• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.187-192
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to determine whether gypenosides (GPS) exert protective effects against dopaminergic neuronal cell death in a 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA)-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease (PD) with or without long-term 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) treatment. Rats were injected with 6-OHDA in the substantia nigra to induce PD-like symptoms; 14 days after injection, groups of 6-OHDA-lesioned animals were treated for 21 days with GPS (25 or 50 mg/kg) and/or L-DOPA (20 mg/kg). Dopaminergic neuronal cell death was assessed by counting tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunopositive cells in the substantia nigra and measuring levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striatum. Dopaminergic neuronal cell death induced by 6-OHDA lesions was ameliorated by GPS treatment (50 mg/kg). L-DOPA treatment exacerbated 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic neuronal cell death; however, these effects were partially reversed by GPS treatment (25 and 50 mg/kg). These results suggest that GPS treatment is protective against dopaminergic neuronal cell death in a 6-OHDA-lesioned rat model of PD with long-term L-DOPA treatment. Therefore, GPS may be useful as a phytotherapeutic agent for the treatment of PD.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2011

배경 및 목적 : 봉독약침요법(bee venom pharmacopuncture, BVP)은 rheumatoid arthritis(RA)의 치료에 활용되고 있으나, RA로 인한 염증성 통증에 대한 봉독약침의 진통효과와 specific mechanism은 아직까지 명확하게 밝혀지지 않았다. 이에 본 연구에서는 RA animal model로서 collagen-induced arthritis(CIA) rat model에서 봉독약침의 a1-adrenergic, 5HT-3 그리고 muscarinic cholinergic mechanism을 확인하고자 한다. 방법 : CIA를 유도하기 위하여 male Sprague-Dawley rat에 freund's incomplete adjuvant에 유화(乳化)시킨 bovine type II collagen을 주입하고 14일 후 booster injection 시행하였다. 진통효과는 tail flick latency (TFL)로 평가하였다. 결과 : 관절염의 유도 이후 염증성 통증 역치는 시간이 지나면서 낮아지며, 5주 이후로는 통증 역치에 큰 변화가 없이 유지되었다. 첫 번째 immunization으로부터 5주 경과 후 족삼리($ST_{36}$)에 봉독약침처치(0.25 mg/ kg)를 시행하여 유의한 진통효과를 관찰하였다. 또한 봉독약침의 진통효과는 ondansetron(5HT-3 receptor antagonist, 0.5mg/kg, i.p.), atropine(muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, i.p.)의 전처치에 의하여 억제되었으나, prazosin(a1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, 1mg/kg, i.p.)의 전처치에 의해서는 억제되지 않았다. 결론 : 봉독약침은 CIA로 인한 염증성 통증에 유의한 진통효과를 나타내며 그 analgesic mechanism은 5HT-3와 muscarinic cholinergic receptor에 의하여 매개되며 a1-adrenergic receptor에 의하여 매개되지는 않았다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.147-147
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• 2002

This experimental study was carried out to investigate on the safety of Nog-yong aqua-acupuncture solution in primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes. Primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes has been considered as a ideal model for toxicological studies because cultured hepatocytes maintained many liver-specific functions. In this research, we investigated the effects of Nog-yong aqua-aqupunture(1-10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) on cytotoxicites in primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes using LDH release assays. Hepatic glutathione level. glutathione-S-transferase activity, and albumin synthesis were not affected by treatment with Nog-yong aqua-aqupuntur alone. Nog-yong aqua-aqupuncoure solution(0.5-$10{\mu}\textrm{g}$/ml) on cytotoxicites in primary culture of adult rat hepatocytes using LDH release not significantly affected normal functional charaterists.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.101-123
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim was to study the effect of bee venom pharmacopuncture therapy with different concentration on rheumatoid arthritis rat model. Methods : We enforced a bee venom pharmacopuncture therapy with different concentration on rheumatoid arthritis rat model by the intradermal injection of chicken type II collagen emulsified. 14 days after the onset of the rheumatoid arthritis rat model, a fixed volume of bee venom was daily injected to ST-35 acupoint in the rat's knee joint for 2-3 weeks. The hind paw volume, arthritic index, arthritic flexion pain test, pain threshold, and serum analysis (CRP, $PGE_2$, ALT, AST) were analyzed, and the expression profiles of COX-2, c-fos, and substance-P at the dorsal horn region of the spinal cord and subchondral bone of the knee joint were also analyzed by using the immunohistochemistry. Results : After the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis rats with bee venom pharmacopuncture, the paw volume of edema of arthritic rats were almost restored to the level of normal group, and behavior tests were very effective. Also the evaluation on the blood serum analysis was remarkable. COX-2, c-fos, and substance-P positive cells in the immunohistological section of dorsal horn region of the spinal cord and subchondral bone of the knee joints were significantly decreased. also the bee venom pharmacopuncture was effective to alleviate their rheumatoid arthritic inflammation cytokine inhibition as regards to the behavior tests and joint histological appearance. Conclusions : Based on the results in this study, bee venom pharmacopuncture with concentrated treatment condition was very effective in low fixed quantity and progressive low increased quantity.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2017

