• 농업과학연구
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.26-34
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• 2004

In this study, motion characteristics and power requirement of rotary tilling according to shape of conventional rotary blade were measured. This study was performed to establish factors which needed to develop energy saving rotary blade. Starting point of edged curve of imported rotary blade was faster than that of domestic rotary blade after measuring and analyzing edged curve of rotary blade. So domestic rotary blade tills much soil than imported rotary blade. In analyzing motion of rotary blade, Rotary blade of A, D type was begun to contact at part 3. Analyzing back surface of rotary blade which contact to soil at critical $\lambda$ results in contacting at e-f part. In measuring power requirement of rotary blade, specific torque and specific work of rotary blade are $160{\sim}170kgf{\cdot}m/m^2$, $3,700kgf{\cdot}m/m^3$. It shows power requirement of rotary blade according to shape of rotary blade are very different.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2003

In this study, a rotary equipped with devices for preventing alien substance from being wound and for preventing soil adherence were developed and their performances are evaluated in the field. The former device was effective in the paddy field with low moisture content, but power requirement of rotary tilling was increased in the field with high moisture content. In the field test of rotaries equipped with device to prevent the power requirements were measured to be 52.18, 52.44, 49.01 and 46.34 PS for general, stainless steel, rubber and PE rotaries, and the quantities of the soil adhered to rotaries, on the average, were to be 5.6, 5.7, 3.1 and 2.7 kg for general, stainless steel, rubber and PE rotaries, respectively. The PE rotary cover reduced the power requirement and soil adherence by 11 and 52%, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to analyze power requirement of an agricultural tractor by major field operations. First a survey was conducted to obtain annual usage ratio of agricultural tractor by field operation. Plowing, rotary tillage, and loader operations were selected as major field operations of agricultural tractor. Second, a power measurement system was constructed with strain-gauge sensors to measure torque of four driving axles and a PTO axle, speed sensors to measure rotational speed of the driving axles and an engine shaft, pressure sensors to measure pressure of hydraulic pumps, an I/O interface to acquire the sensor signals, and an embedded system to calculate power requirement. Third, the major field operations were experimented under fields with different soil conditions following planned operation paths. Power requirement was analyzed during the total operation period consisted of actual operation period (plowing, rotary tillage, and loader operations) and period before and after the actual operation (3-point hitch operating, forward and reverse driving, braking, and steering). Power requirement of tractor major components such as driving axle part, PTO part, main hydraulic part, and auxiliary hydraulic part were measured and calculated to determine usage ratio of agricultural tractor power. Results of averaged power requirement for actual field operation and total operation were 23.1 and 17.5 kW, 24.6 and 19.1 kW, and 14.9 and 8.9 kW, respectively, for plowing, rotary tillage, and loader operations. The results showed that rotary tillage required the greatest power among the operations. Averaged power requirement of driving axles, PTO axle, main hydraulic part, and auxiliary part during the actual field operation were 8.1, 7.8, 3.4, and 1.5 kW, respectively, and the total requirement power was about 70 % (20.8 kW) of the rated power. Averaged power requirement of driving axles, PTO axle, main hydraulic, and auxiliary hydraulic for the total operation period were 6.5, 6.0, 2.1, 0.9 kW, respectively, and total requirement power was about 52 % (15.5 kW) of the rated power. Driving axles required the greatest amount of power among the components.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1984

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the tilling depth, tilling travel speed and soil shear stress on the tilling load characteristics and power requirement for rotary tillers. The results obtained from the study are summarized as follows. 1. The average and maximum PTO torque increased as the tilling depth, tilling pitch and soil shear stress increased. A multiple linear regression equation to estimate the average PTO torque in terms of the above parameters was developed. 2. The ratios of maximum PTO torque to the average torque were in the range of 1.17 to 1.65 for the various tilling conditions tested. The variation in PTO torque increased greatly as the tilling pitch and soil shear stress increased, but decreased as the tilling depth increased. 3. Power requirement for the PTO shaft increased with the tilling depth, travel speed and soil shear stress, but decreased slightly as the tilling pitch increased. A multiple linear regression equation to estimate power requirement for the PTO shaft in terms of the above parameters was developed. 4. The specific power requirement for the rotary tiller was in the range of $0.008-0.015ps/cm^2$ for the various tilling conditons tested. The specific tilling capacity decreased as the tilling depth and soil shear stress increased, but increased with the tilling pitch. A multiple linear regression equation to estimate the specific tilling capacity in terms of the above parameters was developed.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.1-23
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• 1979

