• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.86-93
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• 2004

Sixteen early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, four animals in each group, were used in a Completely Randomized Design to evaluate the effect of varying levels of both ruminally protected fat and urea treated corncobs ensiled with or without corn steep liquor (CSL) on feed intake, digestibility and milk production and its composition. Four experimental diets were formulated. The control (C) diet was balanced to contain 0% fat and 35% urea treated corncobs ensiled with 0% CSL. The low fat (LF), medium fat (MF) and high fat (HF) diets had 45, 55 and 65% urea treated corncobs ensiled with 9% CSL and 2, 4 and 6% ruminally protected fat, respectively. Dry matter, crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes by buffaloes remained similar across all treatments. However, DM and NDF as a percent of body weight and digestible DM intakes were higher in HF diet when compared to C, LF and MF diets. Digestible NDF intakes were also significantly higher in HF diet as compared to all other diets. The intakes of ADF and digestible ADF were higher in MF and HF than C and LF diets. The significant variation in digestible DM, ADF and NDF intakes may be attributed to the ammoniation of corncobs along with CSL that caused significant changes in the degradability and digestibility of the diets. Ether extract and digestible EE intakes differed significantly (p<0.05) among all treatments. Intakes of EE were the highest in animals fed HF diet, which was because of added fat. Apparent DM digestibility was the highest in animals C diet and was the lowest in those fed LF diet. Neutral detergent fiber and ADF digestibilities were higher in animals fed diets containing urea treated corncobs ensiled with 9% CSL when compared to those fed diets containing urea treated corncobs ensiled without CSL. Apparent digestibility of CP was noted highest (71.47%) in animals fed HF diet when compared to those fed MF (67.75%), LF (67.04%) and C (65.39%) diets. Milk yield (4% FCM) was the higher in buffaloes fed HF, MF and LF diets than those fed C diet. These results indicated that increasing levels both of fat and urea treated corncobs ensiled with CSL elevated the negative effects of poor quality fibrous feed on milk production by buffaloes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1705-1711
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of ruminally protected amino acids (RPAAs) and ruminally protected fat (RPF) supplementation on ruminal fermentation characteristics (in vitro) and milk yield and milk composition (in vivo). Fourteen mid-lactating Holstein dairy cows (mean weight $653{\pm}62.59kg$) were divided into two groups according to mean milk yield and number of days of postpartum. The cows were then fed a basal diet during adaptation (2 wk) and experimental diets during the treatment period (6 wk). Dietary treatments were i) a basal diet (control) and ii) basal diet containing 50 g of RPAAs (lysine and methionine, 3:1 ratio) and 50 g of RPF. In rumen fermentation trail (in vitro), RPAAs and RPF supplementation had no influence on the ruminal pH, dry matter digestibility, total volatile fatty acid production and ammonia-N concentration. In feeding trial (in vivo), milk yield (p<0.001), 4% fat corrected milk (p<0.05), milk fat (p<0.05), milk protein (p<0.001), and milk urea nitrogen (p<0.05) were greater in cows fed RPAAs and RPF than the corresponding values in the control group. With an index against as 0%, the rates of decrease in milk yield and milk protein were lower in RPAAs and RPF treated diet than those of basal diet group (p<0.05). In conclusion, diet supplemented with RPAAs and RPF can improve milk yield and milk composition without negatively affecting ruminal functions in Holstein dairy cows at mid-lactating.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.549-554
