• Title/Summary/Keyword: Rural Area Planning

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Marriage in Korea I. Evidence of Changing Attitudes and Practice

  • Kim, Mo-Im;Harper, Paul A.;Rider, Rowland V.;Yang, Jae-Mo
    • Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.13-26
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    • 1975
  • Seven aspects of attitude toward marriage in Korea are examined to better understand present and future marriage patterns. Also, various facets of current marriage practice are compared with attitudes. The study comprises three groups of roughly 600 women each, selected by random sampling from a rural, an urban, and a semi-urban area. A carefully designed and pretested questionnaire was checked for reliability by a reinterview in a 15% subsample. The great majority of Korean women support traditional attitudes that one must or should marry. The small group who recommend that one should not marry are mostly the very young or the never married, whose attitudes still may change. However, there are important and probably predictive shifts in favor of more individual decision, especially among the better educated, the young, and the more urban. Traditional reasons for marriage such as "custom" and procreation are ranked first by a majority, but there is a large shift to more contemporary or liberal desire for companionship and love, also primarily among the better educated, the urban, the young, and the never married. The traditional attitude that parents should have the sole or major role in mate selection is still held by a bare majority; the educated, urban, young, and never married are more liberal. Only 6% opt for each of the two extremes: That the parent alone or the respondent alone should decide. The remainder prefer one of the two middle-of-the-road positions where parent and child together decide. The proportions of respondents who classed specified criteria as moat important for selecting a husband, arranging the criteria in order from traditional to contemporary were: Lineage, etc., 23%; personal attributes, 40%; health and education, 27%; and love, 10%. The changing attitudes are suggested by the fact that love was ranked first by only 3% of the poorly educated rural poulation versus 23% of urban college level and 31% of the urban never married. There has been a substantial rise in the ideal age of marriage over the past twelve or more years, but there also is evidence that the ideal age is at or near a ceiling. Knowledge about legal age of marriage is minimal; the implications of this for proposed legislation are discussed. Three-fifthes to four-fifths of all respondents married husbands of the same religious, residential, and economic backgrounds as themselves. Almost all of them married men of the same or higher educational level. These evidences of traditional influences in mate selection are contrasted with the low priority given some of those items in earlier questions on reasons for marriage and criterion for selecting husband. Contrary to the expressed attitudes as to who should select the husband, we find that marriages of the study sample were stated to be arranged by parents alone in 62%; and in another 23%, the parents made the decision but asked the respondent's views. Such arrangements were most frequent among the rural, the less educated, and the older respondents and less common in the urban and more educated. The implications of these and related findings are discussed.

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A Comparative Study on the Perception of A Beautiful Landscape According to the Differences of Living Environment (성장환경의 차이에 따른 아름다운 경관 인지의 비교연구 -도시와 농촌 국민학생을 대상으로-)

