• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to elucidate effects of fructooligosaccharide on gastrointestinal tract and blood lipids of rats when this was supplied as purchased condition or oligosaccharide containing sponge cake. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to one of 3 treatments 1) control diet 2) 7.5% fructooligosaccharide containing diet (FOS diet) 3) lyophilized sponge cake powder containing diet (FOS-C diet). The sponge cake was made with fractooligosaccharide which replaced 40% of its surose, and the final concentration of fructooligosaccharide in FOS-C diet was 7.5%. Cecal and fecal water contents, amount of cecal content, and cecal wall weight were higher from fructooligosaccharide consumption, whereas total gut transit time was longer in rats consuming fructooligosaccharide compared with those fed control diet. Cecal and fecal pH were lower in FOS and FOS-C groups than in control group. Total cecal SCFA pools were higher from ingesting fructooligosaccharide containing diets compared with control diet. Serum triglyceride levels were lower in rats fed FOS and FOS-C diet than those fed control diet, while serum cholesterol levels were unaffected by treatment. Therefore the effects of fructooligosaccharide in sponge cake on serum lipids and gastrointestinal tract were similar to those of intact fructooligosaccharide. Also, adding 7.5% of FOS accompanied diarrhea symptom which suggests some precaution are needed when using FOS.

• BMB Reports
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2014

There is rapidly growing interest in the human microbiome because of its implication in metabolic disorders and inflammatory diseases. Consequently, understanding the biology of short chain fatty acids and their receptors has become very important for identifying novel therapeutic avenues. GPR41 and GPR43 have been recognized as the cognate receptors for SCFAs and their roles in metabolism and inflammation have drawn much attention in recent years. GPR43 is highly expressed on immune cells and has been suggested to play a role in inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. Both GPR41 and GPR43 have been implicated in diabetes and obesity via the regulation of adipose tissue and gastrointestinal hormones. So far, many studies have provided contradictory results, and therefore further research is required to validate these receptors as drug targets. We will also discuss the synthetic modulators of GPR41 and GPR43 that are critical to understanding the functions of these receptors.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2014

T cells are central players in the regulation of adaptive immunity and immune tolerance. In the periphery, T cell differentiation for maturation and effector function is regulated by a number of factors. Various factors such as antigens, co-stimulation signals, and cytokines regulate T cell differentiation into functionally specialized effector and regulatory T cells. Other factors such as nutrients, micronutrients, nuclear hormones and microbial products provide important environmental cues for T cell differentiation. A mounting body of evidence indicates that the microbial metabolites short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have profound effects on T cells and directly and indirectly regulate their differentiation. We review the current status of our understanding of SCFA functions in regulation of peripheral T cell activity and discuss their impact on tissue inflammation.

• BMB Reports
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.404-409
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• 2023

This study investigates the relationship between cancer cachexia and the gut microbiota, focusing on the influence of cancer on microbial composition. Lewis lung cancer cell allografts were used to induce cachexia in mice, and body and muscle weight changes were monitored. Fecal samples were collected for targeted metabolomic analysis for short chain fatty acids and microbiome analysis. The cachexia group exhibited lower alpha diversity and distinct beta diversity in gut microbiota, compared to the control group. Differential abundance analysis revealed higher Bifidobacterium and Romboutsia, but lower Streptococcus abundance in the cachexia group. Additionally, lower proportions of acetate and butyrate were observed in the cachexia group. The study observed that the impact of cancer cachexia on gut microbiota and their generated metabolites was significant, indicating a host-to-gut microbiota axis.

• 한국식품영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품영양학회 2003년도 하계 학술 심포지엄
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• pp.85-85
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• 2003

본 연구는 저열량 기능성 탄수화물 소재(저항전분, 식이섬유)를 이용하여 당뇨병 환자의 혈당과 지방대사를 조절하는데 도움을 줄 수 있는 치료식을 개발하기 위해 동물실험과 임상실험을 수행하여 제품의 혈당 및 지방대사 조절, 혈당조절호르몬, 장내기능조절 효과를 검증하였다. 또한 동물실험을 통해 대장에서 염증을 일으키는 것으로 알려진 deoxycholate (DOC)를 식이무게의 2%로 첨가하고, HAS는 일반전분의 50%로 대체시켰을 때 HAS가 DOC의 염증작용에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보아 HAS의 장기능 개선에 대한 기능성을 환인해보았고 저항전분이 혈당 및 혈액내 지질조성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 인체실험 연구결과는 저항 전분을 섭취한 군에서 체중이 유의적으로 감소하였고 비만도를 나타내는 BMI도 감소하여 개발된 선식제품의 체중감소 효과가 입증되었다. 당대사 결과는 동물실험의 경우는 저항전분을 섭취한 군에서 혈당감소를 나타내고 있으나 인체실험의 경우 선식제품 섭취 후 혈당과 인슐린의 농도가 영향을 받지 않았으며 혈액 내 지방성분은 동물실험에서는 혈액내 총지방과 중성지방이 저항전분 섭취시 감소하였고, 인체실험의 경우 저항전분 시제품 섭취 후에 혈액내 중성지방량은 약간 증가하였으나 총지방량과 총콜레스테롤량, LDL-콜레스테롤량은 감소하는 효과를 보여주었다. 또한 면역능력에 대한 지표는 저항전분 시제품 섭취 후 혈액 내 면역글로부린 G가 유의적으로 증가 하였다. 동물실험을 통한 저항전분의 장기능에 관한 연구결과는 저항전분의 한 형태인 HAS의 섭취가 대장길이와 맹장무게를 증가시키며, 맹장에서의 비피더스균의 증식을 가져와 장내 SCFA의 생산을 증가시키고, 맹장내 pH 감소를 가져오며 대장 점막에서의 PGE2의 생산을 감소시켜 장 기능개선의 효과를 나타내고 있다. 그리고 이러한 효과는 DOC섭취에 의한 부작용을 완화시키는 작용을 하였다. 또한 저항전분의 동물실험 겨로가는 혈당을 감소시키며, 혈액지방 수준을 감소시키는 효과를 나타내므로 저항전분의 섭취는 장긴\ulcorner 개선, 혈당유지, 혈액지방수준 개선의 효과가 있는 것으로 보인다.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.196-200
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• 2004

