• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.119-127
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• 2013

The purpose of a root-end filling is to establish a seal between the root canal space and the periradicular tissues. As root-end filling materials come into contact with periradicular tissues, knowledge of the tissue response is crucial. Almost every available dental restorative material has been suggested as the root-end material of choice at a certain point in the past. This literature review on root-end filling materials will evaluate and comparatively analyse the biocompatibility and tissue response to these products, with primary focus on newly introduced materials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.104-114
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of root canal filling material to the dentinal wall of root canal and to compare the sealing ability of the root canal filling materials using ultrasonic endodontic instrument with injection-molded thermoplasticized gutta-percha filling method and lateral condensation method. Fifty fresh human single root exlracted for orthodontic treatment, were randomly selected, and instrumented by step-back technique. And then, the teeth were divided into 5 groups according to each root canal filling methods. In the experimental group 1 and group 2, the root canals were filled with gutta perdia cases using ultrasonic instrument with and without sealer. In the experimental group 3 and 4, using jection-moldeed thermoplasticized gutta-percha method by obtul$^{(R)}$ canals were filled with and without sealer. In the control group, the canals were filled with sealer by lateral candensation. And then, 5 teeth of each group were immersed in black Indian ink, decalcified and cleared. The depth of dye penetration into the root canal were evaluated with stereoscope (Reichert Ltd., USA). Among the 5 teeth remaining in each group, the single longituding grooves were made on the labial and lingual root surfaces and then immersed in the liquid nitrogen to fracture the teeth spontaneously without any distortions of gutta-percha. Each specimens were examined with X-650 Scanning Electron Microscope(Hitachi ltd, Japan) to show the adaptation to the canal wall, void, homogenicity of filling material and location of gutta-percha or sealer in the dentinal tubules of the root canal. The observations were as follows : 1. The experimental group 1 showed smaller mean dye penetration than control group, and showed the penetraton of sealer in the dentinal tubules of apical third of the root canal. 2. The experimental group 2 and group 4 showed the penetration of gutta-percha in the dentinal tubules of root canals. 3. The experimental group 1 and group 3 showed less mean dye penetration than the experimental group 2 and group 4. 4. The experimental group 1 and group 2 showed better adaptation of filling materials than control group.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.365-382
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptation of filling material to the dentinal walls of root canals with and without smear layer. Fifty extracted upper and lower anterior teeth were selected, and the root canals were instrumented with K - files 1mm short of the apical foramen by step - back method. The teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 25 each : in the group I, smear layers were not removed, and in the group II, smear layers were removed by 15% EDTA solution. Again the two groups 25 teeth were randomly divided into unfilled contol group and filling groups(lateral, ultrasonic, ULTRAFIL, McSpadden compaction group). Upon completion of root canal filling, the teeth were grooved on the both the labial and lingual surfaces and then split with mallet and chisel. Each specimens were examined with JSM - 840 Scanning Electron Microscope (JEOL., Japan). The results were as follows : 1. In the contol group, dentinal tubules of group I couldn't be distinguished in the canal wall, but those of group II appeared to be open and patent. 2. In the filling groups of group I, the tubular penetration of the sealer or gutta percha couldn't be seen, but in the filling groups of group II, it could be seen except McSpadden compaction group. 3. In the filling groups, ULTRAFIL group showed the best adaptation of filling material to root canal wall among the group I, and lateral and ultrasonic condensation group showed the best adaptation of filling material among the group II. McSpadden compaction group showed the worst adaptation in group I, II. 4. Generally, the group II showed better adapation of filling material to root canal wall than the group I.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.121-133
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• 1989

