• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.5-17
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• 2004

Objective : In order to measure the efficacy of cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture by concentration level, we've treated A549 human lung cancer lines with different concentrations of cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture and examined mRNA and proteins which take parts in apoptosis. Methods : A549 human lung cancer lines were treated with various concentration levels of cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture and cell toxicity was carefully examined. From the analysis of DNA fragmentation, RT-PCR and Western blot, manifestation of mRNA and proteins which are associated with apoptosis were inspected. Results : The following results were obtained on apoptosis of A549 human lung cancer lines after administering various concentration levels of cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture. 1. Measuring cell toxicity of lung cancer cells, strong cell toxicity was detected at high concentration level(1000ul, 1200ul), but no consistent concentration dependent reliance was detected. 2. Through DNA fragmentation, we were able to confirm cell destruction in all groups. 3. Experiment groups treated with cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture showed inhibition of Bcl-2 and COX-2 at mRNA and Protein level, whileas increase of Bax was shown. 4. Manifestation of p21, p53, Cyclin E, and Cyclin Dl were confirmed in all groups. 5. Extrication of Cytochrome C was detected at all groups, as well as increased activity of the enzyme caspase-3 and caspase-9, and PARP fragmentation were confirmed. Conclusion : According to the results, we can carefully deduce cell destruction of A549 human lung cancer lines were induced by Apoptosis. At the fixed level, cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture showed decrease of Bcl-2 and COX-2, as well as increase of Bax. Since cultivated wild ginseng distilled herbal acupuncture increases manifestation of p21, p53, Cyclin E, and Cyclin Dl, it affects cellular cycle and through these phenomena, we can consider extrication of Cytochrome C, increase of caspase, and PARP fragmentation are the results.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.139-143
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• 2015

In the present study, we investigated the oral toxicity of Amomum tsao-ko Crevost et Lemaire, (Zingiberaceae) extract in Balb/c mice (BALB, n=60) for 3 weeks. Balb/c mice (10 mice/group, 6 group, $20{\pm}2g$, 6 weeks) were orally administered for 21 days, with dosage of 250, 500, 1000, 2000 mg/kg/day. Ethanol extract of A. tsao-ko did not affect any significant change of mortality, clinical signs, organs and body weights. Also, there were not significantly difference from the naive group (control) in hematological and serum biochemical examination. Consequently, these findings indicate that 3-week treatment with the ethanol extract of A. tsao-ko was not any toxic effects in Balb/c mice and the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for oral toxicity was determined to be 2000 mg/kg/day under our experimental conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.75-82
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• 1986

A field experiment was carried out to clarify the effect of underwater sound on the luring of fish school. The effects of. the acoustic emission on the luring of fish school were checked actually at a set net fishing site in Namhae using a commercial acoustic equipment, Dairyo-8. An emitting system of sound was designed by the authors, and the ambient noise, the sound pressure level and the reaction of fish school were measured in the set net. 1. The predominent frequency band of ambient noise was 150Hz-400Hz,.and the sound emitted was 400Hz-100Hz. The sound pressure level of ambient noise in set net was higher at the landing part, and lower at the playgrond, the gate of court and "the enterance of inclined "passage. The ambient noise was increased with the time elapse-d at the stage of hauling net, but :it was decreased suddenly at the final stage due probably to the decrease of the swimming speed of the fish school. 2. The results of the observation and the recording paper of echo sounder indicate that the effect of emitting sound in the bag net of set net was remarkable for the luring of fish school in the early stage, but decreased after 30 minutes. The reaction of fish school is more sensitiv2 to the sound pressure level than the time intervals between the emission and the pause. For the purpos~ of practical use, it is nesessary to confirm what kind of sound pressure level is the best for the luring of fish school. 3. In response to the acoustic equipment(Dairyo-8), fish school started to swarm 20 minutes after the sound emission and scattered when the sound paused. As the emitting pattern of the acoustic equiment, the three seconds of emission after one second of pause was more effective than the continuous emission at the set net fishing ground. Catch of the fish(s during th~ sound ernissio:l at the gate of court was three to five times more than that of no emission.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.61-70
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• 1986