  • 성현찬;임승빈
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.64-78
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    • 1992
  • In this study, elementary school students of both urban and rural areas as its subjects were asked to draw 'A beautiful landscape' by employing the perspective representation technique, i. e., the Perception Map, and to write down the elements comprising 'A beautiful landscape' in the questionnaire sheets. By doing so, an attempt was made 1) to analyze whether there are differences in perceiving 'A beautiful landscape' according to the differences of the environment in which they were brought up ; and, if there are differences. 2) to identify them ; and based on that , 3) to present basic data for evaluation on landscape, on its preference analysis and for Park Planning. The summary of this study is as follows ; 1) The main elements, elementary school students think, comprising 'A beautiful landscape' are 25 ones such as Sky(7), Sea(2), Water(2), Topography(5), Plants(5), Animals(3), School(1), Rural village(1). The natural elements showing a difference are ; Water fall in urban areas and School landscape in rural areas ; the artificial elements are ; City groups(Structures, Facilities, Necessities, Transportation means and Space) in urban areas and School groups in rural areas. Especially, in case of rural area children, they regard 'Trees' as an essential element to be 'A beautiful landscape' comparing to those in urban areas. 2) According to the analysis result on the correlation between the elements comprising a beautiful rural landscape and a beautiful ruban landscape, the correlation between boys and girls is high, showing the same trend with any difference. In comparison of urban areas with rural areas, there is no difference between natural elements, but in artificial elements(7 groups without family) the correlation is quite low, showing that all comprising elements are not the same between rural schools and cities, between schools within the same areas, and between schools of different areas. 3) In identifying the names of elements comprising 'A beautiful landscape', Back-Du Mountain and Sorak Mountain are shown the highest frequency in the category of mountains. In the names of trees and flowers, the elementary school children are thought to consider the kinds of trees and flowers they can see always at hand, i. e., those in their school ground where they spend most of their day time. 4) In the analysis of the numbers of comprising elements according to the responses in the questionnaire sheets and in the Perception Map, 'less than 10' is the most frequently counted number of comprising elements by individual students regardless of rural and urban differences. When the total frequency is divided by the number of students, the mean score is 6-7 without any differences between rural and urban areas, implying that there are no differences in the expression ability between urban and rural schools. 5) According to the result of classyfying and analysizing the landscape appeared on the Perception Map by similar elements and by similar scenes, 'A beautiful landscape' thought by elementary school children is defined not as a standardized form but as 11 types such as the landscape of fields, the landscape of a sea, the landscape of a rural village, a type where elements are assembled, the landscape of cities, the landscape of a school, the landscape coming out of a imagination, and other landscape. Both rural and urban children all consider the landscape of mountains and field and the landscape where several elements are assembled as a commonly beautiful one. Among the landscapes showing rural and urban differences, it can be analyzed that urban children regard the landscapes of cities, imagination, and waterfalls as something characteristic, while rural children regard the landscape of schools and rural villages as something characteristic.

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The Activation Plan of an Agricultural Region through Resident Participation - Focusing on Jeongeupsi Naejangsangdong - (주민참여를 통한 농촌중심지 활성화 방안 연구 - 정읍시 내장상동을 중심으로 -)

  • Oh, Hyung-Eun;Kim, Young-Geun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.43 no.5
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    • pp.121-131
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    • 2015
  • Village-concentrated agricultural regional development projects that aim for increased profits are now being aimed at core agricultural and fishing areas. These agricultural and fishing stimulus projects aim to not only increase the net profit of local citizens but also improve their living conditions. As the industry itself has changed, local rural areas have also changed in various ways. One such aspect is the emergence of rural-urban complexes known as "rurban" areas. These naturally occurring rurban regions are created by a combination of complex urban infrastructure while maintaining the insulated rural communities that agricultural areas are usually so readily identified by. "Jeongeupsi Naejangsnagdong", the target of this research, also specifies the unaltered surrounding natural environment of rural areas while at the same time containing complex central living areas typically found in urban areas. This research suggests that the direction of residents' participation in community-level rurban projects could solve the problems found in existing top-down government development projects. This research also suggests rurban area activation plans to improve living conditions through analysis of both local rurban agricultural characteristics and citizen demands. In order to encourage citizen autonomy and self-governing attitudes, citizen-strengthening workshop programs are proposed, such as citizen workshops or pilot activities. This research was carried out by target area analysis, rudimentary planning, development direction setting, detailed project planning, and finally project processing. This procedure established three goals, which are walking environment improvement, community infrastructure establishment, and good living environment establishments, based on actual site research and citizen demands. This research suggests plans to activate community groups that were already established and reflect citizen needs as the main avenues for local businesses. This research is predicted to promote more active and successful growth through autonomy in stimulating these increasingly emerging rurban agricultural regions.

Health Status in Urban Slum Area (일부(一部) 도시(都市) 영세지역(零細地域)의 보건실태(保健實態))

