• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.137-143
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• 1994

Enhancement or diminution of leukocyte migration to the specific site might be important factors for the development of inflammatory diseases. To investigate the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on chemotaxis of neutrophil, we obtained neutrophils by Hypaque-Ficoll step gradient centrifugation and tested the effects of seven drugs on the n-formyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP)-induced migration of neutrophil using a 48-well micro chemotaxis assembly. Oxyphenbutazone, phenylbutazone, sulindac, zomepirac, and ibuprofen suppressed the migration of neutrophil at the therapeutic concentrations, however, indomethacin showed stimulation effect. IC50s for inhibition of neutrophil migration by these drugs are less than 100uM. When drugs were preincubated with FMLP, no inhibition on migration of neutrophil was observed. These results indicated that inhibitory effects of these drugs on migration of neutrophil might be related to the receptor sites of neutrophil rather than molecular inactivation of chemoattractant (FMLP). In conclusion, we suggested that the property of inhibition effects on neutrophil migration of several NSAIDs might be another mode of pharmacological action for anti-iflammatory effect, which showed significant effects at concentrations below therapeutic levels, in addition to cyclooxygenase inhibition.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.158-169
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• 2015

Purpose: Frostbite can affect still soldiers. Initial clinical manifestations are similar for superficial and deep frostbite, so early treatment is identical. It is under-estimated by physicians. We try to identify the challenges of managing these complex tissue injuries. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 84 patients hospitalized at AFCH from 2009 to 2015 was conducted. We investigated differences of epidemiological characteristics, identification of soft tissue injury, treatment and complications between superficial (SF: 43; 51.2%) and deep (DF: 41; 48.8%) frostbite. Results: The major (94.0%) developed frostbite in dry circumstances (89.3%). Wet circumstances (66.7%) were more susceptible to DF rather than dry (46.7%). The 38 (45.2%) arrived to specialist within 7days. Most prone sites were feet, followed by hands. Toes had more deep injuries. DF presented more increased levels of ALT, CPK, CKMB, CRP. The bone scan of W+S+ was 48.3%, 87.1% and W+S- was 20.7%, 12.9%, respectively. The treatment resulted in improved or normalized perfusion scan with matching clinical improvement. It was a good tool to assess treatment response. Eighteen normal and 8 stenotic type of PCR resulted in normal with matching clinical improvement. One continuous obstructive waveform led to minor amputation. Twelve underwent both PCR and MRA. Among 6 normal PCR, 5 showed normal and one stenosis in MRA. All 5 stenosis and one obstruction showed the same findings in MRA. It was a good tool to evaluate vascular compromise. They were treated with rapid rewarming (11.6%, 22.0%), hydrotherapy (16.3%, 29.3%), respectively. Six (14.6%) underwent STSG, 2 (4.9%) had digital amputation in DF. Berasil, Ibuprofen, Trental were commonly administered. PGE1 was administered selectively for 6.8, 10.8 days, respectively. Raynaud's syndrome (16.3%), CRPS (4.7%), LOM (14.6%) and toe deformity (4.9%) were specific sequelae. Conclusion: We should recommend intensive foot care education, early rewarming and evacuation to specialized units. The bone scanning and PCR should allow for a more aggressive and active approach to the management of tissue viability.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.300-307
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• 2000

Expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes can be altered by xenobiotics, which represents changes in the production of reactive metabolic intermediates as well as toxicities in tissues. Metabolic intermediates derived from xenobiotics are considered to produce the reactive oxygen species including drug free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals, which would be ultimately responsible for drug-induced toxicities. The effects of 1,2-benzothiazine anti-inflammatory agents on the expression of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes including major cytochrome P450s, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were studied in the liver with the aim of providing the part of information on potential production of reactive metabolites and hepatotoxicity by the agents. The synthetic compounds 24, 36 and 39 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in rats as assessed by the Randall-Selitto method. The anti-inflammatory effect was detected as early as at 30 min after gavaging the agents with the ED5O being noted at 80 mg/kg, which was comparable to that of ibuprofen. Treatment of rats with each compound (100 mg/kg, 3d) resulted in no significant induction in the immunochemically-detectable cytochromes P45O 1A1/2, P450 2B1/2, P45O 2 Cl1 and P45O 2El. Changes in the mEN expression were also minimal, as evidenced by both Western blot and Northern blot analyses. Hepatic GST expression was slightly increased by the agents: GST Ya protein and mRNA expression was ～1.5-fold increased after treatment with compounds 24 and 39, whereas GST Yb1/2 and Yc1/2 mRNA levels were elevated 2- to 3-fold. In summary the effects of the synthetic 1,2-benzothiazines on the expression of major P45O, mEH and G57 were not significant, providing evidence that metabolic activation of the agents, potential drug interaction and hepatotoxicity would be minimal.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2005

