• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 1988

Even though grass species are one of major importance in livestock industry, the response of intergeneric hybridization of Lolium and Festuca and interspecific hybridization of Lolium m.X Lolium p. to Korean climatic condition has not been adequately documented. This reasearch was conducted to examine the growth characteristics and dry matter yield of Festulolium, cv. Felopa and C-Stamm N 66 and hybrid ryegrass, cv. Maja and Tetilelite. 1. The early growth of Italian ryegrass was better than that of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium. The plant length and height of Italian ryegrass were longer/taller than those of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium, but the number of tillers of Italian ryegrass was less than that of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium. 2. Festuloliu and hybrid ryegrass were more tolerant than Italian ryegrass to winter killing, 70-80% of tillers was survived. 3. After wintering, early spring growth of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium were better than that of Italian ryegrass. Dry matter yield of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium were more than that of Italian ryegrass. 4. Spikes of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium (C-Stamm N66) were more than those of Italian ryegrass. Seed yield per $m^2$ of hybrid ryegrass and Italian ryegrass were almost same, but that of Festuloliu was lower.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 1988

Even though grass species are one of major importance in livestock industry, the response of intergeneric hybridization of Lolium and Festuca and interspecific hybridization of Lolium m.X Lolium p. to Korean climatic condition has not been adequately documented. This reasearch was conducted to examine the growth characteristics and dry matter yield of Festulolium, cv. Felopa and C-Stamm N 66 and hybrid ryegrass, cv. Maja and Tetilelite. 1. The early growth of Italian ryegrass was better than that of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium. The plant length and helght of Italian ryegrass were longerltaller than those of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium, but the number of tillers of Italian ryegrass was less than that of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium. 2. Festulolium and hybrid ryegrass were more tolerant than Italian xyegrass to winter killing, 70-80% of tillers was survived. 3. After wintering, early spring growth of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium were better than that of Italian ryegrass. Dry matter yield of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium were more than that of Italian ryegrass. 4. Spikes of hybrid ryegrass and Festulolium (C-Stamm N66) were more than those of Italian ryegrass. Seed yield per $m^2$ of hybrid ryegrass and Italian ryegrass were almost same, but that of Festulolium was lower.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.387-398
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• 1997

This experiment was to investigate the surface coverage, sward height and dry matter yield of 63 perennial ryegrass cultivars with control cultivar, orchardgrass(Potomac) at different cutting dates(May 25, July 5, August 20 and October 5), in order to select the adaptable cultivars of perennial ryegrass in the middle region of Korea. Four perennial ryegrass cultivars, E.V. Meadea, Aberystwyth S101, Raidor and Real, didn't survive afler sowing. Surface coverage of perennial ryegrass cultivars cut in August 20 was lower than others. Sward height of perennial ryegrass cultivars at each cutting dates was lower than that of orchardgrass. There were no significant differences in sward heights of each cutting date. Dry matter yield of perennial ryegrass cultivars cut in August 20 was lower than others. Total dry matter yield of Oakpark 6% Viktoria, Petra, G. Manawa, and Kangaroo Valley was fell in the range of 11.76 and 10.37t/ha while that of orchardgrass was 12.09t/ha. On the basis of total annual dry matter yield, the adaptability of perennial ryegrass cultivars was classfied as following.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1988