  • Chang, Im-Won;Chung, Kyou-Chull
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.3-15
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    • 1977
  • In order to find out health problems among inhabitants in slum areas in Kwanak-Ku, Seoul, a series of health survey was conducted upon 510 households by interview from March to December, 1976. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Employments of householders were unstable; Out of 508 householders, 164(32.3%) were unemployed and 184 (36.2%) were daily or temporary employees. 2. Average number of households per house was 2.0 and average area of residential room per person was $4.0m^2$. 3. 476(93.3%) out of 510 households were supplied with tap water and rest of them made use of ground water as a source of drinking water. 4. Only 279(18.3%) out of 1527 live births were delivered at medical facilities, 496(32.7%) were at home attended by doctors or midwives and 358(25.1%) took prenatal care. The above findings were worse in urban slum area than in other urban area of relatively high economic level, but were better than in rural area of less medical facilities. 5. Initiation of treatment were delayed until their illnesses were advanced in most of the households, 472(92.5%) out 510. In the early stage of the illness, 131(25.6%) of the house-holds sought physicians in their clinics or general hospitals and 250 (40.9%) visited chemists, to toy drugs at first hand. Frequency of visits to physician increased to 52.8% as the disease aggravated in later stages. 6. Cost of medical expenditure per household amounted to 815 won, and was paid to, in the order of chemists, physicians, chinese herb stores, chinese herb doctors. 7. Concerning the health knowledge of the inhabitants, 273(53.9%) out of 506 respondents were aware of the infectivity of pulmonary tuberculosis, and 68(13.4%) of them checked regularly their chest findings by X-ray at least once every two years. 8. As for the family planning, although 448(87.3%) out of 510 respondents were in favor of it, 215 (41.8%) of them were actually practicing contraception. 9. About 40.6% (125 respondents) of them obtained information and knowledge concerning contraception through personal contact with family planning workers. 10. Nutritional status of housewives was generally poor: 49(38.3%) out of 128 housewives were found to be anemic and average serum protein level was $7.5{\pm}0.82g/dl$.

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Site Selection Model for Wetland Restoration and Creation for the Circulation of Water in a Newly-built Community (신도시 물순환체계 구축을 위한 습지조성 입지선정에 관한 연구)

  • Choi, Hee-Sun;Kim, Kwi-Gon
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.36 no.6
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    • pp.43-54
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    • 2009
  • This study attempted to develop a model for selecting sites for ecologically effective, multi-functional wetlands during the environmental and ecological planning stage, prior to land use Planning. This model was developed with an emphasis upon the creation of a water circulation system for a newly-created city, dispersing and retaining the run-off that is increased due to urbanization and securing spaces to create wetlands that can promote urban biodiversity. A series of Precesses for selecting sites for wetland restoration and creation - watershed analysis, selection of evaluation items, calculation of weights, reparation of thematic maps and synthesis - were incorporated into the model. Its potentials and limitations were examined by applying it to the recently-planned WiRae New Community Development Area, which is located in the Seoul metropolitan region. At the watershed analysis stage, the site was divided into 13 sub-catchment areas. Inflow to watersheds including the area was $3,020,765m^3$ Run-off before and after development is estimated as $1,901,969m^3$ and $1,970,735{\sim}2,039,502m^3$, respectively. The total storage capacity required in the development area amounts to $68,766{\sim}137,533m^3$. When thematic maps were overlapped during the selection stage for wetland sites, 13 sub-catchment areas were prioritized for wetland restoration and creation. The locations and areas for retaining run-off showed that various types of wetlands, including retaining wetlands (area wetlands), riverine wetlands (linear wetlands) and pond wetlands (point wetlands), can be created and that they can be systematically connected. By providing a basic framework for the water circulation system plan of an entire city, it may be used effectively in the space planning stage, such as planning an urban eco-network through integration with greet areas. In order to estimate reasonable run-off and create an adequate water circulation system however, a feedback process following land use planning is required. This study strived to promote urban changes in a positive direction while minimizing urban changes in negative forms.

AGE AT MARRIAGE AND FERTILITY OF WOMEN IN THREE SELECTED AREAS IN KOREA, 1970 (한국 3개 지역의 결혼, 결혼년령 및 출산력에 관한 연구)