Progressive memory impairment such as that associated with depression, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) can interfere with daily life. In particular, AD, which is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, prominently features a memory and learning impairment that is related to changes in acetylcholine and abnormal ${\beta}$-amyloid ($A{\beta}$) deposition in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the effects of dehydroevodiamine HCl (DHED) on cognitive improvement and the related mechanism in memory-impaired rat models, namely, a scopolamine-induced amnesia model and a $A{\beta}_{1-42}$-infused model. The cognitive effects of DHED were measured using a water maze test and a passive avoidance test in the memory-impaired rat models. The results demonstrate that DHED (10 mg/kg, p.o.) and Donepezil (1 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated the spatial memory impairment in the scopolamine-induced amnestic rats. Moreover, DHED significantly improved learning and memory in the $A{\beta}_{1-42}$-infused rat model. Furthermore, the mechanism of these behavioral effects of DHED was investigated using a cell viability assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement, and intracellular calcium measurement in primary cortical neurons. DHED reduced neurotoxicity and the production of $A{\beta}$-induced ROS in primary cortical neurons. In addition, similar to the effect of MK801, DHED decreased intracellular calcium levels in primary cortical neurons. Our results suggest that DHED has strong protective effects against cognitive impairments through its antioxidant activity and inhibition of neurotoxicity and intracellular calcium. Thus, DHED may be an important therapeutic agent for memory-impaired symptoms.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.63 no.5
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• pp.579-589
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• 2020

Objective : No optimum genetic rat Huntington model both neuropathological using an adeno-associated virus (AAV-2) vector vector has been reported to date. We investigated whether direct infection of an AAV2 encoding a fragment of mutant huntingtin (AV2-82Q) into the rat striatum was useful for optimizing the Huntington rat model. Methods : We prepared ten unilateral models by injecting AAV2-82Q into the right striatum, as well as ten bilateral models. In each group, five rats were assigned to either the 2×10¹² genome copies (GC)/mL of AAV2-82Q (×1, low dose) or 2×10¹³ GC/mL of AAV2-82Q (×10, high dose) injection model. Ten unilateral and ten bilateral models injected with AAV-empty were also prepared as control groups. We performed cylinder and stepping tests 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after injection, tested EM48 positive mutant huntingtin aggregates. Results : The high dose of unilateral and bilateral AAV2-82Q model showed a greater decrease in performance on the stepping and cylinder tests. We also observed more prominent EM48-positive mutant huntingtin aggregates in the medium spiny neurons of the high dose of AAV2-82Q injected group. Conclusion : Based on the results from the present study, high dose of AAV2-82Q is the optimum titer for establishing a Huntington rat model. Delivery of high dose of human AAV2-82Q resulted in the manifestation of Huntington behaviors and optimum expression of the huntingtin protein in vivo.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.394-404
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• 2021

Background: We aimed to investigate the effect of epidural polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) on mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction in a rat model of lumbar foraminal stenosis (LFS). Methods: This study was conducted in two stages, using male Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into eight groups. In the first stage, the groups were as follows: vehicle (V), sham (S), and epidural PDRN at 5 (P5), 8 (P8), and 10 (P10) mg/kg; and in the second stage, they were as follows: intraperitoneal PDRN 8 mg/kg, epidural 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargilxanthine (DMPX) (0.1 mg/kg), and DMPX (0.1 mg/kg). The LFS model was established, except for the S group. After an epidural injection of the test solutions, von Frey and treadmill tests were conducted for 3 weeks. Subsequently, histopathologic examinations were conducted in the V, S, P5, and P10 groups. Results: A total of 65 rats were included. The P8 and P10 groups showed significant recovery from mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction at all time points after drug administration compared to the V group. These effects were abolished by concomitant administration of DMPX. On histopathological examination, no epineurial inflammation or fibrosis was observed in the epidural PDRN groups. Conclusions: Epidural injection of PDRN significantly improves mechanical allodynia and motor dysfunction in a rat model of LFS, which is mediated by the spinal adenosine A_2A receptor. The present data support the need for further research to determine the role of epidural PDRN in spinal stenosis treatment.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.582-589
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• 2010