In accordance with a rapid growth of demani on aquatic animals, researches of the unused fishery resources On the deep sea b~d in the Korean Waters has been and will be required. The authors carried out a series of fishing experiments to investigate the available resources and to find the effective fishing method on the deep sea bed of the Korean East Sea. In the experiments, 19 kinds of traps which are different from each other in shape, mesh size and entrance diameter were used. The fishing experiments w~r;; carried out in four areas of 20Dm, 600.'11, 800m and 1000.'11 deep respectively, by the Pusan 402 (30:) GT) and the Pusan 403 (279GT), the training ships of National Fisheries University of Pusan, during August, 1986. The catc~ were analyzed with the size, the depth and the construction of traps. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: 1. Main species of the catch w~re pink shrimp, Pandalus bolelis, a kind of welks, Buccimum striatissimum and a kind of larg~ crabs. Chiono8cetes japonicus and the another species were few. 2. The CPUE value (expressed by the number of catch per trap in this paper) of pink shrimp was the highest in the depth of 20J-n around, and the value in the depth of 600.'11 or more decreased gradually with an increase of the depth. But, the value of Buccimum straitissimum was much higher in the depth of 6:J:)!1I or more than that in the depth of 200m around. On the other hand, the value of Chion:Jecetes japonjcus was very low in general. 3. The iniividual body size of the catch differed with the depth. Pink shrimps caught in the depth of 200m around were smaller than those in the depth of 600.'11 or more. In contrast with this, Baccimum striatissim:t.m caught in the depth of 200m around were larger than those in the depth of 600.'11 or more. 4. Depending on the selection curve in Ishida's method for the mesh size of trap webbing, the carapace length of pink shrimp and the shell length of Buccimum striatissimum which are equivalent to 100% relative catching efficiency can be estimated about 3.5cm and 6.5cm or so respectively. 5. The number of catch of pink shrimp and Buccimum striatissimum by the 60.'1'1.'11 entrance diameter of trap were less than that by the 90mm, 120mm and 150mm, even thogh the diffierence am~r, g 9:Jmm, 120.'11.'11 and 150:1'.'11 are not so large.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.20-30
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• 1987

Major rice grain losses both in quality and in quantity are incurred in the whitening process which is indispensable in the milling process. Rice whitening it performed by two different whitening actions known as abrasive and frictional. In Korea, abrasive-type whiteners equipped with a emery-stone roller have been adopted in the whitening system in large scale milling plants, but not in customary small scale. However, researches on this type whitener have rarely been conducted in Korea. This study was attempted to establish design criteria or a modified abrasive-type whitener which is aerated with blower. The factors considered in this study were three levels of feedscrew pitch (20, 27, 34 mm) and three levels of clearance(11, 13, 15 mm) between surfaces or emery-stone roller and screen and two levels of moisture content (14.5%, 15.7%, w.b.) of brown rice. Also, the effect of aeration on whitening performance was examined, and a system performance consisting of one pass in the aerated abrasive-type and two passes in the existing friction type was compared with the performance of the existing whitening system consisting of three passes in friction type only. The latter system is prevailed in customery small milling plants. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The interactions between feed-screw pitch and chamber clearance of the aerated abrasive-type whitener had great effect on the performance of the machine. When the value of a nondimensional parameter, $C^2/(P{\cdot}d_p)$, expressing the relations between feed-screw pitch, P, and chamber clearance, C, ranged from 0.40 to 0.45, the performance of the aerated abrasive-type whitener was the best. 2. Aeration to the abrasive-type whitener gave positive effect on milled and head rice recoveries. 3. The whitening system involving the aerated abrasive-type whitener, which has appropriate feed-screw pitch and chamber clearance as described in item 1 above, produced more milled and head rice recoveries by about 1.5% and 2.0%, respectively, than the existing frictional whitening system. The former also consumed less electricity by about 10% (0.9KwH/1000kg).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.381-391
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• 1999