  • 김모임
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.3 no.3
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 1973
  • This study is designed to meet the following objectives: (1) To study attitude and behavior regarding marriage and age at marriage, (2) To learn correlates of age at marriage and to examine their relations, (3) To measure relative importance of the correlates of age at marriage, and (4) To study relations of age at marriage and family planning practice to fertility and their relative importance as correlates of fertility. The data are obtained by an independent cross-sectional survey in three study areas purposively selected to represent metropolitan. semihuman. rural population. The study population is confined to women age 17-50 as of survey. The overall response rate is 90%. Reliability of data is measured by . individual and aggregate inconsistency based upon a 15% subsample of the original interviews. The individual inconsistency (31%) is found to be high compared to the aggregate inconsistency (6%) for all 85 variables. However, the magnitude of differences between means is small, and the mean absolute shifts and proportional shifts are also small on the whole. In a word respondents did not change their answers too extremely or radically. The study populations of each study area are compared on some basic characteristics. It is found that the three study populations have more dissimilarities than similarities. The findings on seven different attitudinal positions of women toward marriage indicate that there have been tremendous changes in all study areas Iron "traditional" attitudes which have been prevalent for a long time in Korean society to "liberalized" or "modernized" attitudes. An apparent tendency is that women generally take a position of a "golden mean" attitude by not preferring either extreme of marriage attitudes. Nevertheless, the young, single, educated, and urbanite appears more "liberalized. " There has been some increase in ideal age at marriage from 1958 to 1970 for both sexes. No age group, marital status, or study area differentials in ideal age at marriage are found, the average ideal age at marriage in every sub-group being 24-25. Awareness of existing legal marriageable ages is low; only 4.4% are aware that "with parental permission: minimum age for males is 18 years and for females 16 years,"and only 3.7% are aware that "without parental permission: 27 years for males and 23 years for females." People in Korra tend to marry spouses who are in various social ways like themselves: the similarities include (a) education, occupational status of father, (c) economic status, (d) usual residence before marriage, and (e) religion. Both singulars and actual mean ages at marriage in this study confirm the trend of rising age at marriage previously established by other independent studies. The urban-rural differential in age at marriage is observed, but the differential narrows down gradually from 1935 to 1970. All socio-economic, demographic, and other variables pertaining to wife before and at first marriage, excluding (a) religion, (b) father′s of occupation, and (c) as: of menarche, are correlated with respondent's age at first marriage, whereas only three variables out of all socio-economic variables relating to husband before and at wife′s first marriage, viz., (a) education, (b) usual residence, and (c) economic level of his old home, are correlated with respondent′s age at marriage. Among socio-economic and modernity variables related to either husband or wife at the time of survey, only education and duration of residence are correlated with wife′s age at first marriage. Among the correlates of respondent′age at first marriage, education is in general the most important variable. However, it is found that wife′s education is more important than husband′s. The combined effects or the correlates studied explain no more than about 40% of variance for any of the selected groups of variables. Points which might counteract the effects of late marriage on fertility are not serious in Korea. For each of the correlates of the three fertility indices chosen for this study. namely, (a) number of living children, (b) number of live births, and (c) number of pregnancies, age at marriage is the major contributor to the variance in all age groups except the age group of 20-29 in which the index of family planning practice is the major contributor. The proportion of variability in fertility indices accounted for by the correlates is never more than 40% of the total variance in any age group. Based upon the findings from this study, it could be concluded that in the foreseeable future (a) celibate group will no! be increased to a point that would slow down population growth rate in Korea, (b) age at marriage will not increase continually, (c) although education stands out as the major contributing variable which independently explains the variation in age at marriage, it seems probable that education may not be the major variable in the near future, and (d) despite the fact found by this study that age at marriages has been the major contributor to the variance of each of the fertility indices used, family planning practice will play a more important role in the reduction of fertility in the Korean society. Therefore, factors interrupting practice of family planning must be eliminated and family planning program should be strengthened if further fertility reduction is needed.

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The Seosan County Family Planning/Maternal & Child Health Service Research Project, Korea -Project Design and Findings of the Baseline Survey- (가족계획(家族計劃) 및 모자보건사업(母子保健事業)의 효율적 통합방안(統合方案)에 관한 연구(硏究)(서산군(瑞山郡)) -기초조사보고(基礎調査報告)-)