The current study was designed to assess the effects of emulsified sausage supplemented with ginseng saponin on lipid metabolism by applying a rat model. Four groups of 8 rats (5 wk old) were each allocated one of 4 treatments: basal feed (C), and basal feed with 20% sausage powder containing 0% (S0), 2% (S2) and 4% (S4) ginseng saponin. The experiment was conducted for 4 wk. The results did not differ among the treatments with different amounts of sausage (ST), but daily feed intake (p<0.01) and feed conversion (p<0.001) were significantly increased in STs compared to C. Both total serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly (p<0.001) reduced, by 45 and 46%, and 48 and 46%, in S2 and S4, respectively, compared to S0. In the liver, the total cholesterol level was dramatically (p<0.05) decreased according to increasing sausage powder levels. In particular, S4 showed approximately 14% reduction compared to S0 (p<0.05). Liver triglyceride content also showed a similar tendency, where S2 and S4 resulted in 7% and 31% reduction. With regard to fatty acid composition in the liver tissues, palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1), eicosanoic acid (20:1), and eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) did not differ among the STs, whereas both linoleic acid (18:2) (p<0.01) and linolenic acid (18:3) (p<0.001) showed significant increases in S2 compared to S0. The current data demonstrated that emulsified sausages supplemented with ginseng saponin effectively reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the serum and liver, and increase unsaturated and essential fatty acid in the liver. These data collectively imply that the sausage improved the overall lipid profile in a rat model, and can be further generalized to the result that emulsified sausage can improve lipid metabolism depending on the products' formula.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.103-103
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• 1997

일시적인 국소 뇌허혈 rat model에서 중대뇌동맥의 폐쇄시간에 따른 뇌조직의 손상정도를 비교 조사하였다. 웅성 Wistar rats를 isoflurane 홉입마취하에서 우측 내경동맥내로 17 mm의 silicone-coated 4-0 nylon monofilament를 삽입하여, 중대뇌동맥의 기저부를 30분, 60분 또는 90분동안 폐쇄한 후 이 monofilament를 다시 밖으로 뽑아내므로써 23 시간동안 recirculation 시키는 일시적 국소 뇌허혈 rat model을 사용한 결과, 수술 후 거의 모든 rats에서 left hemiparesis 또는 좌측으로의 circling과 같은 신경학적 결손이 나타나므로써 높은 성공률을 가지고서 비교적 용이하게 뇌허혈을 유발시킬 수 있었으며, 2 mm 두께의 fresh brain coronal slices에 대하여 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) 염색법을 시행하여 slice surface의 사진을 찍고 computerized 영상분석법을 이용하여 필요한 면적을 측정하므로써, coronal slice의 infarction size (%)는 총 면적에 대한 infarction 면적의 %로서, 부종율 (%)은 대조측 대뇌반구 면적의 2배에 대한 동측 대뇌반구와 대조측 대뇌반구 면적 차이의 %로서 산정되어졌다. 30분 허혈군에서는 본 염색법으로는 infarction이 거의 확인되지 않았으나 60분 허혈군 (n=13)에서는 우측 somatosensory frontoparietal cortex와 striatum 양자 모두 또는 일부 rats에서는 striatum에만 국한된 ulfarction이 확인되어졌으며 90분 허혈군 (n=12)에서는 거의 대부분의 rats에서 위 두 지역 모두에서 infarction이 확인되어졌다. Infarction size (%)는 60분과 90분 허혈군 각각에서, frontal pole로부터 5 mm되는 slice에서는 11.9$\pm$1.2 (평균치$\pm$표준오차), 13.7$\pm$1.9이었으며 7 mm되는 slice에서는 19.1$\pm$1.8, 21.9$\pm$2.1이었으며 9 mm되는 slice에서는 14.7$\pm$2.4, 19.7$\pm$2.2이었다. 또한 부종율 (%)은 60분과 90분 허혈군 각각에서, frontal pole로부터 5 mm되는 slice에서는 3.1$\pm$0.6, 3.8$\pm$0.7이었으며 7 mm되는 slice에서는 3.5$\pm$0.3, 5.7$\pm$1.0이었으며 9 $\pm$되는 slice에서는 3.4$\pm$0.5, 5.7$\pm$0.9이었다. 한편 90분 동안의 중대뇌동맥 폐쇄에 따른 뇌조직 손상을 cresyl violet 염색법, NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry, GFAP immunohistochemistry를 사용하여 일부 측정한 결과, 위의 손상지역에서는 뇌신경세포체들의 shrinkage 내지는 소실됨을 확인할 수 있었으며, NADPH-diaphorase-positive neuron들도 대부분 dendrite와 axon같은 cell process들의 fragmentation, shrinkage 내지는 소실되므로써 intensity의 감소현상이 나타났으며, reactive gliosis로 말미암아 GFAP immunoreactive intensity의 증가현상이 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.436-442
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• 2012

Traumatic loading during car accidents or sports activities can lead to cervical spinal cord injury. Experiments in spinal cord injury research are mainly carried out on rabbit or rat. Finite element models that include the rat cervical spinal cord and adjacent soft tissues should be developed for efficient studies of mechanisms of spinal cord injury. Images of a rat were obtained from high resolution MRI scanner. Polygonal surfaces were extracted structure by structure from the MRI data using the ITK-SNAP volume segmentation software. These surfaces were converted to Non-uniform Rational B-spline surfaces by the INUS Rapidform rapid prototyping software. Rapidform was also used to generate a thin shell surface model for the dura mater which sheathes the spinal cord. Altair's Hypermesh pre-processor was used to generate finite element meshes for each structure. These processes in this study can be utilized in modeling of other biomedical tissues and can be one of examples for reverse engineering on biomechanics.