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the different cutting height on the changes of nonstructural carbohydrate contents, winter survival, spring yields of Italian ryegrass, tall fescue and pernennial ryegrass swards. It was carried out on the experimental field of Livestock Experiment Station, in Suweon, from Sept. 1986 to May 1987. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The changes in soil surface temperature of plots were slightly appeared among grasses. But not appeared with cutting heights. 2. Nonstructural carbohydrate contents of three grasses until wintering showed much more in line with unclipped, 15 cm cutting and 6 cm cutting height. Among three grasses, Italian ryegrass was highest and tall fescue was lowest. Otherwise, wintering survival was not show the difference among grasses and cutting heights. 3. The green yields was much more producted in line with Iralian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. But in dry matter yields, it was not significantly different among grasses and cutting heights.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.230-235
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out to determine the effects of soil phosphorus(P) level on growth environment of annual-and perennial plant. The results obtained are summarized as follow:1. With increasing level of phosphorus fertilizer, plant length of Italian-and perennial ryegrass tended to increase. 2. After the second year, DM yield of perennial ryegrass was significantly higher than that of Italian ryegrass in all treatments. 3. In the difference of P-yield between high P-treatment and nil P-treatment, there was tendency for that of Italian ryegrass to be increased but for perennial ryegrass to be decreased throughout 3 years. 4. The growth of perennial ryegrass compared with Italian ryegrass was tended to profitable in low phosphorus environment than high phosphorus environment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.222-229
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• 1991

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of improvement of oversown pastures, treated with four nitrogen(N) application levels(0, 100, 200, 300 kg/ha) and three species mixtures (A: orchardgrass+ladino clover; B: orchardgrass+ladino clover+perennial ryegrass; C: orchardgrass+ladino clover+perennial ryegrass+Italian ryegrass). The establishment of perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass, and ladino clover were increased with increased N applications, but the ryegrass mixed with orchardgrass and ladino clover decreased the establishment of ladino clover. With the increase of N application levels, orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass in comparison on botanical composition were getting better, while the native plants established already were decreased. The botanical composition of newly sown pasture plants was increased as cutting times progressed. The dry matter(DM) yield of pasture species increased significantly with N application up to 300 kg/ha. There was no significance among mixture treatments, although the DM yield of basic treatment(orchardgrass+ladino clover) was higher than other treatments. However, when compared DM yields on each cutting times, newly oversown pastures in A treatment was shown to be significantly higher only on 2nd cutting time than other treatments(P<0.05). The DM yield of native plants survived in basic species mixture was significantly less than those of other mixtures(P<0.05). Results of this study indicate that for improving oversown pastures, at least 300 kg/ha N application should be applied, and basic mixture (orchardgrass+ladino clover) has more advantage than treatments mixed with ryegrass.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.274-282
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• 1992