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis(FSGS) has been detected in approximately 10% of cases of Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children, and exhibits a poor response to initial steroid therapy, as well as a higher rate of progression to chronic renal failure and relapse after kidney transplantation. We describe a case of an eleven year-old boy with steroid-resistant FSGS who exhibited a response to a second trial of cyclosporin h(CsA) therapy. At the age of 26 months, this patient was diagnosed with steroid-resistant FSGS. For 9 years, he had undergone a gauntlet of therapies to induce remission; oral steroids, cyclophosphamide, methylprednisolone(mehyIPd) pulse therapy, CsA, and ibuprofen therapy. Although these therapies failed to induce remission, the patient's renal function remained In the normal range during the nine years of treatment. At the age of ten years, the patient's proteinuria decreased, and complete remission was attained with a second administration of CsA, coupled with a low dose of oral steroids. This patient continues to receive CsA without relapse. Therefore, our major concern involves the possibility of relapse after the discontinuation of CsA therapy Our findings in this case suggest that, in cases of refractory FSGS, if renal insufficiency does not emerge, aggressive therapy for the amelioration of proteinuria should be continuously pursued.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-214
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• 1991

SJ-200 is an oral liquid preparation of acetaminophen, ibuprofen, Dl-methyleph edrine HCl, caffeine, chlorpheniramine maleate, guaifenesin and dextromethorphan HBr, which is indicated when there is a need to improve various cold symptoms such as headache, sore throat, fever, or cough etc. Thirty patients was enroled for this study fro June to July, 1991. They were given one bottle (30 ml) of SJ-200 t.i.d dy P.O for an average of one to seven days. 1) Twenty-eight patients (84.8%) were relieved from the symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection. 2) Side effects with this preparation occured in 8 patients924.2%) but in four patients, they were mild, which wee transienty by the discontinuation f the medication.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

Although various analgesics have been administrated for postoperative pain control, postoperative pain has not been adequately controlled . The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects and patient's satisfaction of $Myprodol^{(R)}$(combination analgesics with codeine, ibuprofen, paracetamol) compared to Acetamionphen and placebo drug after periodontal surgery and dental implant surgery. We studied 98 cases of outpatients which were composed of 67 cases of flap operation(which separated to 3 groups: Placebo group(n=25), $Myprodol^{(R)}$ group(n=22), Acetaminophen group(n=20)) and 21 cases of dental implant surgery(which separated to 3 groups : Placebo group(n=10), $Myprodol^{(R)}$ group(n=12), Acetaminophen group(n=9)). We evaluated the postoperative pain(Pain 1), Pain after first drug administraion(Pain 2), the degrees of pain reduction(pain 3), patient's satisfaction for drug, and side-effects. We obtained following results; 1. In Pain 1, making a comparison among groups, there was no significant difference in both cases of flap operation-group and dental implant surgery-group 2. In Pain 2, establishing a comparison among groups, there was no significant difference in flap operation-group, but significant difference was seen between placebo group and $Myprodol^{(R)}$ group in cases of dental implant surgery group(P<0.05). 3. In Pain 3, making a comparison among groups, $Myprodol^{(R)}$ group showed significant differences compared to placebo group and Acetaminophen group in both cases of flap operation group and dental implant surgery group(P<0.05). 4. In patient's satisfactory score, making a comparison among groups, there were significant differences between placebo group and $Myprodol^{(R)}$ group in cases of flap operation group and between $Myprodol^{(R)}$ group and Acetaminophen group in cases of dental implant surgery group(P<0.05). 5. Making a comparison in side-dffect, no significant differrence was seen. Our conclusion is that $Myprodol^{(R)}$ is a effective oral analgesics to the patients who underwent periodontal surgery or implant surgery for it's synergism among three dugs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.641-647
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• 2011

Polyphenols in green tea are biologically active and may interact with commonly-consumed over-the-counter (OTC) drugs in the body. In this study, modulation of cytotoxicity of polyphenon 60 (PPE, tea polyphenol mixture) with co-treatment of several OTC drugs, including ibuprofen (Ibu), acetaminophen (AAP), and aspirin was investigated in intestinal cells. PPE showed more potent cytotoxic effects on colon cancer HCT 116 cells than on normal intestinal INT 407 cells. Ibu had the strongest cytotoxic effects on both cell types. Cytotoxicity of PPE on HCT 116 and INT 407 cells was not markedly altered by co-treated OTC drugs. Cytotoxicity of the OTC drugs was not affected by PPE. When HCT 116 cells were incubated with AAP before or after PPE treatment, cytotoxicity was slightly enhanced more than their additive effect. The present study may provide basic information of possible toxicity due to interaction of the polyphenols and the OTC drugs.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 2010

