• 대한교통학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2014

최근 대중교통 중심의 도시 개발을 위한 통합 도시 교통 계획은 중요한 이슈인 바 효과적인 대중교통 중심 도시를 구현하기 위해서는 주택지에서부터 거주민의 통행 특성을 근본적으로 이해할 필요가 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 '2010 가구통행실태조사' 자료에 기반하여 주택유형별로 거주자의 통행행태를 비교하였고, 특히 주택유형별로 지하철 통행빈도 추정 모형을 구축하여 지하철 통행의 영향 요인을 규명하고, 지하철 이용을 증대시키기 위한 요인 및 시사점을 도출하였다. 버스 분담률이 가장 높은 주택유형은 단독주택(22.8%)이며, 지하철 분담률이 가장 높은 주택유형은 오피스텔(17.5%)인 것으로 나타났으며, 오피스텔과 연립주택 거주민의 지하철역까지 평균 도보접근거리는 각 661m, 749m로 나타났다. 그리고 각 주택 거주민의 자동차와 자전거 보유대수가 많을수록 지하철 통행이 감소하며, 거주지의 인구밀도가 높으며 지하철 접근성이 양호하고 버스 접근성이 불량할수록 지하철 통행이 증가하는 것으로 확인되었다. 즉, 본 연구를 통해 대중교통의 계획적 요소는 주택 유형지에 따라 차별되어야 함을 통계적으로 규명하였다. 연구결과는 주택유형 거주자의 통행 특성을 고려하는 도시설계에 활용되어질 수 있고, 대중교통 이용의 증진에 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 연구의 한계와 향후 연구과제에 대해서도 기술하였다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.37-56
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to examine the changing process of the collective housing in Korea; focusing on the alteration process of the apartment housing, which became a representative housing type in Korea, nowadays. The alteration process of the apartment housing in Korea can be divided into three stages: the introduction stage, the trial stage and the settled stage. The introduction stage is the period between 1920, when the collective-housing buildings were constructed in Korea for the first time, and the Liberation of Korea(1945). The trial stage is the period between 1945 and 1975. During this period, common housing has been constructed. And the massive apartment buildings were started to be supplied after 1975. The settled stage is the period between 1975 and the present. The main scope of this study will be the introduction and trial stages, since a lot of in-depth studies have been executed on the settled stage. The history of the collective housing of Korea starts with City Housing of Seoul, in 1921. It is guessed that this housing was to be small-sized and row-housing type. The first-built, apartment-type building, in Korea, was Mikuni Apartment House, which was constructed as a boarding room of Mikuni Company. In the introduction stage, apartment buildings were built by Japanese architects, with Japanese housing style. Most of them were planned in dormitory type, and some of them were run as tenant houses. Most of them were constructed by bricks, but sometimes by timbers. Tadami was laid in every room and inside-corridor was located in the middle of the house. Although the major style of the apartment buildings was Japanese, the Korean dwellers of those apartments has been influencing the housing type of them. In the trial stage, apartment housing has been experienced in diverse ways. With the development of building technology, floor heating system was settled in apartment housing. This improved the amenities of apartment dwelling remarkably. Although some heterogeneous characteristics still remained in the apartments of Korea, in terms of housing style, the housing style of apartments has been changed into own style of Korea, in accordance with Korean people's life style. The results of this study give us some good implications regarding contemporary housing plan: First, if the unit size of a collective housing is small, the more space could be available for community activities. Second, when planning of collective housing, more concerns should be payed on surroundings. Third, more attention should be payed about low-rise apartment housing, and more land-friendly planning would be required.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.11-24
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• 1981

