• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2013

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of compositions and concentrations of fertilizer solution on growth of lettuce as well as changes in chemical properties of root media. To achieve this three kinds of fertilizers such as acidic (AF), neutral (NF), and alkaline fertilizer (BF) were formulated and applied with the concentrations of 100 or $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ based on nitrogen concentrations. The growth characteristics were investigated 10 weeks after transplant and the analysis of soil solution for chemical characteristics were conducted in every week. The BF was more effective than AF in crop growth of blue leaf lettuce 10 weeks after transplant and the treatment of BF200 showed the heaviest fresh and dry weights among all treatments tested. The treatment of BF also showed the highest growth followed by those of NF and AF in growth of red leaf lettuce, but the growth in treatments of $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were higher than those of $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in the three kinds of fertilizers. The differences among treatments in soil solution pH became larger from week 6. The pH in the treatment of $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ was lower than that of $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ when AF was applied, but the treatment of $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ showed higher pH than that of $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in case of BF. The electrical conductivity of soil solution in treatments of $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were 0.2 to 0.4 unit higher than those of $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ when those are measured as $dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in three kinds of fertilizers. The $NH_4$ concentrations were higher in the treatments of AF than those of BF, but the concentrations of Ca, Mg and $NO_3$ were vice verse. The concentrations of $PO_4^{-3}$ were the highest in the treatments of AF followed by those of NF and BF when three kinds of fertilizers were applied with equal nitrogen concentrations. The differences of nutrient concentrations in soil solution of root media were influenced by composition of fertigation solution and varied soil solution pH.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.167-201
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• 2006

Korean corporations are transforming their vertical operational structure to a team-based structure to compete in the rapidly changing environment and for improved performance. However, a high percentage of the respondents in KBS said that despite the appearance of the present team structure, the organization operates much like a vertically-structured organization. This result can be attributed to the lack of study and implementation toward the goal of empowerment, the key variable for the success of the team-based structure. This study aims to provide policy suggestions on how to implement the process of empowerment, by investigating the conditions that hinder the process and the attitude of the KBS employees. For the cross-sectional study, this thesis examined the domestic and international references, conducted a survey of KBS employees, personal interviews and made direct observations. Approximately 1,200 copies of the Questionnaire were distributed and 474 were completed and returned. The analysis used SPSS 12.0 software to process the data collected from 460 respondents. For the longitudinal-study, six categories that were common to this study and "The Report of the Findings of KBS Employees' View of the Team Structure" were selected. The comparative study analyzed the changes in a ten-month period. The survey findings showed a decrease of 24.2%p in the number of responses expressing negative views of the team structure and a decrease of 1.29%p in the number of positive responses. The findings indicated a positive transformation illustrating employees' improved understanding and approval of the team structure. However, KBS must address the issue on an ongoing basis. It has been proven that the employee empowerment increases the productivity of the individual and the group. In order to boost the level of empowerment, the management must exercise new, innovative leadership and build trust between the managers and the employees first. Additional workload as a result of shirking at work places was prevalent throughout all divisions and ranks, according to the survey data. This outcome leads to the conclusion that the workload is not evenly distributed or shared. And the data also showed the employees do not trust the assessment and rewards system. More attention and consideration must be paid to the team size and job allocation in order to address this matter; the present assessment and rewards system need to be complemented. The type of leadership varies depending on the characteristics of the organization's structure and employees' disposition. KBS must develop and reform its own management, leadership style to suit the characteristics of individual teams. Finally, for a soft-landing of KBS team structure, in-house training and education are necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 2011

Emission from meat cooking may contribute to the concentration of the Particulate Matters(PM) in the city. This study is to investigate the particle size and the emission characteristics of particulate matters from pork and beef cooking. The chamber was installed for sampling of PM generated from pork belly and beef sirloin cooking including seasoned ones. Cascade Impactor and Portable Aerosol Monitor (PAM) were used to analyse the particle size distribution. At the result of the Cascade Impactor sampling, particulate matters from the pork cooking was higher than that of beef. The gravimetric concentration of PM according to the size was highest at the range of $1.95{\sim}3.2{\mu}m$ and the gravimetric concentration of PM from the non-seasoned meat was higher than that of the seasoned one. The emission factors from pork, pork seasoned, beef and beef seasoned were 1.36 g/kg, 1.03 g/kg, 1.23 g/kg, 0.92 g/kg respectively. To see the result of PAM sampling, the ranges of $1.6{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$ and $2.5{\sim}3.5{\mu}m$ were reveled as highest. The ration of $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ from pork and beef was 0.56~0.58. The emission factors from pork, pork seasoned, beef and beef seasoned measured by PAM were revealed as 3.37 g/kg, 2.76 g/kg, 2.93 g/kg, 2.77 g/kg respectively.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2000

