• BMB Reports
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 1996

Viral surface proteins are known to play an essential role in attachment of the virus particle to the host cell membrane. In case of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) several reports have described potential receptors on the target cell side, but no definite receptor protein has been isolated yet. As for the viral side, it has been suggested that the preS region of the envelope protein, especially the preS1 region, is involved in binding of HBV to the host cell. In this study, preS1 region was recombinantly expressed in the form of a maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion protein and used to identify and visualize the expression of putative HBV receptor(s) on the host cell. Using laser scanned confocal microscopy and by FACS analysis, MBP-preS1 proteins were shown to bind to the human hepatoma cell line HepG2 in a receptor-ligand specific manner. The binding kinetic of MBP-preS1 to its cellular receptor was shown to be temperature and time dependent. In cells permeabilized with Triton X-100 and treated with the fusion protein, a specific staining of the nuclear membrane could be observed. To determine the precise location of the receptor binding site within the preS1 region, several short overlapping peptides from this region were synthesized and used in a competition assay. In this way the receptor binding epitope in preS1 was revealed to be amino acid residues 27 to 51, which is in agreement with previous reports. These results confirm the significance of the preS1 region in virus attachment in general, and suggest an internalization pathway mediated by direct attachment of the viral particle to the target cell membrane.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate and assess the composition of mineral and macronutrient contents in Korean cow′s milk.48 individual farm raw milk, 10 plant raw milk and 29 market milk were collected from June to August in 2003. The minerals such as calcium(Ca), potassium(K), magnesium(Mg), sodium(Na), zinc(Zn), iron(Fe) and phosphorus(P) were determined by using atomic absorption spectrometer(AAS). The macronutrients such as fat, protein and lactose were tested by using IR spectrometer. The obtained analytical results of minerals(mg/100 g) and rnaetronutrients (％) are as follows：1. In case of raw cow′s milk ； Ca 113.56, K 144.09, Mg 10.86, Na 42.53, Zn 0.42, Fe 0.030, p 113.32, fat 3.85, protein 3.08, lactose 4.80,2. In case of market cow′s milk ; Ca 103.04, K 142.46, Mg 10.27, Na 43.21, Zn 0.40, Fe 0.034. p 97.30, fat 3.78, protein 3.05, lactose 4.70,3. In case of fortified market cow′s milk ; Ca 165.40, K 145.79, Mg 10.57. Na 42.55, Zn 0.57, Fe 0.414, p 94.68, fat 3.74, protein 3.08, lactose 4.68,4. In case of processed market cow′s milk ; Ca 134.72, K 142.74, Mg 10.33, Na 45.07, Zn 0.50, Fe 0.650, p 92.48, fat 3.72, protein 3.07, lactose 4.74. According to the group of market milk(milk, fortified market row′s milk, processed market cow′s milk), the mean concentration of Ca and Fe were significantly higher in fortified and processed milk than milk(p<0.05). There were no significant differences in macronutrient(fat, protein, lactose) and mineral contents between pasteurized milk and UHT(ultra high temperature) treated milk($\alpha$=0.05). The labeled "Nutritional Facts" of market milk were satisfied with "Labeling Standards for Livestock Products of Korea". The measured mean concentrations of Ca, Fe, Zn were generally higher than lower limit of labeled value(above 80% of labeled value). The mean concentration of sodium was lower than upper limit of labeled value(below 120％ of labeled value).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.336-341
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the lysine cell mass (LCM) as a dietary fish meal (EM) protein replacer in juvenile Israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fishmeal, a major animal protein source in the control diet, was replaced by tCM on the protein equivalent base, Fish averaging 1,7 $\pm$ 0.1 g (Mean $\pm$ SD) fed one of nine diets containing isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $38\%$ crude protein and 15.2 kJ available energy/g diet: control, $100\%$ $FM; LCM_20$, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM; LCM_40$, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM; LCM_60$, $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM; LCM_100$, $100\%$ $LCM; LCM_20$l, $80\%$ $FM+20\%$ $LCM+0.07\%$ $Lysine; LCM_40$l, $60\%$ $FM+40\%$ $LCM+0.14\%$ $Lysine; LCM_60$l $40\%$ $FM+60\%$ $LCM+0.22\%$ Lysine; LCM_100l, $100\%$ LCM+$0.35\% Lysine. After 6 weeks of feeding trial there was no significant difference in weight gain (WG), feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and specific growth rate (SGR) among fish fed control and $LCM_20$ (P>0.05), while fish fed $LCM_40,\;LCM_60,\;LCM_100,\;LCM_40l,\;LCM_60l\;and\;LCM_100l$ diets had a significantly lower WG, FE, PER and SGR than did fish fed control diet (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in WG, PER and SGR among fish fed control and $LCM_20$l diets (P>0.05), while fish fed $LCM_20$l S had a significantly lower FE than did fish fed control diet (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in hematocrit and condition facto, among fish fed nine diets (P>0.05). Therefore, these results indicated that LCM could replace FM up to $20\%$ and dietary synthetic lysine supplementation did not show any positive growth effects in juvenile Israeli carp.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.867-872
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate the optimum process conditions for manufacturing yeast extract from waste brewer's yeast using various enzymes. Contents of IMP, GMP, free amino acids, and crude protein of yeast extracts were measured by enzymes treatment. Crude protein contents of yeast extracts subjected to cell wall digestion enzyme treatment were 21.1, 33.6, and 28.0% for the control grouup, glucanase (0.5%, 12 h), and tunicase (1%, 18 h), respectively. Crude protein contents of yeast extracts subjected to protease treatment were 22.0, 30.8, and 29.8% for control group, bromelin (1%, 3 h), and protamex (1%, 3 h), respectively. Crude protein content of yeast extract subjected to glucanase and protamex mixed treatment was 34.4%. The total contents of IMP and GMP of yeast extracts subjected to G+P+A (glucanase+phosphodiesterase+adenyldeminase) and G+Pro+P+A (glucanase+protamex+phosphodiesterase+adenyldeaminase) treatments were 1,066 and 1,047 mg/100 g, respectively. The content of free amino acids of yeast extract was the highest (2,302 mg/100 g) in G+Pro+P+A treatment. Optimum concentration and process condition of enzyme treatment to obtain yeast extract with high IMP, GMP, and free amino acid content were in the order of glucanase (0.5%, 12 h), protamex (1%, 3h), phosphodiesterase (0.1%, 3 h) and adenyldeaminase (1%, 1.5 h) treatments.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.224-229
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• 2013

Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a multi-ligand receptor that is able to bind several different ligands, including advanced glycation endproducts, high-mobility group protein (B)1 (HMGB1), S-100 calcium-binding protein, amyloid-${\beta}$-protein, Mac-1, and phosphatidylserine. Its interaction is engaged in critical cellular processes, such as inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and migration, and dysregulation of RAGE and its ligands leads to the development of numerous human diseases. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways regulated by RAGE and its ligands identified up to date and demonstrate the effects of hyper-activation of RAGE signals on human diseases, focused mainly on renal disorders. Finally, we propose that RAGE and its ligands are the potential targets for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of numerous renal diseases.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 2015

It is well known that dietary protein affects the growth performance and carcass composition of poultry. Over the last several decades, numerous studies have been carried out to investigate to optimize the level of dietary protein since the protein is an important and expensive constituent in poultry feed. It is generally accepted that dietary protein should represent a balance of amino acids supporting the requirements for growth and maintenance of birds. A protein with balanced essential amino acids that matches a bird's requirement and sufficient non-essential amino acid nitrogen to enable the synthesis of all of the non-essential amino acids, is referred to as an 'ideal protein'. Feeding of excess protein or amino acids may result in an amount of nitrogen emission. Most common method to reduce nitrogen emission is using diet formulation which has lower dietary crude protein level and higher concentration of amino acid supplements. However, there are conflicting reports whether low protein diets supplemented with synthetic amino acids can obtain the growth performance equal to high protein diets. Excessive nitrogen excretion caused by amino acid imbalance also may influence the environment of poultry house due to ammonia production from uric acid. These environmental conditions may increase the incidence of skin problem or respiratory diseases of chickens. Various strategies based on comprehensive understanding should be tested to optimize nitrogen utilization and reduce nitrogen emission while maintaining the performance in poultry production.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.219-229
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the skin whitening effect of Scirpi rhizama ethanol extract (SREE) in an animal model. For the experiment of the study, three brown guinea pigs weighing about 450 g to 550 g were exposed to ultraviolet-B rays on the backs at 500 $mJ/cm^2$ once a week, three consecutive weeks and the total quantity of light was 1,500 $mJ/cm^2$. The artificial tanning spots were divided into six different groups including normal (N), control (C), vehicle control (VC), positive control (PC), experimental 1 (E1, 1% SREE), experimental 2 (E2, 2% SREE) groups. Then, 30 ${\mu}L$ of SREE was transdermaly applied on the artificial tanning spots twice a day and 5 days a week for 8 weeks. With the result of a gross observation, it was found that the degree of pigmentation became apparently thinner in the group applied with E2, compared to the control or the vehicle control group. The melanin index of E2 group was significant lower than the control or the vehicle control group. In the observation with a light microscope, it was found that the degree of melanin pigmentation and S-100 protein expression considerably decreased in the groups applied with SREE, compared to the control or the vehicle control group. With the numerical analysis of melanin pigmentation and S-100 protein expression by using image-analysis software, it was found that the tendency was coincide with the results of microscopic observation.