The use of barley seeder attached to rotary tiller in the rural area has a significant meaning not only for the solution of labor peak season, but also for the increase of land utilization efficiency. The facts that presently being used barley seeders are all based on the mechanical principles of the reverse rotation, center drive and are all using forward rotating tine, which is used to be easily and heavily worn out when it rotates reversely, raise problem of recommending them to rural area in Korea. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to develop new type of rotary tine attachable to barley seeders. To attain the objective the following approaches were applied. (1) The kinematic analysis of reverse rotating barley seeders. (2) The studies on the soil bin and artificial soil. (3) The comparative experiment on the power requirement of prototype tine. The results obtained from the studies are summarized as follow: 1. The kinematic analysis of barley seeder attached to rotary tiller: The following results were obtained from the kinematic analysis for deriving general formulae of the motion and velocity characterizing the rotary tine of barley seeders presently being used by farmers. a) The position vector (P) of edge point (P) in the rotary tine of reverse rotating, center drive was obtained by the following formula. $$P=(vt+Rcos wt)i+Rsin wt j+ \{ Rcos \theta r sin \alpha cos (wt- \beta +\theta r) +Rsin \theta r sin \alpha sin (wt-\beta + \theta r) \} lk $$ b) The velocity of edge point $(P^')$ of reverse rotating, center drive rotary tine was obtained by the following formula. $$(P^')=(V-wR sin wt)i+(w\cdot Rcoswt)j + \{ -w\cdot Rcos \theta r\cdot sin \alpha \cdot sin (wt-\beta +\theta r) + w\cdot Rsin \theta r\cdot sin \alpha \cdot cos (wt- \beta + \theta r \} k $$ c) In order to reduce the power requirement of rotary tine, the angle between holder and edge point was desired to be reduced. d) In order to reduce the power requirement, the edge point of rotary tine should be moved from the angle at the begining of cutting to center line of machine, and the additional cutting width should be also reduced. 2. The studies on the soil bin and artificial soil: In order to measure the power requirement of various cutting tines under the same physical condition of soil, the indoor experiments Viere conducted by filling soil bin with artificially made soil similar to the common paddy soil and the results were as follows: a) When the rolling frequencies$(x)$ of the artificial soil were increased, the densIty$(Y)$ was also increased as follows: $$y=1.073200 +0.070780x - 0.002263x^2 (g/cm^3)$$ b) The absolute hardness $(Y)$ of soil had following relationship with the rolling frequencies$(x)$ and were increased as the rolling frequencies were increased. $$Y=37.74 - \frac {0.64 + 0.17x-0. 0054x^2} {(3.36-0.17x + 0.0054x^2)^3} (kg/cm^3)$$ c) The density of soil had significant effect on the cohesion and angle of internal friction of soil. For instance, the soil with density of 1.6 to 1.75 had equivalent density of sandy loam soil with 29.5% of natural soil moisture content. d) The coefficient of kinetiic friction of iron plate on artificial soil was 0.31 to 0.41 and was comparable with that of the natural soil. e) When the pulling speed of soil bin was the 2nd forward speed of power tiller, the rpm of driving shaft of rotary was similar to that of power tiller, soil bin apparatus is indicating the good indoor tester. 3. The comparative experiment on the power requirement of prototype tine of reverse rotating rotary: According to the preliminary test of rotary tine developed with various degrees of angle between holder and edge pcint due to the kinematic analysis, comparative test between prototype rotary tine with $30 ^\circ $ and $10 ^\circ$ of it and presently being used rotary tine was carried out 2nd the results were as follows: a) The total cutting torque was low when the angle between holder and edge point was reduced. b) $\theta r$ (angle between holder and edge point) of rotary tine seemed to be one: of the factors maximizing the increase of torque. c) As the angle between holder and edge point ($\theta r$) of rotary tine was $30 ^\circ $ rather than $45 ^\circ $, the angle of rotation during cutting soil was reduced and the total cutting torque was accordingly reduced about 10%, and the reduction efficiency of total cutting torque was low when the angle between holder and edge point ($\theta r$) of rotary tine was $10 ^\circ $, which indicates that the proper angle between holder and edge point of rotary tine should be larger than $10 ^\circ $ and smaller than $30 ^\circ $ . From above results, it could be concluded that the use of the prototype rotary tine which reduced the angle between holder and edge point to $30 ^\circ $, insted of $45 ^\circ $, is disirable not only decreasing the power requirements, but also increasing the durabie hour of it. Also forward researches are needed, WIlich determine the optimum tilted angle of rotary brocket, and rearrangement of the rotary tine on the rotary boss.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