A new 5th generation adhesive system(ONE-STEP) has been supplied which operators can apply to conditioned tooth surfaces by one simplified step. The purpose of this study was to determine whether different methods of adhesive application and various air drying duration after applying adhesive affect the shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin, and to evaluate the adhesive pattern of composite resin and dentin under SEM. Seventy-seven extracted human molar teeth were cleaned and mounted in palstic test tubes. The occlusal dentin surfaces were exposed with Diamond Wheel Saw and smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine (South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Teeth were randomly divided into 7 groups (n=11), In experimental A group, adhesive was applied to dentin with agitation for 20 sec. In experimental N-A group, adhesive were continuously applied to dentin for 20 sec. Also control and experimental 1, 2, 3, 4 groups were dried for 10, 0, 5, 20, 30 seconds after applying adhesive, respectively, Adhesives were light cured for 10 sec. A gelatin capsule 5mm in diameter was filled with Aelitefil$^{TM}$ composite resin, placed on the treated dentin surface and light cured for 40 see, from three sides, All specimens were stored in distilled water at room temperature for 24 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured using a universal testing machine(AGS-1000 4D, Japan) at a crosshead speed of 5mm/min. An one-way ANOVA and LSD test were used for statistical analysis of the data. For SEM evaluation, seven specimens were made and sectioned. Representive postfracture and seven specimens were mounted on brass stubs, sputter-coated with gold and observed under SEM. The results were as follows : 1. The shear bond strength of experimental A group which adhesive were applied to dentin with agitation was higher than that of experimental N-A group (continuous application), and there was significant difference between two groups (p<0.01). 2. The interface between composite and dentin according to different application methods showed close adaptation in experimental A group and showed tinny gap in experimental N-A group. 3. The shear bond strength accoding to various air drying duration was the lowest value(7.57${\pm}$2.60 MPa) in experimental 1 group, so there was significant difference between experimental 1 group and other four groups (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference of shear bond strength between four groups (p>0.05). 4. The interface between composite and dentin according to various air drying duration showed close adaptation in control group and tinny gap in experimental 3 and 4 groups. But experimental 1 and 2 groups showed $30{\mu}$ and 6 - $10{\mu}m$ thick gaps, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.988-1000
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• 2023

Hesperetin(HT) is a potent antioxidant flavonoid aglycone derived from hesperidin(HD). The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities of HT and its cyclodextrin(CD) inclusion complexes were compared in vitro. HT was prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of HD, and HT/CD complexes were prepared using 𝛽-cyclodextrin(𝛽-CD) and hydroxypropyl-𝛽-cyclodextrin(HP-𝛽-CD) by solvent co-evaporation method. The solubility of the HT/HP-𝛽-CD inclusion complex increased 93.5-fold compared to HT, and the solubility of HT/𝛽-CD increased 22.5-fold. The HT/HP-𝛽-CD inclusion complex showed a similar effect as HT on radical scavenging activity in antioxidant assays, whereas the HT/𝛽-CD inclusion complex showed slightly lower activity than HT. Cytotoxicity was low in the following order; HT/HP-𝛽-CD, HT/𝛽-CD, and HT in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Treatment with HT and HT/CD inclusion complexes reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide(NO), tumor necrosis factor-𝛼(TNF-𝛼) and interleukin-6(IL-6) in the cells. HT and HT/HP-𝛽-CD inclusion complex were more effective than HT/𝛽-CD inclusion complex at relatively low concentrations. Inhibitory effects were tested on skin-pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and they showed an antimicrobial effect on S. aureus in the order of HT = HT/HP-𝛽-CD > HT/𝛽-CD, but they did not show any significant inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa. In conclusion, HT, the aglycone form of HD, and its CD inclusion complexes showed various biological activities. HT/HP-𝛽-CD inclusion complex, which is the highly soluble form of HT, showed relatively higher activity compared to HT/𝛽-CD inclusion complex.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2000