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• 2003

In order to estimate the availability of ruminally-protected Lys (RPLys) and Met (RPMet), quantitative changes of free Lys and Met in the total abomasal outflow and feces were determined in three Holstein heifers with a T-shaped duodenal cannula. RPLys was prepared by coating Lys with fat and RPMet with a pH-sensitive polymer. RPLys and RPMet containing 30 g of each amino acid were supplied together to heifers, and total abomasal outflow was collected hourly from the T-shaped duodenal cannula for a 48 h period. Collected abomasal outflows were fractionated into liquid and solid phases to measure free Lys and Met concentration. At 2 wk after total abomasal outflow sampling, heifers were supplied RPLys and RPMet together again, and total feces were collected every 12 h for a 3 d period t estimate excreted RPLys and RPMet in feces. The amounts of Lys and Met recovered from the liquid fractions of abomasal outflow were estimated to be $23.9{\pm}8.3%$ and $68.6{\pm}3.6%$ (p=0.008) of RPLys and RPMet ingested, respectively. Final intestinal disappearances of Lys and Met were estimated to be $49.5{\pm}2.6%$ and $78.2%{\pm}6.5%$ (p=0.015) of ingested RPLys and RPMet, respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.499-504
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acids (RPAAFA) on body weight gain, feed intake and carcass characteristics of fattening Hanwoo cows. Twenty eight Hanwoo cows, $6.0{\pm}1.7$ years old and weighing an average of $463.2{\pm}77.6\;kg$, were used for 4 months. Animals were fed a basal diet supplemented with RPAAFA at 0 g (control) and 100 g (treatment), respectively. Average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were not different among the control and treatment. The supplementation of RPAAFA did not affect carcass weight and rib eye areas. Quality grade score ($1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1) for treatment was higher in RPAAFA supplemented group compared with the control, whereas no differences appeared in meat color, fat color, texture and maturity. Thus present results indicate that supplementation of RPAAFA may be recommended for producing high quality beef from fattening Hanwoo cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.555-562
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• 2006

본 실험은 여름철 착유우의 체온조절 능력, 산유량 및 유성분에 미치는 양이온－음이온 균형 (dietary cation-anion difference : DCAD)과 반추위 보호지방이나 나이아신의 첨가 효과를 구명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 30두의 비유중기 홀스타인 착유우 (DIM 134±12.4, 산유량 23.4±2.3kg/d)를 세개의 군으로 구분하여 배치하였다 (처리당 10두). 시험축은 후리스톨 우사에서 사육되었고, 우사에는 41cm 직경의 송풍팬이 부착되어 풍속 4 m/s로 송풍되도록 하였다. 시험축은 7월부터 8월까지 2개월동안 3가지의 시험사료를 섭취할 수 있도록 하였으며, 시험사료는 양이온－음이온 균형이 +15와 +30인 사료에 보호지방 첨가, 나머지 사료는 반추위 보호지방이나 보호지방과 나이아신을 보충하였다. 시험기간 중 7월에는 최대 온도가 28.5℃로 시험축이 약간의 고온스트레스를 받는 정도로 유지되었으나, 시험이 진행되어 8월에는 특징적인 심한 고온스트레스를 보였고, 최대온도가 32.4℃에 도달하였으며, THI는 74.0이었다. 건물, 조단백질, 가소화양분총량 섭취량은 양이온－음이온 균형 수준과 반추위 보호 지방이나 나이아신에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았으나, 산유량은 반추위 보호지방과 나이아신을 첨가한 사료를 섭취한 착유우에서 무첨가구에 비하여 높았다(P<0.05). 반추위 보호지방이나 반추위 보호지방과 나이아신을 동시에 첨가한 처리간에는 산유량의 차이는 없었다. 그리고 유지방과 직장온도도 양이온－음이온 균형 수준과 반추위 보호지방이나 나이아신 첨가에 의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 그러나 호흡률은 반추위 보호지방이나 반추위 보호지방과 나이아신을 동시에 첨가한 처리에서 낮게 나타났다 (P<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 높은 수준의 양이온－음이온 균형 (+30)과 반추위 보호지방과 나이아신을 첨가하는 경우에 여름철인 7월과 8월 고온기에 홀스타인 착유우의 고온스트레스를 줄이고, 호흡율을 감소시키며, 산유량을 증가시킬 수 있음을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2008