In this study, actual state of operation of rotary tillage was surveyed in the central part of Korea which includes 29 rural community around Asan city, Choongnam principal. 29 heads of the village and 44 farmers were surveyed at the field with a questionnaire on the operation of rotary tillage with farm tractors. Power requirement of rotary tillage operation was measured at the field of each farmers during rotary tilling operation in the central part of Korea. Summaries of this study are summarized as follows. 1) Operations of tillage and land preparation were found to be carried out with farm tractors by 98 percents which are results of the survey on 29 heads of the village and 44 farmers. 2) More than half of the farms had tractors with horsepower more than 38 kW which states that most tractors were supplied in middle and large size. 3) The case of applying secondary tillage after the first primary tillage were 79 percent among the most of operations of tillage and field preparation. Rotary tillage were carried out on the most of wet paddy fields and only 14 percent of dry fields were cultivated with rotary tillage. 4) 63.6 percent of farm tractors were surveyed to meet the recommended field capacity on tillage operation by the government which were ranged from 15.1 to 34.9 ha. And the field capacity of these farm tractors were greater than that of annual total area of operation field, 13.2ha (data from Information of agricultural machinery, National agricultural products quality service, Korea), which states the utilization of agricultural machinery was high in the area surveyed. 5) 46 percent of farmers changed the blade of rotary implement when they used it over the field capacity of rotary blade of 33 ha which is the area of field for rotary operation per a blade change. 55 percent of farmers changed the rotary blade more than once per two years. 6) The required power for rotary operation of each farm tractors were measured as 17.206 kW at untilled paddy field and 34.989 kW at untilled dry field on the average, respectively. The required power for rotary operation was measured as 28.248 kW on the average at the paddy field which had been plowed once and 28.015 at the paddy field that had rotary tillage operation. Untilled dry field showed the highest value of the required power for rotary operation.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.160-175
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• 1984

로우터리 경운(耕耘)날의 회전속도(回轉速度) 및 작업속도(作業速度)가 경운소요(耕耘所要)토오크에 미치는 영향을 분석(分析)하기 위(爲)하여, 형상각(形狀角) ${\theta}=30^{\circ}$, $40^{\circ}$인 2종(種)의 경운(耕耘)날로 로우터리축(軸)을 204, 243, 285, 360rpm 4단계로, 전진속도(前進速度)는 29.40cm/s, 46.93cm/s로 변화(變化)시키면서 인공토양조(人工土壤槽)에서 dynamic strain gage system을 이용(利用)하여 경운소요(耕耘所要)토오크를 측정분석(測定分析)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 경운(耕耘)날의 회전속도(回轉速度) 및 전진속도(前進速度)는 경운소요(耕耘所要)토오크에 교호작용(交互作用)으로 영향(影響)을 미치는 것으로 분석(分析)되었으며, response surface analysis를 통(通)하여 분석(分析)한 수학적(數學的)인 모형(模型)은 다음과 같다. $$T=a_0+a_1V+a_2R+a_3VR+a_4VR^2$$ 여기서 T=경운소요(耕耘所要)토오크 (kg-m) $a_0$=당(當)수(數) $a_1,\;a_2,\;a_3,\;a_4$= 계(係)수(數) V=경운장치(耕耘裝置)의 전진속도(前進速度) (cm/s) R=경운(耕耘)날의 회전속도(回轉速度) (rpm) 2. 최대경운소요(最大耕耘所要)토오크는 로우터리날 회전속도(回轉速度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 ${\frac{{\partial}T}{{\partial}V}}$는 증가(增加)하였으며, 200~220rpm에서 증가율(增加率)이 최저(最低)가 되었고, 같은 조건(條件)에서 ${\frac{{\partial}T}{{\partial}R}}$은 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이었으며, 전진속도(前進速度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소율(減少率)은 증가(增加)되었다. 3. 평균경운소요(平均耕耘所要)토오크는 회전속도(回轉速度)가 320~360rpm에서 ${\frac{{\partial}T}{{\partial}R}}$의 變化가 적었으며, ${\frac{{\partial}T}{{\partial}R}}$은 회전속도(回轉速度)가 증가(增加)함에 따라 감소율(減少率)이 증가(增加)되었다. 4. 전진속도(前進速度)에 대(對)한 토양(土壤)의 단위체적당(單位體積當) 평균경운소요(平均耕耘所要)토오크의 변화율(變化率)${\frac{{\partial}T}{{\partial}R}}$는 270~300rpm에서 최저(最低)가 되었으며, ${\frac{{\partial}T}{{\partial}R}}$은 V=29.40cm/s와 V=46.93cm/s일때 변화율(變化率)이 280~290rpm에서 교착(交錯)하였다. 5. 로우터리날의 형상각(形狀角)이 증가(增加)함에 따라 순경운소요동력(純耕耘所要動力)은 증가(增加)하였다. 그러나 실제(實際) 이용면(利用面)에서는 형상각(形狀角)이 작으면 로우터리날에 검불이 감기게 되므로 소요동력(所要動力)이 크게 증가(增加)함을 보여주는 연구결과도 있다. 그러므로 형상각(形狀角) 변화(變化)에 대(對)해서는 계속 연구(硏究)되어야 할 과제(課題)라 인정(認定)된다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2002