• BMB Reports
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.387-391
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• 1995

In order to investigate whether phospholipase C (PLC) activity in oat celIs is regulated by Gprotein, we have characterized PLC in plasma membranes of oat tissues. To identify the purified plasma membrane, $K^+$-stimulated, $Mg^{2+}$-dependent ATPase activity was measured. The activity of ATPase was shown to be proportional to the concentration of membrane protein. To examine the PLC activity regulated by G-protein, we used the inside-out and outside-out plasma membrane mixture isolated from the oat cells. The plasma membrane mixture showed higher PLC activity than the one of the outside-out plasma membrane. This suggests that PLC activity is located at the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membrane. PLC activity in plasma membrane mixture was dependent on $Ca^{2+}$ with maximum activity at 100 ${\mu}m$ $Ca^{2+}$ and it was inhibited by 1 mM EGTA. Using Sep-pak $Accell^{TM}$ Plus QMA chromatography, we found that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate ($IP_3$) was produced in the presence of 10 ${\mu}m$ $Ca^{2+}$. The PLC activity in the membrane was enhanced by an activator of G-protein ($GTP{\gamma}S$) and not by an inhibitor ($GDP{\beta}S$). This indicates that a G-protein is involved in the activation of PLC in the plasma membrane of oat cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2016

Objectives : The study was designed to observe the effect of Polygalae Radix Preparata Cum Glycyrrhizae Radix on 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced apoptosis in PC-12 cell.Methods : A cytotoxic test on Polygalae Radix Preparata Cum Glycyrrhizae Radix (PG) was conducted and another MTT assay was conducted to observe the cytoprotective effect against 4-HNE that cause oxidative stress. In addition, in order to observe the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3 and TNF-α protein involved with apoptosis, western blot was conducted.Results : The groups treated with 25 ㎍, 50 ㎍ and 100 ㎍ of PG water extract had no toxicity for PC-12 cell. The groups treated with 25 ㎍, 50 ㎍ and 100 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant increase of cell survival rate in comparison with the control group injected by only 4-HNE. The groups treated with 25 ㎍ and 50 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant supression on increase of Bax protein expression in the control group. The group treated with 100 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant promotion on decrease of Bcl-2 protein expression in the control group. The group treated with 50 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant supression on increase of Caspase-3 protein expression in the control group. The group treated with 25 ㎍ of PG water extract showed a significant supression on increase of TNF-α protein expression in the control group.Conclusions : These results suggest that Polygalae Radix Preparata Cum Glycyrrhizae Radix is effective in reducing apoptosis by 4-HNE-dameged cell.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2017

Der p 1 and Der p 2 are essential allergens of house dust mite associated with the development of asthma. In the present study, we examined whether Der p 1 and Der p 2 induce a release of S100A8 and S100A9 in monocytes, which are involved in the regulatory mechanism of neutrophil apoptosis. We found that Der p 1 and Der p 2 significantly increased the secretion of S100A8 and S100A9 in normal monocytes. Moreover, S100A8 and S100A9 strongly suppressed the spontaneous apoptosis of normal and asthmatic neutrophils. The inhibitory effect of S100A9 was stronger than that of S100A8, and asthmatic neutrophils showed a higher inhibitory effect than normal neutrophils. S100A8 and S100A9 induced activation of Lyn, Akt, and ERK in a time-dependent manner. These findings elucidate the roles of Der p 1 and Der p 2 in the interaction between monocytes and neutrophils, as well as contributing to our knowledge of the pathogenesis of allergic diseases.