• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.432-437
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• 2011

The quality characteristics and effects on the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells due to dropwort (Oenanthe javanica) extracts naturally fermented with fructooligosaccharides were investigated. Dropwort was fermented by steeping with the same weight of oligosaccaride at room temperature for 1 year, and then stored at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 1 or 2 more years. During the fermentation periods, total flavonoid content, Hunter's color (a value), and viable cell counts decreased, but reducing sugars including glucose and fructose increased. HepG2 cell proliferation was inhibited significantly by the three extracts, but no effects were observed on Chang cells. In particular, the dropwort extract fermented for 1 year showed the highest inhibitory effect. These results demonstrate that the quality characteristics and anti-proliferative effects of dropwort were affected by fermentation period. It is concluded that dropwort extract fermented for 1 year showed the highest functional properties and quality.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2022

The conversion of rice-fields to uplands is increased in last 8 years due to the government's policy. To obtain basic informations on plant-parasitic nematodes in converted uplands, we surveyed nematodes associated with crops cultured on the ridge of the rice-fields. The crops mostly cultivated at the ridge of rice-field were soybean (66%), red bean (21%), and perilla (13%). Ten important plant-parasitic nematodes species were identified: Helicotylenchus sp., Heterodera glycines, Meloidogyne arenaria, M. javanica, M. hapla, Paratylenchus projectus, Pratylenchus coffeae, P. neglectus, Rotylenchus incultus, Trichodorus sp. Tylenchorhynchus crassicaudatus, and T. claytoni. Among them, Rotylenchus incultus was the most common plant-parasitic nematode in all three crops. The ridge is a border of rice field, thus plant-parasitic nematodes infested on ridges should be cautioned for future cropping.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.491-496
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• 2006

Antimicrobial activity of 18 different traditional medicinal herbs extracts against Staphylococcus aureus was determined by a paper disc method. The Prunella vulgaris, Caesalpinia sappan and Rhus javanica extracts in 5 mg/ml, Poncirus trifoliata, Lonicera japonica and Seutellaria baicalensis extracts in 10 mg/ml and Schizandra chinensis, Alpinia katsumadai, Siegesbeckia orientalis extracts in 30 mg/ml showed a significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of medicinal herbs extracts were in the range of $1{\sim}34\;mg/ml$ and $1{\sim}46\;mg/ml$, in the case of MeOH extracts and EtOH extracts, respectively. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of each solvent fraction was most significant with EtOAc layer. Optical density at 620nm after 24 hours incubation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 100, 300 or 500 ppm of Caesalpinia sappan extract ranged from 0.02 to 0.03 compared to 0.4 in the absence of Caesalpinia sappan extract, indicating that growth of Staphylococcus aureus was significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 100 ppm of Caesalpinia sappan extract. Optical density at 620 nm after 24 hours incubation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 300 ppm of Rhus javanica extract ranged from 0.02 to 0.03 compared to 0.4 in the absence of Rhus javanica extract, indicating that growth of Staphylococcus aureus was also significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 300 ppm of Rhus javanica extract. Optical density at 620 nm after 24 hours incubation of Staphylococcus aureus in the presence of 300 ppm of Seutellaria baicalensis extract ranged from 0.02 to 0.07 compared to 0.4 in the absence of Seutellaria baicalensis extract, indicating that growth of Staphylococcus aureus was also significantly inhibited within 24 hours by the addition of at least 300 ppm of Seutellaria baicalensis extract. In conclusion, these findings suggest that extracts from medicinal herbs may play important roles for antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2010

The antibacterial activity of methanol extracts from 70 kinds of oriental medicinal herbs on four strains of Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis was investigated. The results showed that C. japonica, C. sappan, R. javanica, R. tanguticum, and S. miltiorrhiza had an antibacterial activity on all the strains used. Among these, C. japonica and R. javanica, which showed excellent antibacterial activity, were extracted with water, ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate for further study of antibacterial activities. The results showed that the boiled water extract of C. japonica had the best antibacterial activity. Assuming that the antibacterial activity of C. japonica originated from berberine, which has been reported many times, the berberine content of the boiled water extract of C. japonica was analyzed and the result was 13.88%. To compare the antibacterial activity of berberine with that of other antibiotics, berberine chloride and three other kinds of antibiotics were investigated, which showed that berberine chloride had an antibacterial activity on KCCM 35494 S. epidermidis only when the concentration was higher than 600 mg/l, and it did not show antibacterial activity in the other strains. Based on these results, it was concluded that the antibacterial activity of the boiled water extract of C. japonica on the strains used in this study originated from high concentration of berberine or substances other than berberine. Therefore, identification of the substance will be necessary.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.268-277
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• 2014