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to determine the validity and reliablity of the Korean version of the Global Assessment of Recent Stress(GARS) Scale developed for assessing the severity of current perceived stressors, and then to use the scale in clinical practice. Methods : The questionnaire was completed by 215 healthy subjects. A comparison was made regarding the perception of stressors among 242 patients(71 with anxiety disorder, 73 with depressive disorder, 47 with somatoform disorder, and 51 with psychosomatic disorder) and 215 healthy subjects. Factor analysis was done using oblique rotation after maximum-likelihood factor analysis. Results : Factor analysis yielded 1 subscale. Reliability was computed by administering the GARS Scale to 69 healthy subjects during a 2-week interval. Test-retest reliability for 8 items and the total score was significantly high, ranging between 0.85-.95. Internal consistency was significant(Cronbach's a for 7 items : .86). Convergent validity was computed by correlating the 8 items and the total score with the total score of the stress response inventory(SRI), the perceived stress questionnaire(PSQ), and the somatization, anxiety, depression, hostility subscales and general indices of the symptom checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R). The correlations were all at significant levels. Discriminant validity was computed by comparing the 8 item scores of the patient and control groups. Significant differences were found in area relevant to sickness or illness and the overill global area. The patients with anxiety disorder were significantly higher in area relevant to sickness or illness than the healthy group, whereas the patients with depressive disorder was significantly higher in the overall global score than healthy group. The depressive disorder group was the highest in overall global score of the GARS scale among 4 patient groups, and showed a significant higher scores in interpersonal relationship and overall global area than the psychosomatic disorder group. Conclusions : These results indicate that the Korean version of the GARS scale is highly reliable and valid, and that it can be utilized as an effective measure of perceived stressors for research in stress-related fields. It is suggested that depressive disorder patients are more likely to perceive recent stressors than psychosomatic disorder patients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2014

Body fluid has been studied for diverse fields like Ringer's solutions, artificial joint fluids, cell growth culture media because it plays a crucial role in controlling body temperature and acts as a solvent for diverse metabolite processes in the body and delivery media of mineral, energy source, hormone, signal and drug from and to cell via blood or lymphatic vessel by osmotic pressure or active uptake. Stratum corneum containing extracellular lipids and NMF (natural moisturizing factor) absorbs atmospheric water residing outside of cells and utilize it to hydrate inside of their own. This process is related to skin barrier function. In this study, we conducted the cell viability test with Cell Bio Fluid $Sync^{TM}$, which mimicks body fluids including amino acids, peptides, and monosaccharides to strengthen skin barrier, and the clinical skin improvement test with cosmetics containing Cell Bio Fluid $Sync^{TM}$. In the cell viability test, HaCaT cell was treated with PBS for 3 hours, followed by the treatment of a cell culture medium (DMEM) and isotonic solution (PBS) and Cell Bio Fluid $Sync^{TM}$ for 3 hours each. Then, MTT assay and image analysis were conducted. In the clinical skin improvement test, twenty-one healthy women participated. Participants applied cosmetics containing Cell Bio Fluid $Sync^{TM}$ on their face for a week and evaluated the skin hydration, skin roughness, brightness and evenness. All measurements were conducted after they washed off their face and took a rest under the constant temperature ($22{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) and constant humidity conditions ($50{\pm}5%$) for 20 minutes. All the data were analyzed by SPSS (version 21) software program. Results showed that Cell Bio Fluid $Sync^{TM}$ improved both the cell viability and in vivo skin conditions such as skin hydration, roughness, brightness and evenness.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.193-201
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• 2007

We used $^6Li$ and $^7Li$ MAS NMR to investigate the fate and local environments of Li in the interlayer of clay minerals such as hectorite, Woming-montmorillonite, beidellite, and lepidollite at room and high ($250^{\circ}C$) temperature. Although $^6Li$ NMR spectra show narrower peaks than those of $^7Li$ NMR, S/N ratio is low and there are no obvious differences in chemical shifts suggesting that it is difficult to apply $^6Li$ NMR to have information on the local environments of Li in the clay interlayers. $^7Li$ NMR spectra, however, show changes in the peak width and quadrupole patterns providing information on the local environments of Li in the interlayer even though changes in the chemical shift are not observed. In montmorillonite, two different local environments of Li are observed; one has a narrow peak with typical quadrupole patterns whereas another has a broad peak without those of the patterns. Changes in the peak width is also observed from broad to narrow in the $^7Li$ NMR spectra for beidellite but not for hectorite at high temperature. Our results suggest that the peak width change in the broad peak is attributed to the coordination changes in the water molecules around Li which is tightly bonded on the basal oxygen of Si tetrahedra as inner-sphere complexes. The narrow peak in montmorillnoite can be assigned to the Li bended as outer-sphere complexes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.194-201
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose was to compare the marginal fidelity and the fracture resistance of the zirconia crowns according to the various coping designs with different thicknesses and cement types. Materials and methods: Zirconia copings were designed and fabricated with various thicknesses using the CAD/CAM system (Everest, KaVo Dental GmbH, Biberach., Germany). Eighty zirconia copings were divided into 4 groups (Group I: even 0.3 mm thickness, Group II: 0.3 mm thickness on the buccal surface and the buccal half of occlusal surface and the 0.6 mm thickness on the lingual surface and the lingual half of occlusal surface, Group III: even 0.6 mm thickness, Group IV: 0.6 mm thickness on the buccal surface and the buccal half of occlusal surface and the 1.0 mm thickness on the lingual surface and the lingual half of occlusal surface) of 20. By using a putty index, zirconia crowns with the same size and contour were fabricated. Each group was divided into two subgroups by type of cement: Cavitec$^{(R)}$ (Kerr Co, USA) and Panavia-$F^{(R)}$ (Kuraray Medical Inc, Japan). After the cementation of the crowns with a static load compressor, the marginal fidelity of the zirconia crowns were measured at margins on the buccal, lingual, mesial and distal surfaces, using a microscope of microhardness tester (Matsuzawa, MXT-70, Japan, ${\times}100$). The fracture resistance of each crown was measured using a universal testing machine (Z020, Zwick, Germany) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The results were analyzed statistically by the two-way ANOVA and oneway ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test at $\alpha$=.05. Results: Group I and III showed the smallest marginal fidelity, while group II demonstrated the largest value in Cavitec$^{(R)}$ subgroup (P<.05). For fracture resistance, group III and IV were significantly higher than group I and II in Cavitec$^{(R)}$ subgroup (P<.05). The fracture resistances of Panavia-$F^{(R)}$ subgroup were not significantly different among the groups (P>.05). Panavia-$F^{(R)}$ subgroup showed significantly higher fracture resistance than Cavitec$^{(R)}$ subgroup in group I and II (P<.05). Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, considering fracture resistance or marginal fidelity and esthetics, a functional ceramic substructure design of the coping with slim visible surface can be used for esthetic purposes, or a thick invisible surface to support the veneering ceramic can be used depending on the priority.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-216
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• 2015