In order to compare the accessory canal filling effects of the three root canal filling methods with gutta-percha, the author fabricated artificial root canal mold with the first and second accessory canals of chrome-cobalt alloy. After the artificial root canal was filled with gutta-percha by lateral condensation, vertical condensation and low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection-molded method, twenty five times respectively, the gutta-percha forced into the first and second accessory canals were measured with caliper for length. The results were as follows: 1. The filling in both accessory canals was most effective in low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection-melded method followed in such order as: vertical condensation method and lateral condensation method (p < 0.01). 2. The filling effect of the second accessory canal was more or less higher than that of the first one (p < 0.05). 3. Low-temperature thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection-molded method was fastest in time needed for root canal filling followed by lateral condensation method and vertical condensation method.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.34.1-34.7
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• 2020

Objectives: This study evaluated by using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) the filling ability and sealer apical extrusion promoted by a new Sealer Injection System (SIS; Angelus) with side openings needle, in comparison with the conventional injection system, associated with a new ready-to-use calcium silicate-based sealer (Bio-C Sealer). Materials and Methods: Acrylic resin models containing a main curved artificial canal and 3 simulated lateral canals in apical, middle and cervical thirds were used. The main root canals were prepared using a rotary system up to size 35.05. The canals were filled with Bio-C sealer by using a single cone technique and the conventional delivery system or SIS. Samples were scanned in micro-CT. The percentage of voids throughout the entire extension of the main root canal and in each third of the lateral canals, besides the apical extrusion of the sealer was calculated. Data were submitted to t-test (p < 0.05). Results: There was no difference between both systems in the main root canals filling. Although the volume percentage of voids was similar in the apical and middle thirds of lateral canals, SIS had the greatest filling ability of the cervical third lateral canal. Moreover, the conventional system showed the highest apical extrusion of the sealer. Conclusions: The conventional and SIS obturation systems had an appropriate filling ability of the main root canal. SIS had the best filling of the cervical third of the lateral canals, besides lower sealer apical extrusion, suggesting its clinical indication.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.55 no.8
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• pp.556-564
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• 2017

Endodontic surgery is a procedure to treat apical periodontitis or abscess in cases that did not heal after nonsurgical treatment or retreatment. This might include situations with persistent intracanal infection after root canal treatment. Other reasons might be found in extraradicular infection, such as bacterial biofilm on the apical root surface or bacteria within the lesion. For many years, the treatment standard was the traditional approach with surgical burs and amalgam for root-end filling. Endodontic microsurgery is the most recent step in the evolution of endodontic surgery, applying not only ultrasonic tip and biocompatible filling materials but also incorporating high-power magnification and illumination. Although many studies have been published that advocate the use of modern technique, the traditional techniques are still widely used in the surgery community. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the endodontic microsurgery procedure including the root-end preparation and filling with the use of a surgical operating microscope.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.58 no.10
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• pp.604-614
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the Cone-beam computed tomograghy(CBCT) scan of endodontically treated maxillary first molars and investigate how second mesiobuccal (MB2) canal is treated, how the prognosis of mesiobuccal (MB) root is different compared to other roots and the prognosis factor on apical periodontitis. Methods: Subjects were endodontically treated maxillary first molars whose were collected from CBCT scans taken from January 2018 until December 2019. A total of 525 maxillary first molars were analyzed by an endodontist to determine the presence of the MB2 canal, the quality of the root canal filling, and the presence of apical periodontitis. The chi square test and Fisher's exact test was used to examine the relationship between each variable. Results: MB2 canals were found in 46.3%, of which 76.5% were not treated. The more main canal of mesiobuccal root (MB1 canal) was well filled, the more significantly MB2 canal was well filled (p<0.001). The apical periodontitis of MB root was not related to the filling quality of MB1 canal (p=0.370) and was related to the filling quality of MB2 canal (p=0.004). The apical periodontitis of MB root was related to the quality of canal filling of MB2 canal and the apical periodontitis of DB and P root. Conclusions: It was found that the majority of MB2 canals were not treated. The apical periodontitis of MB root was analyzed to be related to the quality of canal filling of MB2 canal. The apical lesion of the MB root was not correlated with the treatment of the MB1 canal, but it was significantly related to the quality of filling of MB2 canal.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.18.1-18.9
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• 2019