본 연구에서는 로타리 경운작업시 흙 부착이 가장 많이 되고 소요동력에 큰 영향을 미치는 로타리 커버 내측에 흙이 부착되는 것을 방지하여 경운 소요동력의 절감에 기여할 수 있는 로타리 커버를 개발하는데 목적이 있으며, 그 구체적인 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 본 연구의 수행을 위하여 트랙터의 로타리 경운 소요동력을 측정하고자 트랙터 PTO축과 로타리 동력 입력축을 연결하는 PTO 동력 전달축을 이용하여 로타리 경운 소요동력 측정장치를 설계, 제작하였다. 2. 로타리에 장착한 흙부착 방지장치의 재질로는 스테인리스 스틸, 고무, PE 등을 사용하였다. 흙부착 방지장치 장착 로타리를 이용하여 로타리 경운시험을 통한 경운 소요동력을 측정한 결과 평균 일반 로타리는 52.18ps, 스테인리스 스틸재질 장착 로타리는 52.44ps, 고무재질 장착 로타리는 49.01ps, 그리고 PE재질 장착 로타리는 46.34ps의 소요동력을 나타냈다. 3. 흙부착 방지장치 장착 로타리를 이용하여 로타리 경운시험 후 부착된 흙의 양을 조사한 결과 평균 일반 로타리는 5.6kg, 스테인리스 스틸재질 장착 로타리는 5.7kg, 고무재질 장착 로타리는 3.1kg, 그리고 PE재질 장착 로타리는 2.7kg으로 나타났다. 4. 실험결과를 토대로 유의수준 5%의 모평균 차에 의한 검정으로 분석해본 결과 스테인리스 스틸재질의 경우 흙부착 방지효과가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 고무와 PE재질의 경우에 방지 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그 중 PE 재질이 소요동력과 흙부착 방지에 각각 11%, 52%의 감소효과가 있어 소요동력 감소 및 흙부착 방지 효과가 탁월한 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.37-47
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• 1984

Using the soil bin systems, this study was carried out to analyze the effects of the angular and tilling speed of the rotary shaft with the edge curves which were $30^{\circ}$ and $40^{\circ}$, and the edged blade which were single and double, on the torque requirement of rotary tillage. In the analyses, we developed the mathematical models for the torque requirments of rotary tillage, and analyzed the optimum conditions of each variable for the minimum tillage torque requriements. The results of the study were summarized as follows. 1. The required tilling torque by one rotary blade has the minimum value when the tilling speed of the rotary blade was low, and the revolution of the rotary blade was fast, in general. 2. The torque requirements of single edged blade was decreased to about 81% in comparing with that of double edged blade of which the edge curved angle was $40^{\circ}$ and the tilling speed was 29.40 cm/sec. But, for the mean values, the maximum torque requirements were decreased to 45%, and the mean torque requirements were decreased to 35%. 3. For the edge curved angle, the torque requirements of ${\theta}=40^{\circ}$ were 48% more than that of ${\theta}=30^{\circ}$ in the maximum tilling torque in case that the rotary blade were double edged blade. but, there was not a difference when the rotary blades were single edged blade. The mean tilling torques of ${\theta}=40^{\circ}$ were 6% more when the rotary blade was double edged blade, and were 11% less at single edged blade, than that of ${\theta}=30^{\circ}$. 4. In order to reduce the torque requirements for tilling, the optimum revolutions of the rotary shaft were analyzed as that 204-240 rpm for the double edged blade and 280-320 rpm for the single edged blade.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.401-404
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• 2006

In order to select the seeding machine for mechanizing cultivation of rapeseed in southern areas of Korea, three different seeding machines, ridge rotary, power tiller ridge rotary, tractor ridge rotary were used for sowing one of the high yielding rapeseed cv. Hybrid with five different seeding methods. Seeding of ridge rotary was reduced the seeding effort with 45% and yield components such as plant height, ear length, number of branches and pods, pod length and seed setting rate were higher. The seeding of ridge rotary also was showed highest seed yield. On the basis of time requirement for seeding, vegetative and yield parameters ridge rotary seeding machine was a suitable seeding machine for rapeseed cultivation at the southern area of Korea.