Annual forage crops have been increasingly important for conpensating insufficient forage production of perennial pastures took place for short interval. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of sward composition and NㆍP fertilization on forage production and intercompetition of subterranean clover-Italian ryegrass and berseem clover-Italian ryegrass. The two clovers were grown in the field at the clover/ryegrass ratios of 0/100, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 100/0 where no, N (200 kg /ha), P (50 kg /ha) or NㆍP fertilization was done. Each crop was separated after harvest and drying. Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC), aggressivity and Relative Yield Total (RYT) were analyzed on the basis of the harvested dry matter of each crop. Berseem clover-ryegrass mixtures produced greater yield than subclover-ryegrass mixtures as a result of higher yields of the two component species. In the former forage yield was increased with increased rate of clover up to 75%, while in the latter the highest yields were obtained at more than 50% of the clover. In the mixtures N stimulated the growth of ryegrass, whereas P did only that of subclover. The two clovers produced more forage than the companion grass under no and only P fertilization although the reverse result was true under N or NㆍP fertilization, but the annual forage yield was decreased in the order of N and P, N, P, and no fertilization. The mixture yields were overyielded compared to the Expected Yield. Although generally RCCs and RYTs of subclover were higher than those of berseem clover in the mixtures differing the composition rate or under no and only P fertilization, those of the former clover were lower under N or NㆍP fertilization. In the clover-ryegrass mixtures, ryegrass acted as an aggressor and became more aggressive under P fertilization.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to determine the vegetative growth of two cool season turfgrasses during summer season in Korea. Ten respective cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass [Poapratensis L.] and perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L.] were exposed to unshaded, 30% and 60% shade for 4odays. First mowing height was 7cm, and then clippings were harvested every ten days at the same height. Shading increased the total length of clippings of all cultivars of two turfgrasses, but fresh and dry weight were significantly decreased. The highest shoot length obtained at 30% shade in Kentucky bluegrass and at 60% shade in perennial ryegrass. 'Rugky', 'Sydsport', 'Wabash' and 'Baron' of Kentucky bluegrass and 'Repel', 'Omega II', 'Ovation', 'Linn', 'Bell' and 'Manhattan' of perennial ryegrass showed relatively high tolerance to shade. Especially, in 'Citation II' perennial ryegrass, fresh and dry weight were increased by 30% shade. The number of tillers generally decreased with increasing shade. In 30% shade, 'Midnight' Kentucky bluegrass and 'Omega II' perennial ryegrass were least reduced and 'Baron' Kentucky bluegrass and 'Pennant' perennial ryegrass were most reduced. The cultivars of lower growth habit in full sunlight showed shade tolerance compared to those of higher growth habit.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.108-108
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to know prospect and present state of new variety breeding of Forage and Grassland in South Korea. The industry of forage in Korea is going up to expend through utilization of good quality forage, Italian ryegrass, forage corn and oat rather than rice straw. Especially, since 2007, Italian ryegrass(IRG) had been very important major winter forage crop in South Korea and developed 13 varieties including very early maturity variety (three varieties), early maturity variety (three varieties), medium maturity variety (one variety) and late maturity variety (six varieties). But the disadvantage of Italian ryegrass was weak winter hardness and drought but has good advantage of forage nutritive value, high-yielding and high sugar content, and like livestock as like hanwoo, dairy cattle, goat so on. The Ko-variety (Korea developed variety) of Italian ryegrass has high cold-tolerant and adaptability more than any other country developed variety, and expend to cultivation area from southern area (below Daejeon) to middle-northern area (upper Han river). Although the cultivation area of Italian ryegrass of South Korea was 21,700 ha in 2007, right now, that of Italian ryegrass is about 123,600ha due to expend cultivation area and know famer to good forage crop and have a various maturity varieties (very early, early, medium, late) according to local situation (before-crop harvesting stage or double cropping system). The seed market of Italian ryegrass in South Korea becoming extended to around 100 million Korean won and seed export get nearer to foreign country. We are going to develop of new variety for stress tolerant and high yield and quality forage variety, good adaptability to the Korean environmental conditions including reclaimed area, make self-sufficiency system for forage seed (Italian ryegrass), export our seed to foreign countries.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1991

Tall fescue(Festuca amndinacea Schreb.) is a productive pasture grass that is widely adapted to the soil and climate of Korea. It is regarded, however, as relatively low in palatability and nutritive value. On the other hand, Italian ryegrass(lo1ium rnultz$om Lam.) is highly nutritious and palatable, but is essentially weak in cold tolerance. Numerous investigators have succeeded in producing hybrids between Lolium spp. and Festuca spp. but no improved varieties have resulted. Therefore, intergeneric hybridization of Italian ryegrass with tall fescue is employed in 1984 to improve the adaptive and cold resistance quality of Italian ryegrass. In the mean time, F1-hybrid plants obtained by crossing Italian ryegrass x tall fescue were observed in open field. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Leaf-size and silica cell hair were intermediate between the types of parents but the shape of auricle tended to show Italian ryegrass and auricle-cilia to show tall fescue. 2. Roots of $F_1$-hybrid plants were mainly distributed at top soil and did not produced florescence material. 3. Head type of hybrids was intermediate between the types of parents but ray length was somewhat less than the length of tall fescue ray. Typical Italian ryegrass or tall fescue-like phenotypes were not observed. 4. Anthers of $F_1$-hybrid plants were formed but pollen were not formed. Even though pollen were formed, they were all empty. 5. Hybrid plants were more winterhardy and summer persistency than Italian ryegrass. They showed a equivalent growth to Italian ryegrass in spring and to tall fescue in summer. 6. Chromosome of $F_1$-hybrids was allopolyploid(2n=4~=28) and all $F_1$-hybrid plants were sterile.