• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.321-330
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• 2022

Coronavirus has been spreading rapidly around the world since it broke out in China in 2019. Respiratory diseases caused by coronavirus infection cause various diseases ranging from asymptomatic subclinical infections to severe pneumonia and cardiovascular complications, leading to death. In this regard, natural products are being studied to prevent various diseases caused by COVID-19. In current review, we would like to present mechanisms related to the inhibition of heart disease in ginseng and ginsenoside against SARS-CoV-2. In many previous studies, ginseng and ginsenoside are known to have antioxidant, blood flow improvement, improvement of vascular and heart function, blood pressure control, suppression of myocardial infarction and heart failure, and antiarrhythmia. Therefore, ginseng and ginsenoside have a possibility to suppress cardiovascular complications caused by COVID-19. Many of research provide evidence for ginseng and ginsenoside as treatments for the risk of cardiovascular complications. However, in this review, more specific contents on the proposition of the efficacy of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented. Therefore, we hope that researches to reduce cardiovascular complications of ginseng and ginsenoside for COVID-19 should be presented to reduce mortality for COVID-19.

• 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.54-57
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• 2022

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) by severe acute syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) occurs the unprecedented pandemic during recent two years and the WHO declared a global pandemic of COVID-19 in March 2020. The most common sampling sites in COVID-19 test are the oropharynx and nasopharynx. We recently encountered a total laryngectomee who had a positivity COVID-19 diagnostic test from the tracheostoma, on the other hand, false negativity from the nasal cavity. The meaning of this case is that accurate screening test could be achieved by performing a test through the tracheostoma as well as nasal cavity or oropharynx. We also would like to discuss the accurate testing methods of patients whose airflow has distorted due to surgery, the management method of these patients, and the need of further research in the COVID-19 pandemic period with relevant literature reviews.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.861-878
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• 2021

The human genome contains many retroviral elements called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs), resulting from the integration of retroviruses throughout evolution. HERVs once were considered inactive junk because they are not replication-competent, primarily localized in the heterochromatin, and silenced by methylation. But HERVs are now clearly shown to actively regulate gene expression in various physiological and pathological conditions such as developmental processes, immune regulation, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neurological disorders. Recent studies report that HERVs are activated in patients suffering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the current pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. In this review, we describe internal and external factors that influence HERV activities. We also present evidence showing the gene regulatory activity of HERV LTRs (long terminal repeats) in model organisms such as mice, rats, zebrafish, and invertebrate models of worms and flies. Finally, we discuss several molecular and cellular pathways involving various transcription factors and receptors, through which HERVs affect downstream cellular and physiological events such as epigenetic modifications, calcium influx, protein phosphorylation, and cytokine release. Understanding how HERVs participate in various physiological and pathological processes will help develop a strategy to generate effective therapeutic approaches targeting HERVs.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.31.1-31.8
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• 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. No specific therapeutic agents or vaccines for COVID-19 are available, though several antiviral drugs, are under investigation as treatment agents for COVID-19. The use of convalescent plasma transfusion that contain neutralizing antibodies for COVID-19 has become the major focus. This requires mass screening of populations for these antibodies. While several countries started reporting population based antibody rate, its simple point estimate may be misinterpreted without proper estimation of standard error and confidence intervals. In this paper, we review the importance of antibody studies and present the 95% confidence intervals COVID-19 antibody rate for the Korean population using two recently performed antibody tests in Korea. Due to the sparsity of data, the estimation of confidence interval is a big challenge. Thus, we consider several confidence intervals using Asymptotic, Exact and Bayesian estimation methods. In this article, we found that the Wald method gives the narrowest interval among all Asymptotic methods whereas mid p-value gives the narrowest among all Exact methods and Jeffrey's method gives the narrowest from Bayesian method. The most conservative 95% confidence interval estimation shows that as of 00:00 on September 15, 2020, at least 32,602 people were infected but not confirmed in Korea.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.149-158
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• 2022

The pandemic of Covid-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) has devastated the world, affected millions of people, and disrupted the world economy. The cause of the Covid19 epidemic has been identified as a new variant known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV2). It motives irritation of a small air sac referred to as the alveoli. The alveoli make up most of the tissue in the lungs and fill the sac with mucus. Most human beings with Covid19 usually do no longer improve pneumonia. However, chest x-rays of seriously unwell sufferers can be a useful device for medical doctors in diagnosing Covid19-both CT and X-ray exhibit usual patterns of frosted glass (GGO) and consolidation. The introduction of deep getting to know and brand new imaging helps radiologists and medical practitioners discover these unnatural patterns and pick out Covid19-infected chest x-rays. This venture makes use of a new deep studying structure proposed to diagnose Covid19 by the use of chest X-rays. The suggested model in this work aims to predict and forecast the patients at risk and identify the primary COVID-19 risk variables

• Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Applications
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.497-520
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• 2023