A new commercial strain "Mongdol" of oyster mushroom was developed by hyphal anastomosis. It was improved with hybridization between monokaryotic strain derived from Pleurotus ostreatus ASI 0627 and dikaryotic strain derived from P. ostreatus ASI 2929. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth and fruiting body development were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and $12{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, respectively. When two different media including PDA (potato dextrose agar medium) and MCM (mushroom complete medium) were compared, the mycelial growth of this mushroom was faster in MCM than in PDA. Similar result was observed with the control strain P. ostreatus ASI 2504. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar "Mongdol" showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strain ASI 2504, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP3 and URP6 were used. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 106 g using demonstration farms. The color of pileus was blackish gray and the stipe was long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain "Mongdol" will satisfy the consumer's demand for high quality mushrooms.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.201-205
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• 2003

Purpose : Authors experienced cases of chronic ACL tear with spur-like lesion on the tibial condyle which is different from the lateral capsular sign and degenerative change and evaluated the significance of 'spur-like lesion' in relations with chronic ACL injury. Material and Method : We have 5 patients with spur-like lesion on the lateral tibial condyle in simple radiogram. The location, shape and size of the lesion were studied using radiogram and MRI. Cause of injury, associated injury and chronicity of the ACL tear were analyzed. All 5 patients were male, and mean age was 33.8 $(17\~46)$ years. Result : The spur-like lesion was located from 3.8 mm(avg.) below the articular surface of the lateral tibial condyle to the apex of the fibular head and protruded laterally or inferolaterally from just posterior to the Gerdy's tubercle with a round or sharp-end triangular shape. Average length was 6 mm and average width ortho base was 9.2 mm. The cause of injury were sports jnjury 4 cases and traffic accident in one. The chronicity of the ACL tear was average 10.7(8 months$\~$23 years) years and medial meniscus tear was shown in all cases and lateral meniscus tear in three. Conclusion : We suggest that a patient who has a history of trauma with spur-like lesion on the lateral tibial condyle of the knee is expected to have chronic ACL tear.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 1989

About 233 weed species belonging to 54 families mainly occurring in summer were observed in cultivated land and its surrounding area in Cheju Island. The compositae was the most widely occurring family covering 41 weed species, followed by 28 species in gramineae, 14 in labiatae, 13 in leguminasae and 12 in polygonaceae etc.. In terms of the lands classified about 126 species in 39 families were observed in upland ared and 38 species in 20 families occurred in lowland area, 108 species in 36 families in orchard and 214 species in 50 families observed in non-cultivated area. The most dominant weed species in Cheju Island were Portulaca oleracea, Digitaria sanguinalis in both the upland and orchard, Monochoria vaginalis, Cyperus amuricus in lowland, and Digitaria sanguinalis, Artemisia princeps, Partulaca oleracea in non-cultivated land area. There were two communities in upland area, such as Phyllanthus urinaria, Siegesbeckia orinexitalis etc., and Cephalonaplos segetum, Mosla dianthera etc.. The lowland area composed of one major community like Onenanthe javanica, and Eleocharis acicularis. The orchard consisted of the communities of Stellaria aquatics, Viola mandshurica etc., and Justicia procumbens, Varedellia crustacea etc.. The non-cultivated land composed of two major communities like Amplicarpaed edgeworthii, Lactuca indica etc., and Clematis appiiforia, Aster hispidus etc..