During bonding procedure of composite resin, the prepared cavity can be contaminated by saliva. In this study, marginal microleakage and shear bond strength of a composite resin to primed enamel and dentin treated with artificial saliva(Taliva$^{(R)}$) were evaluated. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared in the buccal surfaces of fifty molars. The samples were randomly assigned into 5 groups with 10 samples in each group. Control group was applied with a bonding system (Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) according to manufacture's directions without saliva contamination. Experimental groups were divided into 4 groups and contaminated with artificial saliva for 30 seconds after priming: Experimental 1 group ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air only, Experimental 2 group ; artificial saliva was rinsed and dried. Experimental 3 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. Experimental 4 group ; cavities were etched with 35% phosphoric acid for 15 seconds and primer was reapplied after rinsing and drying artificial saliva. All the cavities were applied a bonding agent and filled with a composite resin (Z-100$^{TM}$). Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuschin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from one specimen. Degree of marginal leakage was scored under stereomicroscope and their scores were averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruscal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal or occlusal surfaces of one hundred molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=50) or dentin(n=50) using diamond wheel saw and its surface was smoothed with Lapping and Polishing Machine(South Bay Technology Co., U.S.A.). Samples were divided into 5 groups. Treatment of saliva-contaminated enamel and dentin surfaces was same as the marginal microleakage test and composite resin was bonded via a gelatin capsule. All specimens were stored in distilled water for 48 hours. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine (AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co., Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5 mm/minute. Failure mode of fracture sites was examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's studentized range test. The results of this study were as follows : 1. Enamel marginal microleakage showed no significant difference among groups. 2. Dentinal marginal microleakages of control, experimental 2 and 4 groups were lower than those of experimental 1 and 3 groups (p<0.05). 3. The shear bond strength to enamel was the highest value in control group (20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa) and the lowest value in experimental 1 group (13.28${\pm}$6.52MPa). There were significant differences between experimental 1 group and other groups (p<0.05). 4. The shear bond strength to dentin was higher in control group (17.87${\pm}$4.02MPa) and experimental 4 group (16.38${\pm}$3.23MPa) than in other groups, its value was low in experimental 1 group (3.95${\pm}$2.51 MPa) and experimental 2 group (6.72${\pm}$2.26MPa)(p<0.05). 5. Failure mode of fractured site on the enamel showed mostly adhesive failures in experimental 1 and 3 groups. 6. Failure mode of fractured site on the dentin did not show adhesive failures in control group, but showed mostly adhesive failure in experimental groups. As a summary of above results, if the primed tooth surface was contaminated with artificial saliva, primer should be reapplied after re-etching it.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2008