본 연구는 보호아미노산 추가 공급이 비유중기 착유우의 반추위 발효 성상 및 유생산량과 유성분 등의 생산성 변화를 알아보기 위하여 in vitro 시험과 in vivo 시험을 각각 실시하였다. In vitro 시험은 각각 4g의 공시사료를 이용하였으며, 처리구에는 보호라이신(PRLys, 2.71 %)과 보호메치오닌(PRMet, 0.90%)을 3:1로 혼합하여 첨가한 후 48시간동안 배양한 후 처리구와 대조구의 pH와 건물소화율을 확인하였다. 또한 In vivo 시험은 3:1로 혼합한 보호라이신 (PRLys, 2.71%)과 보호메치오닌(PRMet, 0.90%) 100g을 1일 2회로 나누어 비유 중기 착유우에 오전과 오후 착유 시 정량급여 한 후 생산되는 우유의 양 그리고 유성분의 변화를 조사하였다. 아미노산의 추가 급여로 인한 in vitro 반추위 pH와 건물소화율은 배양시간이 경과함에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타냈으나 대조구에 비하여 유의성은 나타나지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서 사용된 보호아미노산은 반추위 미생물의 건물분해 능력 등 반추위 발효성상에 악 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 비유중기 착유우에 보호아미노산 급여기간에 따른 유생산량은 시간이 지남에 따라 대조구와 처리구에서 모두 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, 이는 시험기간이 경과함에 따른 착유일수 증가로 인한 자연감소로 보여지며, 대조구에서 보다 처리구에서의 유량감소율이 적었다. 4% FCM과 유단백생성량은 대조구에서 각각 11.25%, 11.09% 그리고 처리구에서 6.16%, 5.47%의 감소를 나타내어 대조구보다 처리구에서 감소 비율이 낮았다. 보호아미노산 첨가 시 우유중 지방생성량은 대조구(0.79kg)에 비하여 처리구(1.10kg)에서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 in vitro의 경우 보호아미노산 첨가시 반추위 내 발효성상에 문제가 없었고, 비유중기 착유우를 대상으로 한 in vivo 시험에서는 처리구에서 산유량 및 유성분의 감소가 대조구보다 적었으며 이는 고능력우의 비유중기 시기에 보호아미노산을 급여할 경우 산유량 및 유성분의 감소비율을 효과적으로 개선시킬 수 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.534-541
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of gamma irradiation (${\gamma}$-irradiation) at doses of 15, 30 and 45 kGy on chemical composition, anti-nutritional factors, ruminal dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) degradibility, in vitro CP digestibility and to monitor the fate of true proteins of full-fat soybean (SB) in the rumen. Nylon bags of untreated or ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB were suspended in the rumens of three ruminally-fistulated bulls for up to 48 h and resulting data were fitted to a nonlinear degradation model to calculate degradation parameters of DM and CP. Proteins of untreated and treated SB bag residues were fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Digestibility of rumen undegraded CP was estimated using the three-step in vitro procedure. The chemical composition of raw and irradiated soybeans was similar. Results showed that phytic acid in ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB at dose of 30 kGy was eliminated completely. The trypsin inhibitor activity of 15, 30 and 45 kGy ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB was decreased (p<0.01) by 18.4, 55.5 and 63.5%, respectively. From in sacco results, ${\gamma}$-irradiation decreased (p<0.05) the washout fractions of DM and CP at doses of 30 and 45 kGy, but increased (p<0.05) the potentially degradable fractions. Gamma irradiation at doses of 15, 30 and 45 kGy decreased (p<0.05) effective degradability of CP at a rumen outflow rate of 0.05 $h^{-1}$ by 4.4, 14.4 and 26.5%, respectively. On the contrary, digestibility of ruminally undegraded CP of irradiated SB at doses of 30 and 45 kGy was improved (p<0.05) by 12 and 28%, respectively. Electrophoretic analysis of untreated soybean proteins incubated in the rumen revealed that ${\beta}$-conglycinin subunits had disappeared at 2 h of incubation time, whereas the subunits of glycinin were more resistant to degradation until 16 h of incubation. From the SDS-PAGE patterns, acidic subunits of 15, 30 and 45 kGy ${\gamma}$-irradiated SB disappeared after 8, 8 and 16 h of incubation, respectively, while the basic subunits of glycinin were not degraded completely until 24, 48 and 48 h of incubation, respectively. It was concluded that ${\gamma}$-irradiated soybean proteins at doses higher than 15 kGy could be effectively protected from ruminal degradation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1013-1021