  • Bang, S.;Cho, T.H.;Lee, S.J.;Han, S.H.;Lim, K.J.;Ahn, M.Y.
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.16 no.1
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    • pp.163-192
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    • 1983
  • In order to facilitate the Korean government's efforts in integrating family planning and maternal & child health at the primary health care level (or township level), the Soon Chun Hyang College of Medicine, with the financial and technical assistance of WHO, has under-taken a service research project. The project has employed a quasi-experimental study design introducing interventions tat provide crucial factors lacking in the ongoing government programs such as midwives and qualified referral physicians. The study is being conducted in three locations, one control area and two study areas. Before introducing trained Nurse/Midewives into the study areas, a baseline prevalence survey was undertaken from 15 July 1981 to 10 August 1981 in selelcted townships of Seosan County. In this sample survey of bath the study and control areas, 2,484 eligible women (97% reponse rate) were interviewed to obtain benchmark data on basic evaluation indicators related to family planning and maternal and child health. The salients results were summarized as follows.: 1. CONTACT RATES WITH HEALTH WORKERS; During the year preceding the survey, 12% of women were visited by government health workers. The primary reason for such visits by health workers was family planning (45% of the visits). About 34% of the women visited the health centers during the year. The primary reason for visiting health centers was immunizations for their children (45% of the visits). 3. FAMILY PLANNING USE RATE; The baseline data showed little difference between women in the study area and the control area on contraceptive use. Approximately 59% were currently using some methods. However, among those current users, almost half were practicing less effective methods of birth control such as rhythm or withdrawal. Among other methods, the tubectomy was the most popular (16%), while use of the IUD, oral pill and condom together reached only 14%. 3. PRENATAL CARE RATE; About 75% of the women reported no prenatal care for their last births (the youngest child of each women), Additionally, among women received prenatal care, over half had only one visit. 4. ATTENDANCE AT DELIVERY; Most of the women surveyed (over 80%) were attended by a non-medical person during their last delivery. These figures are somewhat comparable to the national figure of 84% for remote areas. 5. POSTNATAL CARE; The proportion of women reporting postnatal care was only 4.5%, and postnatal care was not received by the majority of women surveyed. 6. CHILD HEALTH CARE: In contrast to the low rate of maternity care for women themselves, most women reported obtaining immunization care for their children. About 75% of the women obtained Polio and/or DPT, 58% BCG, and 44% Measles vaccine for their children. However, in terms of illness care, while 35% of the women stated that their youngest child had been sick during the month preceding the survey, only 28% of these women took their child to the clinic for treatment. 7. COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AND DELIVERY AND ABNORMALITIES IN THE NEWBORN; Among all last deliveries, 18% of the women had pregnancy complications and 9% of the women had complications during delivery About 5% of the women reported abnormality in their most recent newborn. 8. REPRODUCTION EFFICIENCY; PERINATAL MORTALITY AND INFANT MORTALITY Based on data from the pregnancy history in this survey, reproduction efficiency was estimated. Out of the 11,154 pregnancies reported by all women surveyed, foetal loss was 21% (almost 16% were induced abortions) and infant deaths before reaching one year old were 3.1%. The reproduction efficiency was, therefore, reduced to 76%. In terms of perinatal and infant mortality rates, the former was 40.2 per 1,000 total births and the latter was 39.3 per 1,000 live births. Both rates described J shaped relationships with age of mothers and parity, and they were also correlated with birth interval and mother's education. In summary, this baseline survey data indicated a need for (1) improving contraceptive practices with more effective methods to prevent unwanted pregnancies and (2) providing better services for maternal and child care to protect wanted pregancies. In the Korean rural setting. the author believes that the latter is more important as the value of each child has increased as a result of the family planning campaign for the past two decades. This calls for more effective integration of Family Planning and MCH programmes to meet the needs of the family in each stage of the child bearing and rearing period with deploying more qualified personnel than the current government program personnel.

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Development of Thermal Comfort Evaluation Map by the Land Cover in Yeongnam Region (영남지역의 토지피복에 따른 열쾌적성평가도 구축)

  • Kang, Dong-Hyun;Choi, Chul-Hyun;Jung, Sung-Gwan
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.136-155
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the thermal comfort in Yeongnam area using climatic data and GIS data in order to determine regions necessary to improve thermal environment policies. The results of the calculated PET show that Daegu city is high and Bonghwa-gun is low compared to other regions. PET was compared with the typical classification according to regional characteristics. As a result, PET value of rural areas such as Changnyeong-gun, Haman-gun and Goryeong-gun was high but Green space was too low compared to other rural areas. Yeongnam area was classified according to the value of PET using cluster analysis. As a result, more low grade areas show that green space ratio was low and facility area was high. It is determined that there is a relationship between thermal comfort and land cover. The thermal comfort evaluation map in Yeongnam area will be useful for urban planning in order to establish a sustainable city in climate change.