This study was conducted to identify the correlation of bacterial phytase ($Transphos^{(R)}$) to the calcium level in feed. Of all 21-week-old 720 HyLine brown laying hens, 2 birds of similar weight were placed on each individual cage. The experiment was conducted by $3{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial design with including 3 different levels of phytase (0, 300, and 1,000 DPU/kg), 2 different levels of calcium (3.5% and 4.0%), and 3 different levels of no NPP addition 0% (0.095 NPP), 0.5% (0.185% NPP), and 1.0% (0.275% NPP). The feeding trial maintained the ME level of 2,800 kcal/kg and 16% for crude protein. The diet was fed ad libitum and 17 hours of lighting was provided throughout the experimental period. Egg production seemed to increase, in the 300 DPU of bacterial phytase added group and the cracked egg tended to reduce in Transphos added group. The egg productivity between treatment groups did not show significant difference by dietary calcium level, whereas non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) was found to be low compared to NPP added groups (P<0.05). The highest mean egg weight and the highest daily egg mass were detected in 300 DPU phytase added group. Although the mean egg weight was significantly higher in treatment groups fed with 3.5% calcium containing feeds (P<0.05), daily egg mass was no among treatment groups. The mean egg weight and daily egg mass were the lowest in non NPP added group (0.095% NPP) compared to other treatment groups (P<0.05). The feed intake showed similar pattern regardless of the bacterial phytase and calcium levels in the diet. However, the treatment groups fed diets containing NPP level of 0.275% and 0.165% showed significantly higher feed intake than the group fed with 0.095% NPP (P<0.05). Although the feed conversion was not affected by calcium and NPP levels in the diet, the most improved result was obtained from 300 DPU phytase added group (P<0.05). The eggshell breaking strength and thickness increased as dietary calcium level increase the level of calcium increases in diet. The treatment groups fed diet containing 0.275% and 0.165% NPP revealed to show improvement in eggshell breaking strength and yolk color index compared to the NPP non added (0.095% NPP) treatment group. The result of the present study suggests that the appropriate level of microbial phytase is 300 DPU and at this level, tricalciumphosphate supplementation in feed can be reduced to 40% of NRC recommendation. Higher calcium level in feed fail to show synergistic effect by adding microbial phytase.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.647-656
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength and marginal microleakage of composite to enamel and dentin according to different treatment methods when the applied bonding agent was contaminated by artificial saliva. For the shear bond strength test, the buccal and occlusal surfaces of one hundred twenty molar teeth were ground to expose enamel(n=60) and dentin surfaces(n=60). The specimens were randomly assigned into control and 5 experimental groups with 10 samples in each group. In control group, a bonding system(Scotchbond$^{TM}$ Multi-Purpose plus) and a composite resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) was bonded on the specimens according to manufacture's directions. Experimental groups were subdivided into 5 groups. After polymerization of an adhesive, they were contaminated with at artificial saliva on enamel and dentin surfaces: Experimental group 1 ; artificial saliva was dried with compressed air. Experimental group 2 ; artificial saliva was rinsed with air-water spray and dried. Experimental group 3 ; artificial saliva was rinsed, dried and applied an adhesive. Experimental group 4 ; artificial saliva was rinsed, dried, and then etched using phosphoric acid followed by an adhesive. Experimental group 5, artificial saliva was rinsed, dried, and then etched with phosphoric acid followed by consecutive application of both a primer and an adhesive. Composite resin(Z-100$^{TM}$) was bonded on saliva-treated enamel and dentin surfaces. The shear bond strengths were measured by universal testing machine(AGS-1000 4D, Shimaduzu Co. Japan) with a crosshead speed of 5mm/minute under 50kg load cell. Failure modes of fracture sites were examined under stereomicroscope. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. For the marginal microleakage test, Class V cavities were prepared on the buccal surfaces of sixty molars. The specimens were divided into control and experimental groups. Cavities in experimental group were contaminated with artificial saliva and those surfaces in each experimental groups received the same treatments as for the shear test. Cavities were filled with Z-100. Specimens were immersed in 0.5% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours and embedded in transparent acrylic resin and sectioned buccolingually with diamond wheel saw. Four sections were obtained from the one specimen. Marginal microleakages of enamel and dentin were scored under streomicroscope and averaged from four sections. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher's LSD. The results of this study were as follows. 1. The shear bond strength to enamel showed lower value in experimental group 1(13.20${\pm}$2.94MPa) and experimental group 2(13.20${\pm}$2.94MPa) than in control(20.03${\pm}$4.47MPa), experimental group 4(20.96${\pm}$4.25MPa) and experimental group 5(21.25${\pm}$4.48MPa) (p<0.05). 2. The shear bond strength to dentin showed lower value in experimental group 1(9.35${\pm}$4.11MPa) and experimental group 2(9.83${\pm}$4.11MPa) than in control group(17.86${\pm}$4.03MPa), experimental group 4(15.04${\pm}$3.22MPa) and experimental group 5(14.33${\pm}$3.00MPa) (p<0.05). 3. Both on enamel and dentin surfaces, experimental group 1 and 2 showed many adhesive failures, but control and experimental group 3, 4 and 5 showed mixed and cohesive failures. 4. Enamel marginal microleakage was the highest in experimental group 1 and there was a significant difference in comparison with other groups (p<0.05). 5. Dentin marginal microleakages of experimental group 1 and 2 were higher than those of other groups (p<0.05). This result suggests that treatment methods, re-etching with 35% phosphoric acid followed by re-application of adhesive or repeating all adhesive procedures, will produce good effect on both shear bond strength and microleakage of composite to enamel and dentin if the polymerized bonding agent was contaminated by saliva.