This study assessed microbiological hazards at postharvest stage of dropwort farms (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I) located in 4 different areas in Korea. The samples were assessed for sanitary indication bacteria (total aerobic bacteria, coliform, and Escherichia coli) and pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). Total aerobic bacteria and coliform in 9 dropwort farms were detected at the levels of 0~7.00 and 0~4.25 log CFU/g, mL, of $100cm^2$. In particular, microbial contamination in worker's hand showed higher than cultivation environment factors. Escherichia coli was detected in several farms of soil, irrigation water, washing water and worker's hand and also, dropwort in these farms was contaminated with E. coli (positive reaction). In case of pathogenic bacteria, B. cereus was detected at the highest levels in soil. S. aureus was detected qualitatively from only one sample of dropwort washed by water. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were not detected. Although dropwort pass through 2 process (trimming and washing), the microbial contamination was not differ significantly before and after which indicates that current washing system was not effect on reduction of microorganism. From these results, the postharvest environment and workers have been considered as cross-contamination factors. Thus, processing equipments and personal hygiene should be managed to reduce the microbial contamination of dropwort. Accordingly management system such as good agricultural practices (GAP) criteria is needed for the safety of dropwort

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.49-55
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• 1996

Water parsley(Oenanthe javanica(Blume) DC) was raised with varying population density(S) in the laboratory aquarium unit to determine the growth equation. The population density was measure after 7 days. The resultant growth curve was well fit to the equation 1/S = A+B (1/S0) with a high correlation coefficient ($R^2$ = 0.999). The maximum specific absorption rate was $9.011 \times 10^{-5}$ kg $NO_x-N/kg$ water parsley$\cdot$day and $1.31 \times 10^{-5}$ kg $PO_4-P/kg$ water parsley$\cdot$day when the average population density was $2.62 kg/m^2$. The relationship between population density and nutrient absorption rate, the absorption rate of $NO_x-N$ was 5.04~5.24 mg/l$\cdot$day when the population density was $7.51~10.0 $mg/m^2\cdot day$ and the absorption rate of $PO_4-P$ was 0.56~0.78 mg/l$\cdot$day when the population density was 5.02~10.0 $kg/m^2\cdot day$. Taking into account the nutrient absorption rate and growth rate, the population density between $7.0 kg/m^2\cdot day$ and $8.0 kg/m^2 \cdot day$ was selected. The removal rate of nutrient was investigated after 7 days culture. Removal rate of $NO_x-N$ was 95.6~99.95% with initial concentration of 35 mg $NO_x-N/l$, and the removal rate of $PO_4-P$ was also high, indicating 80.24~98.9% with initial concentration of 5.95 mg $PO_x-P/l$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.7
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• pp.1133-1138
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• 2013

Characteristics of Cheonggukjang with addition of different dropwort (Oenanthe javanica D.C.) powders were investigated. The selected strain, with proteolytic, amylolytic, and antimicrobial activity, was identified as B. subtilis RS-9, using 16S rRNA analysis. The Cheonggukjang was prepared with cooked soybean without dropwort (Control), 0.5% raw dropwort powder (DW0.5), and 1% raw dropwort powder (DW1), 0.5% steamed dropwort powder (SDW0.5), and 1% steamed dropwort powder (SDW1) were added, respectively. The changes in pH of Cheonggukjangs with addition of dropwort powder were lower than those of control during fermentation for 72 hr at $40^{\circ}C$. The total aerobes of the various Cheonggukjangs reached 8.88 (control), 8.82 (DW0.5), 8.70 (DW1), 8.85 (SDW0.5), and 8.75 (SDW1) log CFU/mL after fermentation for 72 hr at $40^{\circ}C$, respectively. The amino nitrogen and viscous substance contents of different dropwort powders added to Cheonggukangs were lower than those of control. The total polyphenol contents and ABTS radical scavenging ability of various Cheonggukjangs were increased by addition of dropwort powder and fermentation. The polyphenol contents and ABTS radical scavenging ability of SDW1 were $590.24{\mu}g/mL$ and 82.16% and showed the highest value among tested Cheonggukangs. The sensory quality of DW0.5 was higher in taste and overall acceptability, compared with other groups.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2004