Objective: This study evaluated the presence of residual root canal filling material after retreatment using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Materials and Methods: Extracted human teeth (single- and double-rooted, n = 21/each; C-shaped, n = 15) were prepared with ProFile and randomly assigned to three subgroups for obturation with gutta-percha and three different sealers (EndoSeal MTA, EndoSequence BC sealer, and AH Plus). After 10 days, the filling material was removed and the root canals were instrumented one size up from the previous master apical file size. The teeth were scanned using micro-CT before and after retreatment. The percentage of remaining filling material after retreatment was calculated at the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test with Bonferroni post hoc correction. Results: The tested sealers showed no significant differences in the percentage of remaining filling material in single- and double-rooted teeth, although EndoSeal MTA showed the highest value in C-shaped roots (p < 0.05). The percentage of remaining filling material of AH Plus and EndoSeal MTA was significantly higher in C-shaped roots than in single- or double-roots (p < 0.05), while that of BC sealer was similar across all root types. EndoSeal MTA showed the highest values at the apical thirds of single- and double-roots (p < 0.05); otherwise, no significant differences were observed among the coronal, middle, and apical thirds. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, a large amount of EndoSeal MTA remained after retreatment, especially in C-shaped root canals.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.24.1-24.12
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of newly proposed root-end filling materials, Biodentine, Micro-Mega mineral trioxide aggregate (MM-MTA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, and Smart Dentin Replacement (SDR), in comparison with contemporary root-end filling materials, intermediate restorative material (IRM), Dyract compomer, ProRoot MTA (PMTA), and Vitrebond, using human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts. Materials and Methods: Ten discs from each material were fabricated in sterile Teflon molds and 24-hour eluates were obtained from each root-end filling material in cell culture media after 1- or 3-day setting. hPDL fibroblasts were plated at a density of $5{\times}10^3/well$, and were incubated for 24 hours with 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 dilutions of eluates. Cell viability was evaluated by XTT assay. Data was statistically analysed. Apoptotic/necrotic activity of PDL cells exposed to material eluates was established by flow cytometry. Results: The Vitrebond and IRM were significantly more cytotoxic than the other root-end filling materials (p < 0.05). Those cells exposed to the Biodentine and Dyract compomer eluates showed the highest survival rates (p < 0.05), while the PMTA, MM-MTA, SDR, and PMMA groups exhibited similar cell viabilities. Three-day samples were more cytotoxic than 1-day samples (p < 0.05). Eluates from the cements at 1:1 dilution were significantly more cytotoxic (p < 0.05). Vitrebond induced cell necrosis as indicated by flow cytometry. Conclusions: This in vitro study demonstrated that Biodentine and Compomer were more biocompatible than the other root-end filling materials. Vitrebond eluate caused necrotic cell death.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the sealing effect and efficiency of root canal filling MTA (Endoseal, Endoseal MTA). A total of 106 extracted single rooted teeth were used and classified with group AH (AH-26), group PR (ProRoot MTA), group ES (Endoseal) and group EM (Endoseal MTA) depending on filled sealers. Time was measured in each group when sealers were filled. The groups were divided into subgroup A and subgroup B. The sealing of root canal walls and penetration of sealer in the dentinal tubule were evaluated, respectively. According to the results, the sealing of root canal walls and dentinal tubule penetration of root canal filling MTA were inferior to AH-26 (p < 0.05). When compared with ProRoot MTA, however, there was no significant difference in sealing of root canal walls (p > 0.05), but dentinal tubule penetration was high (p < 0.05). Working time was shorter in root canal filling MTA than ProRoot MTA and AH-26 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, root canal filling MTA has lower root canal sealing effect than resin-based sealer, however, when in MTA needed root canal filling, it could be an effective alternative.