• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.493-499
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• 2012

We have established adventitious root culture systems of Codonopsis lanceolata, Codonopsis pilosula and Codonopsis ussuriensis. Root segments of C. lanceolata were the best explants for induction of adventitious roots and the number of adventitious root for explant was highest on solid medium with $0.5mg/{\ell}$ NAA and produced $18.8{\pm}1.9$ roots per explant. Root segments of C. pilosula were the best explants for induction of adventitious roots and the number of adventitious root for explant was highest on solid medium with $1.0mg/{\ell}$ NAA and produced $8.5{\pm}1.8$ roots per explant. Leaf segments of C. ussuriensis were the best explants for induction of adventitious roots and the number of adventitious root for explant was highest on solid medium with $0.5mg/{\ell}$ NAA and produced $7.8{\pm}0.4$ roots per explant. In liquid culture, the best production of adventitious root (fresh weight) was obtained in 1/2 MS medium with $1.0mg/{\ell}$ NAA. This study demonstrated for the first time to produce adventitious roots in C. pilosula and C. ussuriensis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate the morphology of mycorrhizal roots, and the effects of root age and soil texture on the mycorrhizal infection in ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) growing in Korea. Ginseng roots at ages of two to six years were collected from fields in late June. Their infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) was studied by clearing the roots and staining fungal hyphae with trypan blue. Root infection varied greatly depending on the developmental stages of young roots. Young tertiary roots, in diameter of smaller than 0.8 mrn, formed during the current growing season had root hairs and were frequently and in some cases heavily infected by AMF. Hyphal coils and arbuscules were abundant, while vesicles were rarely observed. Older secondary or tertiary roots in diameter of bigger than 1.0 mm with fully differentiated primary xylem formed during the previous growing season had no root hairs, and were not infected at all. The rates of mycorrhizal infection in the young tertiary roots were not affected by the age of the ginseng plants, suggesting that fungal populations might have not much changed during the aging of the cultivated fields up to six years. The differences in the infection rates among the different ages of ginseng were caused by differences in the amount of young tertiary roots in the samples. Soil texture, either sandy loam or clay loam, did not affect the rate of root infection. There were large variations in the infection rates among the different farms and locations within a farm. It strongly suggested that infection rates of the ginseng roots by AMF would be influenced by the practice of the farmers, possibly by avoiding consecutive planting, introduction of new topsoil, and the ways of handling the soil before transplanting the ginseng, such as fumigation or sterilization that might have affected indigenous inoculum sources of the AMF.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

Purpose: This study evaluated the distance from the posterior root apices to the maxillary sinus floor (MSF) and the frequency of roots touching or protruding through the MSF using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This study included 100 subjects divided into different vertical and anteroposterior skeletal growth patterns. On CBCT images, the distance from the posterior root apices to MSF was measured and the frequency of roots touching or protruding through the MSF was evaluated using NNT software (version 5.3.0.0; ImageWorks, Elmsford, NY, USA). Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the distance from the posterior root apices to the MSF among vertical skeletal groups (P>0.05). The palatal roots of the first molar and the palatal, mesio-buccal and disto-buccal roots of the second molars had significantly less distance from MSF in skeletal class II than in class III (P<0.05). The high-angle group had the highest frequencies of roots touching or protruding into the maxillary sinus (49.8%); the lowest proportion of these roots was found in skeletal class III (28.3%) and the highest proportion in class II (50.3%). Males had shorter distances from the posterior root apices to the MSF and higher frequencies of roots protruding through or touching the MSF than females. Conclusion: Anteroposterior skeletal growth patterns and sex affected the distances from the maxillary posterior roots to the MSF. The frequency of roots protruding into or touching the sinus was affected by both vertical and anteroposterior skeletal groups and sex. These findings have implications for dental practice.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.277-284
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• 2018

In this paper, a new numerical method of finding the roots of a nonlinear system is proposed, which extends the conventional fixed point iterative method by relaxing the constraints on it. The proposed method determines the real valued roots and expands the convergence region by relaxing the constraints on the conventional fixed point iterative method, which transforms the diverging root searching iterations into the converging iterations by employing the metric induced by the geometrical characteristics of a polynomial. A metric is set to measure the distance between a point of a real-valued function and its corresponding image point of its inverse function. The proposed scheme provides the convenience in finding not only the real roots of polynomials but also the roots of the nonlinear systems in the various application areas of science and engineering.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-32
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• 1994

Let A(n) and B(n) be sequences of $m \times m$ random matrices with a joint asymptotic distribution as $n \to \infty$. The asymptotic distribution of the ordered roots of $$\mid$A(n) - f B(n)$\mid$ = 0$ depends on the multiplicity of the roots of a determinatal equation involving parameter roots. This paper treats the asymptotic distribution of the roots of the above determinantal equation in the case where some of parameter roots are zero. Furthermore, we apply our results to deriving the asymptotic distributions of the eigenvalues of the MANOVA matrix in the noncentral case when the underlying distribution is not multivariate normal and some parameter roots are zero.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.409-415
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• 2006