There are increasing evidences that prebiotics can modulate various properties of the immune system. This study was conducted to investigate effects of three kinds of fructans (chicory inulin, chicory inulin oligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide) and a glucose oligomer(isomaltooligosaccharide) in large bowel mass and innnunoglobulin A (IgA) in rats. Forty five Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing about 1909 were randomly sorted to receive one of the five treatments, which were control diet, control diet+6% isomaltooligosaccharide (IMOS), control diet+6% fructooligosaccharide (FOS), control diet+6% chicory inulin oligosaccharide (CIOS), or control diet + 6% chicory inulin (CI). Rats were pair-fed and received the experimental diets for 5 weeks. Cecal and colonic wall weights were significantly higher in fructan (FOS, CIOS, CI)-fed groups compared with control and IMOS groups, and the length of colon was elevated in FOS and CIOS groups compared with control group. Fecal concentrations of acetic acid and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were significantly elevated in fructan-fed groups. Plasma and cecal levels and fecal excretion of immunogiobulin A (IgA) in rats were not significantly different among groups. However, fructooligosaccharide tended to increase IgA level in cecum. Cecal IgA level was significantly negatively correlated with pH of cecal content (r=-0.337), positively correlated with acetic acid level (r=0.310). Fecal IgA excretion was positively correlated with total SCFA (r=0.311) and propionic acid (r=0.400) level in feces. These results indicate that fructooligosaccharide and chicory inulin oligosaccharide exerted trophic effects in large bowel wall, increased production of SCFAs and decreased pH, which were conditions positively associated with cecal and colonic IgA secretion.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2013

This study was performed to investigate the effect of beet plup and IRG (Italian ryegrass) dry powder in fattening pig diet on reducing concentration of odorous compounds in the pig slurry. Fifty fattening boars [(Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) ${\times}$ Duroc] were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments (control, beet plup 5%, and IRG 5%). Pigs (BW 50~110 kg) were fed diets formulated to meet the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excretion was collected from the slurry pits. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) were higher in beet plup (31,786, 3,985 ppm) and IRG (32,755, 4,261 ppm) treatments, which was not different among treatments (p>0.05), compared to control (p<0.05). Concentrations of phenols and indoles were highest in beet plup (183.83, 168.59 ppm) and IRG (9.32, 8.92 ppm) treatments. Altogether, addition level of two contents was not appropriate to decrease concentration of odorous compounds.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2013

This study was to investigate the effect of addition levels of odor reducing contents on reducing the concentration of odorous compounds. Slurry treatments included three levels mixture of horseradish powder (HP), mushroom waste (MW) and probiotics powder (PP), and non-treatment control (n=4 each group). Levels of odorous compounds were measured from the liquid slurry incubated in room temperature ($20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$) for 2 wk in chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Concentration of phenols and indoles was lower (p<0.05) in level 1, which was mixed HP 0.01%, MW 0.4% and PP 0.004% (98.69, 1.87 ppm) compared to control. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) was lowest (p<0.05) level 1 (6,557, 1675 ppm). Taken together, lower level are effective in reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

This study was performed to analyse the concentration of odorous compounds in the piggeries. Piggeries for different types of pigs include piglets, growing pigs, gestating and lactating sows. Slurry from these piggeries was sampled every month for chemical analysis. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) was 9,862 ppm (piglet), 8,410 ppm (growing pigs), 6,791 ppm (fattening pigs), 3,508 ppm (lactating sows) and 1,687 ppm (gestating sows). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) was 1,634 ppm (piglet), 1,206 ppm (growing pigs), 868 ppm (fattening pigs), 493 ppm (lactating sows) and 185 ppm (gestating sows). Concentration of phenols was 209 ppm (piglet), 166 ppm (growing pigs), 127 ppm (fattening pigs), 85 ppm (lactating sows) and 36 ppm (gestating sows). Indoles was 18 ppm (piglet), 14 ppm (growing pigs), 8 ppm (fattening pigs), 6 ppm (lactating sows) and 4 ppm (gestating sows). Altogether, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased as pigs got aged.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

Slurry treatments included peanut shell, palm golden fiber, almond hull, which was added 2% of the amount of slurry, and non-treatment control (n=4 each group). Levels of odorous compounds were measured from the liquid slurry incubated in $20^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk in chamber whose structure is similar to slurry pit. Concentration of phenols and indoles was higher (p<0.05) in control (48.4, 4.0 ppm) compared to almond hull (31.5, 1.4 ppm) or palm golden fiber (29.1, 1.6 ppm) group. Short chain fatty acid (SCFA) level was lowest (p<0.05) in control (2,121 ppm) but highest in peanut shell group (3,640 ppm). Branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) concentration was highest (p<0.05) in peanut shell (296 ppm), but lowest in almond hull (90 ppm). Taken together, concentration of odorous compounds was decreased by addition of almond hull in pig slurry by which crude fiber and non-digestible fiber (NDF) may act as a carbon source.