The objectives of the study were to determine 1) if energy consumption and conservation vary in clothing, food, and housing with independent variables-size of household, homemaker's age, employment, and level of education, level of living, type of house, electricity use, and all energy use, and 2) if there is a correlation among energy conservation practices in clothing, food, and housing. Questionnaires wee given to the randomly selected homemakers in Seoul in July, 1980. Data from 620 responses were analyzed by F-test (Analysis of Variance) and Correlation. The results are as follows: 1. Clothing (1) the scores of the conservation practices I clothing were generally high. /However, it was found that a) they did not practice in wearing heavy under clothes and behavior outer clothing to cope with cool room temperature in the winter, b) they did not use bleach for laundry, but they used boiling method, and c) they did not have enough knowledge on Permanent Press finish. (2) energy conservation practices in clothing were significantly related to level of living and homemakrer's level of education. a) The higher the level of living, the higher scores in the knowledge were found. b) the higher the homeakcer's level of education, the higher scores in the knowledge and ironing were obtained. 2. Food (1) The scores of the conservation practices in food were generally high. However, it was found that scientific cooking methods were not performed such as a) to use measuring spoons, cups, and timers, b) to practice a simple method in using solor energy for warming water, c) to use thermos for the hot water tea or coffee, but they boiled water whenever necessary, and b) to use the pressure cooker whenever possible. (2) Energy conservation practices in food were significantly related to homemaker's employment and type of dwellings. a) The scores of full-time homemakers (not gainfully employed) were higher than gainfully employed homemakers. b) Families in traditional Korean dwellings revealed higher scores than those in apartment or western style dwellings. 3. Housing (1) The scores of the conservation practices in housing were generally high. However, it was found that a) they did not install fans in the kitchen, bathroom, and attic in the summer, b) they did not install a humidifier for tolerating a lower room temperature in the winer, c) they did not practice to make plans for the door of the refrigerator remained open for the shortest time, d) they did not install or use a local lighting with a general lighting for reading and cooking, and e) they usedaluminum foil without the knowledge of the heat reaction of its shiny and dull sides. (2) energy conservation practices in housing were significantly related to homemaker's employment and level of education, economic status, types of dwelling, and all energy use, a) Full-time homeakers had higher scores than gainfully employed homeakers. b) the higher the homemaker's level of education and economics status, the higher scores were obtained. c) Homeakers with their own house scored higher points than those with rented houses. And families in apartment or row houses scored higher points than those in traditional korean or western style dwellings. d) The higher the consumption rate of electricity and all energy, the higher scores were revealed. 4. correlation there was a significant correlation among energy conservation practices I clothing, food, and housing.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.85-101
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• 2012

This study aims to identify the propensity to consume and housing characteristics according to life cycle as the main independent variable. It also tries to understand the consumption power and housing style of each cycle and analyze whether there are differences between each life cycle, ultimately aiming to match the propensity to consume and housing style with each cycle. For empirical analysis, on and off-line surveys of 488 people were collected and analyzed by cross analysis, factor analysis and analysis of variance. The prime research findings are as follows: First of all, factor analysis on propensity to consume showed four main sub-factors as rational consumption, conspicuous consumption, trend consumption, and status consumption. Secondly, current and preferred housing styles ranked from modern, natural, casual, classic and romantic, which proved that people are currently housed in preferred housing styles. Thirdly, in case of housing-related characteristics of life cycles, the size of the house increased as the levels progressed, and then decreased at level 6 when the children grew into adulthood. The majority of the population was paying a monthly rent, a few were leasing, and a very few owned their housing. 58% were living in apartments, but in levels 1-2, more were living in row houses and high-rise residential buildings, while in level 6 it was detached houses. Fourthly, the propensity to consume according to life cycle tended to shift from conspicuous and trend-based consumption to rational consumption as the cycles progressed. Fifthly, the preferred housing styles were modern and natural styles, regardless of life cycle. These study results can be applied to product development and marketing activities based on their accurate analysis of customers' needs, which can thus bring further customer satisfaction.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2017