A Study on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice of Health Care of Housewives in Rural Area (with Established Viliage Voluntary Health Worker System) (일부(一部) 농촌지역(農村地域) 주부(主婦)의 보건의료(保健醫療)에 대한 지식(知識).태도(態度) 및 실천도(實踐度)에 관한 조사(調査) -마을보건임원조직(保健任員組織) 활용지역(活用地域) 중심(中心)-)

  • Chung, Hae-Kyung;Choi, Sam-Sop
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.107-120
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    • 1979
  • In order to determine the knowledge of, attitudes to, and practice of housewives toward health care in a rural area, a survey with questionnaire was carried out with 87 housewives who were sampled randomly from 6 villages in Sudong Myun, from April 16th to 21st, 1979. The following results were obtained. 1. Of the housewives studied, 61.5% knew that B.C.G. is a vaccine for T.B prevention and 12.3% knew that D.P.T. is a vaccine for diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. 2. The vaccination rate of the children under six-year of the housewives studied was: polio 83.1%, B.C.G. 75.4%, D.P.T. 66.2%, and measles 55.4% respectively. 3. The vaccination rate was higher in children in the area near from the health subcenter than in there of the area further away. 4. Out of 87 respondants, 87.5% knew one or more methods of contraception for spacing children. These were: loop 69.0%, oral pill 66.7% and condom 14.9% respectively. 5. Out of 87 respondants, 82.2% knew the methods of contraception for sterilization. These were: laparascopy 87.5% and vasectomy 16.9%. 6. Out of 87 respondants those who had experience using contraceptive methods were 70.1% and present users were 47.1%. 7. Contraception practice rate was higher in the group of housewives having middle school education or above than those having primary school education or less. 8. Functions of the health subcenter listed by respondants were: patients care 72.4%, family planning 31.0%, vaccination 23.0%, T.B. control 3.4%, health education 3.4%, infant birth delivery assistance 1.1% respectively. 9. Housewives who knew that there is a village health voluntary worker in their own village were 63.2%(55), and 58.2% of those who knew appreciated her activities. 10. Purposes of expenditure of Myun community health development funds listed by respondants were: aid for patient care 34.5%, aid for health subcenter operation 16.1%, and aid for Myun health development 6.9% respectively. 11. It seems that both of the distance from the health subcenter and the utility rate level of the village health voluntary worker are co-related to the B.C.G. vaccination rate of children. 12. It seems that both of the distance from the health subcenter and the utility rate level of the village health voluntary worker are not co-related to the rate of contraception practice.

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Optimum Grain Filling Temperature for Yield Improvement of Rice Varieties Originated from High-Altitude Areas (고위도 지역 재배 벼 품종의 수량 향상을 위한 등숙적온 분석)

  • Yang, Woonho;Kang, Shingu;Choi, Jong-Seo;Park, Jeong-Hwa;Kim, Sukjin
    • KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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    • v.65 no.3
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    • pp.182-191
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    • 2020
  • A field test and a phytotron study were performed over two years to examine whether rice varieties originated from higher altitude areas have lower optimum grain filling temperatures for yield improvement than the varieties from South Korea. Three varieties originated from North Korea and three varieties from northern China were compared to the same number of varieties from South Korea. In a field study, the optimum grain filling temperatures over 40 days after heading were 22.6 - 23.0℃, 21.5 - 22.3℃, and 21.5 - 23.6℃ for the varieties from North Korea, northern China, and South Korea, respectively, resulting in no significant difference among varietal groups. Meanwhile, the heading dates of the early maturing varieties from North Korea and China were 7 - 12 days earlier than that of the early maturing Odae variety from South Korea during the first transplant of 2017. The phytotron study, in which different temperature regimes were imposed from flowering/fertilization to harvest with constant daily mean temperatures, revealed that milled rice weight did not decrease under low temperatures, even at 16℃, compared to that at 22℃. At the fourth transplant in the field study, mean temperature lower than 10℃ appeared before rice grains were fully developed, resulting in yield reductions. It was concluded that rice varieties adaptable to high-altitude areas do not have lower optimum grain filling temperatures but, instead, possess shorter growth durations. It was further suggested that the optimum grain filling temperature of rice observed under natural conditions could be attributed to the lowering temperature at the late filling stage under temperate climatic conditions.