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of amino acid-enriched ruminally protected fatty acid (AARPFA) on plasma fatty acids and amino acids, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean native steers (Hanwoo) by simultaneous supply of fatty acids and limiting amino acids (methionine and lysine). Eighteen finishing Hanwoo steers, 18 months of age and weighing an average of $459.0{\pm}38.9\;kg$, were used for studies of the metabolism of plasma fatty acids and amino acids during supplementation of AARPFA. Also, 45 finishing Hanwoo steers, 16 months of age and weighing an average of $408.6{\pm}26.5\;kg$, were used for growth performance and carcass characteristics during supplemention of AARPFA. There were three treatments which comprised a basal diet supplemented with AARPFA at 0 g (T1), 50 g (T2) or 100 g (T3), respectively. Concentrations of saturated, unsaturated and total fatty acids in plasma were increased in T3 compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Concentrations of methionine and lysine in plasma were linearly increased with increasing levels of AARPFA (p<0.01). Average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were not different among the treatments. Marbling score measured by ultra-sound scanning was higher in T3 than in T1 at 24 months of age (p<0.05). Rib eye area, back fat thickness, yield index and yield grade score were similar across the treatments. Marbling score and quality grade score were higher in T3 compared with other treatments (p<0.01). Thus, plasma fatty acids, methionine and lysine metabolism were affected by supplementing with 100 g of AARPFA which also had positive effects on marbling score and meat quality grade of finishing Hanwoo steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.222-229
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary multi-nutritional targeted supplementation according to different growth stages on performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Korean native Hanwoo steers. Thirty two Hanwoo steers, 6 months of age and weighing $159.2{\pm}24.1\;kg$, were distributed into 2 groups: control group without any supplements, and multi-nutritional targeted supplementation (MNTS) treatment group supplied with wheat bran and catechins (WBC, 8 to 16 months of age), ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acid (RPAFA, 17 to 28 months of age) and ruminally protected choline with vitamin E (RPCV, 22 to 28 months of age), respectively. Average daily gain was not significantly different between the two groups. During the late fattening period, concentrate, rice straw and dry matter intakes were relatively lower in MNTS than in the control group. Rib eye area, back fat thickness and yield index were similar between the two groups. Meat color was relatively lower in MNTS compared with the control group. The appearance rate of high quality grade ($1^{++}$, $1^+$ and 1) tended to be higher in MNTS compared with the control group. Thus, the present results indicate that dietary multi-nutritional targeted supplementation at different growth stages could be recommendable to increase income according to production of high quality Hanwoo beef without any negative effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2010

본 연구는 거세, 월령별 적정 사료 급여관리 및 아미노산 강화 반추위 보호지방산(ruminally protected amino acid-enriched fatty acid, RPAAFA)의 급여가 당대검정 탈락축의 산육능력 및 육질 향상에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해서 수행되었다. 당대검정 탈락축은 생후 14개월령에 거세를 실시하였다. 시험구 배치는 거세 한우 16두(15개월령, 평균 체중 $412.9{\pm}24.9kg$)를 12개월 동안 RPAAFA를 급여하지 않는 대조구(control) 및 100g 급여하는 처리구(treatment)의 2처리로 완전임의 배치하였다. 거세한우는 생후 27월령에 도축하였다. 대조구에 비해 처리구의 일당증체량이 높은 경향을 보였으며, 사료요구율은 낮은 경향이었다. RPAAFA의 급여가 배최장근단면적, 등지방두께, 육색, 지방색, 조직감 및 성숙도에 미치는 영향은 없었다. 육량 A등급 및 육질 l등급 이상의 고급육 출현률은 대조구에 비해 처리구에서 높은 경향이었다. 배최장근의 수분, 지방, 단백질 및 회분 함량은 처리간 유사한 수준이었다. RPAAFA의 급여가 배최장근의 보수력, 산화환원전위, 총육색소 및 지방산 함량에 미치는 영향은 없었다. 따라서 거세, 적정 사료급여 관리 및 RPAAFA의 급여는 당대검정 탈락축의 산육능력 및 육질등급 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료된다.