Fatigue life prediction of a multi-row countersunk riveted lap joint was performed numerically. The stress and strain conditions in a highly stressed substructure of the joint were analysed using a global/local finite element (FE) model coupling approach. After validation of the FE models using experimental strain measurements, the stress/strain condition in the local three-dimensional (3D) FE model was simulated under a fatigue loading condition. This local model involved multiple load cases with nonlinearity in material properties, geometric deformation, and contact boundary conditions. The resulting stresses and strains were used in the Smith-Watson-Topper (SWT) strain life equation to assess the fatigue "initiation life", defined as the life to a 0.5 mm deep crack. Effects of the rivet-hole clearance and rivet head deformation on the predicted fatigue life were identified, and good agreement in the fatigue life was obtained between the experimental and the numerical results. Further crack growth from a 0.5 mm crack to the first linkup of two adjacent cracks was evaluated using the NRC in-house tool, CanGROW. Good correlation in the fatigue life was also obtained between the experimental result and the crack growth analysis. The study shows that the selected methodology is promising for assessing the fatigue life for the lap joint, which is expected to improve research efficiency by reducing test quantity and cost.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.III
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• pp.613-622
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• 2000

Watering operation for oyster mushroom growing houses is regarded as drudgery and time consuming farm operation for growers. Most of mushroom growing beds in oyster mushroom growing houses are designed as two-row with four floor beds, therefore the watering and ventilation between the bed floors are much difficult for farmers because of its structural design. The study aimed to reduce the watering operation and improve the mushroom growing environment through the humidification and air supply on mushroom growing beds. Results showed that appropriate size of nozzle is between 0.8~0.5ml/s for the humidification and higher than the 2.0ml/s for the watering. The optimum water supply pressure was regarded as between 1.0~2.0MPa and the uniform distribution of droplet on the bed showed on air flow speed of 14m/s. The prototype was equipped with twin nozzle with. the humidification nozzle of 0.85ml/s and watering nozzle of 5.0ml/s, and the air blast fan with the air speed of 10m/sec in each air spout. In the field test in a practical scale mushroom growing house, it was well operated dependant on the set desire by a electric control unit. The machine can be practically used as air blast watering and air blast humidification for oyster mushroom growing farms without manual.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2012

Plant growth-promoting effects of rhizobacterial inoculation obtained in pot experiments cannot always be dependably reproduced in fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense and Methylobacterium oryzae, which have displayed growth promoting effects in several pot experiments, on growth and fruit yield of red pepper under field condition in a plastic-film house. Four rows spaced 90 cm apart were prepared after application of compost ($10Mg\;ha^{-1}$), and red pepper seedlings (Capsicum annum L., Nocgwang) were transplanted in each row with 40-cm space. Experimental treatments were consisted of A. brasilense CW903 inoculation, M. oryzae CBMB20 inoculation, and uninoculated control. Twelve plots, 10 plants per plot, were allotted to the three treatments with four replicates in a completely randomized design. At the time of transplanting, 50 mL of each inoculum ($1{\times}10^8cells\;mL^{-1}$) was introduced into root zone soil of each plant, and re-inoculated at 7 and 14 days after transplant. Plant growth and fruit yield were measured during the experiment. Both A. brasilense CW903 and M. oryzae CBMB20 could not promote growth of red pepper plants. All growth parameters measured were not significantly different among treatments. There were large variations in fruit yield recorded on plot basis, and no statistically significant differences were found among treatments. The failure to demonstrate the expected plant growth promoting effect of the inoculants is possibly due to various environmental factors, including weather and soil characteristics, reducing the possibility to express the potential of the inoculated bacterial strains.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.67-72
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• 1981

