracks at the bracket toes attached to longitudinal stiffeners in way of deck and bottom, SIFs were derived based on the three approaches. To obtain axial tension loads acting on the longitudinal stiffeners, long term hull girder bending moments were assumed to obey Weibull distribution of which two parameters were decided from a reference (DNV, 2014). For the complicated weld details, it was concluded that the XFEM approach could cost-effectively and accurately estimate the crack growth rates and residual lives of ship structures.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.99-117
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• 2023

The crack under the influence of the higher intensities of the stresses grows and the structure gets collapsed with the time when the crack length reaches to critical value. Therefore, the fracture behavior of a structure in terms of stress intensity factors (SIF) becomes important to determine the remaining fracture strength and capacity of material and structure for avoiding catastrophic failure, increasing safety and further improvement in the design. The robustness of the method has been demonstrated by comparing the numerical results with analytical and experimental results of some problems. XFEM is used to model cracks and holes in structures and predict their strength and reliability under service conditions. Further, XFEM is extended with a stochastic method for predicting the sensitivity in terms of output COVs and fracture strength in terms of mean values of stress intensity factors (SIFs) of a structure with discontinuities (cracks and holes) under tensile loading condition with input individual and combined randomness in different system parameters. In stochastic technique, the second order perturbation technique (SOPT) has been used for the predicting the fracture behavior of the structures. The stochastic/perturbation technique is also known as Taylor series expansion method and it provides the reliable results if the input randomness is less than twenty percentage. From the present numerical analysis it is observed that, the crack tip near to the hole is under the influence of the stress concentration and the variational effect of the input random parameters on the crack tip in terms of the SIFs are lesser so the COVs are the less sensitive. The COVs of mixed mode SIFs are the most sensitive for the crack angles (α=45° to 90°) for all the values of c₁ and d₁. The plate with the shorter distance between hole and crack is the most sensitive with all the crack angles but the crack tip which is much nearer to the hole has the highest sensitivity.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.258-267
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• 1998

This study reviews the influence function method(IFM) for calculating stress intensity factors (SIFs, K) and modifies it to apply for the estimating the residual fatigue life for the cracked components under complex stress fields. An IFM has been developed to analyze SIFs for surface cracks which are subjectedto nonuniformly distributed stresses. Through elastic superposition, the influence function method properly accounts for redistribution of stress as the crack grows through the component. This influence function is unique to the given geometry and independent of the loading. Some examples have been provided to show the effectiveness of the IFM including the distributions of K in a residual stress field. The significant effect of residual stress upon fatigue crack growth in a welded component has been demonstrated with the IFM.