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenolic compound frequently found in grapes. The biological actions of resveratrol have been extensively investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The interactions of resveratrol with commonly-consumed drugs, however, have rarely been studied. In this study, the cytotoxic properties of resveratrol on the hepatic and intestinal cells in the presence of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, including acetaminophen (AAP), aspirin (Asp), and ibuprofen (Ibu), were evaluated. The cytotoxic effects of resveratrol on hepatic HepG2 and colonic HCT 116 cells were not markdely changed in the presence of AAP, Asp, or Ibu. Conversely, the cytotoxicity of OTC drugs was not affected by resveratrol either. Concentrations of resveratrol below 10 mM significantly increased HepG2 cell growth after 48 or 72 hr incubation; however, the growth-stimulating effect was not observed in the presence of AAP. When HCT 116 cells were treated with OTC drugs before or after resveratrol, the cytotoxic effects were not significantly altered. The present study provides basic information for the potential health effects of the interactions between resveratrol and commonly-consumed OTC drugs.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.4 s.135
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• pp.327-334
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• 2003

We evaluated the anti-arthritic effect of a new diet-supplement product containing red ginseng, glucosamine, shark cartilage, ascorbic acid and manganese chloride for the relieving arthritic symptoms. Anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of red ginseng (250 and 500 mg/kg), glucosamine (240 mg/kg) and shark cartilage (240 mg/kg) were tested individually on vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema. Glucosamine and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of vascular permeability by 29.6 and 32.9%, respectively. Red ginseng (500 mg/kg) and shark cartilage showed the inhibition of carrageenan-induced paw edema at 0.5, 1, 2 and 3 hr. The supplement (red ginseng mixture: RGM) composed of red ginseng (43.5%), glucosamine (25.0%), shark cartilage (25.0%), ascorbic acid (5.0%) and manganese chloride (1.5%) was prepared and its inhibitory activities including vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced paw edema were comparable to anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac and ibuprofen. It was also tested on adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats as one of chronic arthritic tests and Randall-Selitto assay as an analgesic test. RGM showed the inhibition against the swelling of rat paws induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis at a dose of 1,500 mg/kg. Determination of cytokines of the sera sampled from arthritis-induced animals indicated that RGM increased the levels of $interferon-{\gamma}$ and interleukin-6, representing the immunostimulatory effect by red ginseng. RGM treatment moderately reduced the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results support that RGM can be applicable for the improvement of arthritic as a new diet-supplement.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.137-146
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• 2008

Even though driving under the influence of drug (DUID) is a worldwide problem, we, Korea has no regulation system yet except for alcohol, and there are little cases reported related to DUID. In order to investigate the type of abused drugs for drivers in Korea, we tried to analyze controlled and non-controlled drugs in alcohol-positive blood samples. 275 whole bloods, which were positive for alcohol on the roadside test, were collected from the police for two months ($Nov.{\sim}Dec.$ 2006). The analytical strategy was constituted of three steps: First, alcohol in blood samples were confirmed and quantified by gas chromatography. Second, controlled drugs were screened by $Evidence_{investigator}\;^{TM}$ (Randox, U.K.) as preliminary test. It was based on immunoassay by biochip array analyzer. Nine groups of drug abuse were screened: amphetamines, methamphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, opiates, barbiturates, methadone, benzodiazepines I (oxazepam) & II (lorazepam). Finally, confirmation of these drugs was performed by GC-MS. Blood samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction by $RapidTrace^{TM}$ (Zymark, U.S.A.). After trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization, eluates were analyzed to GC-MS. Total 49 drugs were investigated in this study including controlled drugs, antidepressants, 1st generation antihistamines, dextromethorphan, nalbuphine, ketamine, etc. For rapid detection, we developed the automated identification system. It was made up a new software, "DrugMan", modified Chemstation data analysis menu and newly developed macro modules. A series of peak selection, identification and reporting of the results were performed automatically by this system. Concentrations of alcohol in 275 blood samples were ranged from 0.011 to 0.249% (average, 0.119%). Among 149 blood samples, just six samples (4.0%) were showed positive results to the immunoassay: one methamphetamine and five benzodiazepines group I. By GC-MS confirmation, only benzodiazepines were detected and methamphetamine was not detected from immunoassay positive blood sample. Besides these drugs, 5 chlorpheniramines, dextromethorphan, diazepam, doxylamine, ibuprofen, lidocaine and topiramate were also detected in whole bloods by GC-MS. Conclusively, the frequency of drug abuse for Korean drivers was relatively low. There was none case which illegal drug was detected. However these results were limited to alcohol positive blood samples, so it is necessary to analyze more samples including alcohol negative blood.