1. 사철느타리버섯(Pleurotus florida)는 퇴적시(堆積時)에 미강(米糠)을 볏짚건물중(建物重)의 5%로 첨가(添加)하여 퇴비(堆肥)더미 정상부(頂上部)의 온도(溫度)가 $60^{\circ}C$일 때 3회퇴적(回堆積)한 발효(醱酵)볏짚부지(部地)에서 가장 높은 자실체(子實體) 수확(收穫)을 얻을 수 있었다. 2. 사철느타리버섯의 종균재식(種菌栽植)재직량(栽直量)을 볏짚건물중(建物重)의 10%로, 부지(部地)와 혼합재식(混合栽植)하였을 때 자실체(子實體) 수량(收量)이 가장 높았다. 3. 한국(韓國)에서 사철느타리버섯의 재배기간(栽培期間)은 9월(月)부터 익년(翌年) 7월중순(月中旬)까지였다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.135-152
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• 2003

본 연구의 목적은 복잡하고 구조화되어 있지 않은 현실의 문제를 체계적으로 조직 평가하여 최적의 해결책을 찾을 수 있는 방법으로 가치판단에 기초한 의사결정 모형과 기준과 대안을 평가할 개념적 틀을 제시하고 이것을 대학생의 미래주택 선택에 적용하는 데 있다. 미래주택 선택을 위한 모형을 수립하기 위한 설문시 조사에 따르면 대학생들은 주택 선택의 기준으로 주택 자체의 특성보다 주택과 관련된 지역의 사회 경제 환경 특성을 중요시하고 있다. 일반적 기준의 관점에서 대학생들은 사회 교육, 접근성, 경제, 시설, 자연환경 그리고 주택 특성 순으로 중요도를 평가하고 있으며, 중요도 간의 차이는 의미 있는 것으로 나타났다. 분석적 평가 방법에 의한 대학생들의 주택 선호도는 아파트, 단독주택 그리고 연립주택 순으로 나타났지만 세부기준의 관점에서의 주택 선호도는 다양하게 변화하고 있다. 이것은 세부적 기준의 관점에서 이루어지는 가치판단은 일반적 관점에서보다 복잡하고 역동적으로 변화하는 것으로 이해되어야 할 것이다. 계층분석법(AHP)을 이용한 세부 기준들의 중요도 순위는 동일 기준에 대한 직관적 판단의 결과와 거의 일치하고 있다. 그러나 일반적 기준들에 대한 두 가지 분석 방법의 적용 결과는 상당한 차이를 보이고 있다. 결론적으로 본 연구에서 제시한 의사결정 모형과 평가 방법에 관한 개념적 틀은 불확실성과 위험이 내포된 다양한 현실 문제에 실용적으로 적용될 수 있으며, 지속적인 수정 보완을 통해 효용성도 높아질 것이다.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.78-90
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• 2010

본 연구는 창원시를 대상으로 일상생활 속에서 걷기와 자전거 타기를 활성화하기 위한 보행환경 평가지표와 Mobile GIS를 활용한 현장에서의 보행환경 DB 구축방법론을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 국내 외 문헌연구를 통하여 총 20개의 보행환경 평가항목을 선정한 후 항목별 평가점수 부여방식을 정립하였고, Mobile GIS 기법을 활용하여 각 조사항목의 DB를 효과적으로 구축하였다. 그 결과를 활용하여 종합적인 보행환경 평가를 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 전반적으로 창원광장을 중심으로 분포하고 있는 구역의 종합점수가 42점 이상으로 다른 구역에 비해 양호한 보행환경을 가지는 것으로 평가되었으나, 단독 및 연립주택 중심의 주거지역에서는 보행환경이 상대적으로 매우 불량한 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구결과는 보행환경의 개선이 필요한 지역과 주요 목적지인 공원, 쇼핑시설, 학교 등에 접근할 수 있는 구간을 전략적으로 설정하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 또한 보행환경개선 지역 또는 구간이 결정되면, 현장조사 결과 및 지역주민의 보행환경 인식조사결과와 비교 분석하여 집중적으로 개선해야 할 보행환경 요소를 추출하는 것이 가능할 것이며, 일상생활 속에서 시민들의 신체 활동을 증진시키기 위한 보행환경계획 및 설계, 그리고 유지 관리를 수행하는데 있어 유용한 의사결정지원수단으로 활용 가능할 것이다.