This study was carried out to confirm the phylogenetic relationships in Korean Rhus species. Sequences from internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA and rbcL gene of chloroplast DNA were determined. Cotinus coggygria was selected as outgroup because it is closest allied with Rhus in Anacardiaceae. Also, ingroup was limited as six Korean Rhus species. ITS 1 sequences in six species of Rhus and one species of Cotinus ranged from 246 to 253 bp and ITS 2 sequences from 234 to 244 bp. Concerning the G+C content of the studied taxa, ITS 1 sequences ranged from 58.0 to 68.13% and ITS 2 from 59.75 to 68.46%. On the other hand, rbcL sequences were same size in the all species examined by 1,428 bp. G+C contents of rbcL sequences were ranged from 43.56 to 43.77% which means there are nearly no different from interspecies each other. Phylogenetic tree strongly supports the colse relationships between R. succedanea and R. sylvestris. Rhus javanica and Cotinus coggygria were also closely allied with each other in ITS and rbcL trees. Therefore, R. javanica was regarded as most primitive species among the Korean Rhus species. ITS 1 region of nuclear ribosomal DNA was suggested as very useful taxonomical marker for genus Rhus.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

Ixeris sonchifolia Hance(Godulbaegi), Oenanthe javanica(Dolminari), Fagopyrum esculentum Moench(Buckwheat), Hizikia fusiforme(Seaweed Fusiforme) and Zingiber officinale Roscoe(Ginger) have all been used as one of the traditional remedies as well as food source. There are few studies However, on their immunomodulating effects have been reported. We previously reported that ex vivo supplementation of each of the Ish, Oj, Fem, Hf and Zor water extracts enhanced the splenocytes proliferation compared to the control group. In this study, the combined immunomodulative effects of a plant water extract mixture containing these five food sources(Ish+Oj+Fem+Hf+Zor) was compared to the individual effect of each. The production of cytokine(IL-1${\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$), secreted by macrophages stimulated with LPS or without, were detected via ELISA assay using a cytokine kit. After 48hrs of incubation with mitogen(ConA or LPS) stimulation, the mouse splenocyte proliferation in the experimental group had significantly increased at two different concentrations compared to the control group. The results of this study may suggest that the supplementing with a plant water extract mixture could regulate immune function by increasing splenocyte proliferation as well as enhance immune function by regulating the cytokine production capacity activated macrophages in mice.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 1980

The occurrence of witches' broom of Rhus javanica was first noticed in Korea by the author in 1979. Subsequently, studies were made on the symptomatology, etiology, and transmission of the disease, as well as the effect of some antibiotics on the disease development. The results of these studies are summarized as follows: 1. Symptoms of the infected plant were characterized by dwarfing of the tree accompanied by yellowing and brooming of the foliage. 2. Electron microscopy of witches' broom diseased Rhus javanica plant revealed the occurrence of numerous mycoplasma-like organisms (MLO's) in the phloem tissue cells (sieve tube elements and phloem parenchyma cells) of the rachis and midribs of infected leaves. 3. The MLO's were bounded by a single unit membrane and contained ribosome-like granules and strands presumed to be DNA. It also appears that the MLO multiply possibly by budding as well as binary and plurinary fission. 4. In the midrib of healthy leaves, vascular bundles were collaterally discontinuous. In the diseased leaves, however, xylems were connected to each other and phloem cells showed an atrophy. Granules, which were prominent in the normal abaxial epidermis, were not observed in the peidermis of diseased leaves. 5. Electron microscopy revealed crystals or osmopholic granules in the phloem parenchyma cells, and that normal stacks of grana were not developed in the chloroplasts of infected levels. 6. The disease was experimentally transmitted by grafting. Budding was more effective than crown grafting for transmitting the disease. The disease has been transmitted by grafting even when complete union of stocks and scions has not taken place. The disease agent was not transmitted by sap inoculation. Insect transmission has not been confirmed. 7. Dipping the roots of infected plants into the 500 ppm and 1,000 solutions of either tetracycline HCI or oxytetracycline, HCI was more effective on temporary remision of the symptoms than spraying the 100 ppm and 200 ppm solutions of the same antibiotics. A greater effect was achieved through dipping into 1,000 ppm than into 500 ppm.