Numerous problems in science and engineering defined by nonlinear functional equations can be solved by reducing them to an equivalent fixed point problem. Fixed point theory provides essential tools for solving problems arising in various branches of mathematical analysis, such as split feasibility problems, variational inequality problems, nonlinear optimization problems, equilibrium problems, complementarity problems, selection and matching problems, and problems of proving the existence of solution of integral and differential equations.The theory of fixed is known to find its applications in many fields of science and technology. For instance, the whole world has been profoundly impacted by the novel Coronavirus since 2019 and it is imperative to depict the spread of the coronavirus. Panda et al. [24] applied fractional derivatives to improve the 2019-nCoV/SARS-CoV-2 models, and by means of fixed point theory, existence and uniqueness of solutions of the models were proved. For more information on applications of fixed point theory to real life problems, authors should (see [6, 13, 24] and the references contained in).

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제83권2호
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• pp.378-386
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• 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (이하 COVID-19)의 대유행이 지속됨에 따라 COVID-19 감염에서 회복된 환자들의 후유증과 치료에 많은 관심이 발생하고 있다. COVID-19의 장기적인 후유증은 아직 알려지지 않았지만, 최근 발표된 문헌에 따르면 일부 환자들은 퇴원 후에도 증상이 지속되며 영상의학적 이상 소견을 보였다. 우리는 COVID-19 회복 후에 지속적인 호흡곤란이 있던 네 명의 환자들 증례에서 폐 섬유화 또는 기질화 폐렴 패턴을 나타내는 폐 후유증을 보고하고자 한다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.23.1-23.12
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• 2022

Natural infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 or vaccination induces virus-specific immunity protecting hosts from infection and severe disease. While the infection-preventing immunity gradually declines, the severity-reducing immunity is relatively well preserved. Here, based on the different longevity of these distinct immunities, we develop a mathematical model to estimate courses of endemic transition of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Our analysis demonstrates that high viral transmission unexpectedly reduces the rates of progression to severe COVID-19 during the course of endemic transition despite increased numbers of infection cases. Our study also shows that high viral transmission amongst populations with high vaccination coverages paradoxically accelerates the endemic transition of COVID-19 with reduced numbers of severe cases. These results provide critical insights for driving public health policies in the era of 'living with COVID-19.'

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2022

목적: 코로나바이러스감염증-19 (coronavirus disease 2019, 코로나19) 대유행이 시작된 이후 새로운 변이 바이러스들이 지속적 출현으로 반복되는 코로나19 유행이 장기간 지속되고 있다. 본 연구는 국내 코로나19 유행 제3기와 제4기 중반까지 소아 청소년 환자의 임상적, 역학적 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 코로나19 확진으로 입원한 18세 이하 환자의 의무기록을 후향적으로 분석하였다. 연구기간은 제3기 유행(2020년 11월 13일-2021년 7월 6일)과 제4기 유행(2021년 7월 7일-10월 31일)로 구분하였다. 결과: 총 93명이 분석에 포함되었다(제3기 33명, 제4기 60명). 제3기에 비해 제4기 환자군의 중간 연령이 유의하게 높았다(6.7세 vs. 2.8세, P=0.014). 가정 내 전파가 전체 환자의 60.2%에서 보고되었고 두 시기에서 유사하였다(69.7% vs. 55.0%, P=0.190). 전체 환자 중 87.1% (81명)가 유증상 확인자였다. 이중 12.3%는 호흡기 증상이 없었다. 후각/미각 소실은 제4기 유행 환자군에 더 많이 관찰되었다(10.7% vs. 34.0%, P=0.032). 대부분의 호흡기 감염은 상기도 감염(94.4%, 67/71)이었고 4명 환자에서 폐렴이 동반되었다. 두 유행기 동안 진단 시 바이러스 수치의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 결론: 단일기관 후향적 연구의 제한점이 있으나 국내 코로나19 유행 제3기와 제4기 중반 동안 소아청소년 환자는 대체로 경증이었고 두 시기에서 임상적 특성 차이가 관찰되었다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.180-183
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• 2020

목적: 국내 초중고 학교 등교재개 이후 소아에서의 코로나바이러스감염증-2019 (코로나19) 사례의 감염경로를 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 2020년 5월 1일부터 7월 12일까지 국가감염병감시체계에 신고된 3-18세 소아 청소년 코로나19 확진자의 사례조사서 및 역학조사서를 분석하였다. 결과: 2020년 5월 국내 초중고 학교 등교 재개 이후 7월 12일까지 총 127명의 소아 청소년 코로나19 확진자가 신고되었다. 그 중 59명(46%)은 가족 및 친지로부터 전파된 사례였으며 18명(14%)은 학원 및 개인교습 중 전파되었다. 8명(6%)은 다중이용 시설에서 전파되었으며 3명(2%)은 학교에서 전파된 사례였다. 결론: 코로나19 감염예방을 위한 관리체계가 사전에 마련되고 준비된 경우 학교 내 코로나19 전파는 드물게 나타났다.