In this paper, we study the condition that a given homeomorphism has a square root and give an example of a wandering homeomorphism without square roots.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2009

This experiment was done to determine the optimum conditions for the induction of tetraploidy in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer using bud length, temperature and plant growth regulator pretreatments. Highest callus formation was obtained when the medium was inoculated with flower bud in the size of 2-3 mm in length. The optimum temperature for the callus formation was high when treated at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4-5 days. Among the treatments of growth regulators and different concentration, highest callus formation was observed in combination of 5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L kinetin for P. ginseng. As a result of flow cytometer analysis, all 7 adventitious roots were confirmed as tetraploidys. Cytological analysis revealed that the chromosome number of tetraploid roots was 96, while that of diploid roots was 48. Tetraploid ginseng roots were inoculated to flower bud size of 2-3 mm in length. The callus formation was optimum when treated with 1 mg/L 2,4-D at $4^{\circ}C$ for 5 days. Compared with control roots, tetraploid roots were thicker and longer and had few lateral branches. Fresh weight of tetraploid roots was relatively higher than the control roots.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.281-281
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• 2017

Recently, global warming by greenhouse gas effect is getting danger and danger for human life and agriculture at present. In Indonesia, according to heavy rain in the agriculture land is often covered by excess water in result crop growth would be affected negative. This water stress triggers roots failure in anaerobic condition for upland crop because of limiting roots respiration. Chili pepper grows in upland sometimes in touch with waterlogging due to rainfall and /or over flow water from river in Indonesia. In this case, roots growing is inhibited by effect of shortage of oxygen at root cap. Therefore, the objective of this study is to observe the plant behavior in waterlogging using mahor local genotypes (Ferosa, Laris, Romario) in Sumatra. The experiment was kept by at 1cm depth water above the soil surface as a waterlogged treatment for ---days. As a result, waterlogging affected plant growth of chili negatively, especially for roots growth. Almost roots were getting bad and changed color for brown during waterlogging. A significant negative effect for nutrient absorption by roots was found in dry weight of all varieties during waterlogging. Dry weight of roots was decreased by 81.4% and 67.6%, and those of aerial part decreased by 74% and 67.2% compared with control in Ferosa and Romario at 1week after treatment. On the other hand, dry weight of roots was decreased only 35% in Laris. Therefore, Laris has a tolerance for waterlogging compared to with other varieties. Also, Laris in SPAD value was kept initial level during waterlogging however those of Ferosa and Romario decreased. Finally, due to impact of waterlogging, it may be the roots become failure because of less aerenchyma formation under anaerobic condition. We need confirm aerenchyma formation morphologically in the future.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: The study of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidative activity in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots with respect to cultivation years, and has been little reported to date. Hence, this study examined the phenolic compounds profiles and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activities in the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) as a function of cultivation year. Methods: Profiling of 23 phenolic compounds in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with the external calibration method. Antioxidative activity of ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots were evaluated using the method of DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity. Results: The total phenol content in ginseng fruit and leaves was higher than in ginseng roots (p < 0.05), and the phenol content in the ginseng samples was significantly correlated to the DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity ($r=0.928^{****}$). In particular, p-coumaric acid ($r=0.847^{****}$) and ferulic acid ($r=0.742^{****}$) greatly affected the DPPH activity. Among the 23 phenolic compounds studied, phenolic acids were more abundant in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots than the flavonoids and other compounds (p < 0.05). In particular, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, p- and m-coumaric acid, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in 3e6-yr-old ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the antioxidative activity and phenolic compounds profiles in fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng with cultivation years. This information is potentially useful to ginseng growers and industries involved in the production of high-quality and nutritional ginseng products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.198-204
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• 2012

An light-emitting diode (LED)-based light source was used as a monochromatic light source to determine the responses of raw ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) to specific emission spectra with respect to the production of ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content in the ginseng roots changed in response to the LED light treatments at $25^{\circ}C$ relative to the levels in the control roots that were treated in the dark or at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Ginseng roots were exposed to LEDs with four different peak emission wavelengths, 380, 450, 470, and 660 nm, in closed compartments. Compared with the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots, roots that were treated with 450 and 470 nm light showed a significantly increased production of ginsenosides (p<0.05), with increases of 64.9% and 74.1%, respectively. The contents of the ginsenosides $Rb_2$, Rc, and $Rg_1$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples. The ratio of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd) to protopanaxatriol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples than in the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots. This is the first report that demonstrates the increase and conversion of ginsenosides in raw ginseng roots in response to exposure to LED light.