• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.134-139
• /
• 2014

The aim of this study was to establish the condition of regeneration for white balloon flower (Platycodon grandiflorum DC. cv. Jangback) and to manage for the raising of seedling with in vitro regenerated plants. It was examined that 0.5 mg/L of NAA and 1.0 mg/L of BA was the best composition for the callus and shoot induction (up to 600%). NAA was better than IBA for the induction of root and it took 16.9 days for the induction of rooting on the MS soild media containing 0.5 mg/L of NAA and the final rooting ratio was up to 75%. Out of 5 different bed soils purchased from local market, "Tosil" was identified to be the best for the acclimation and growth of in vitro regenerated balloon flower. In detail, on 8 weeks after planting of in vitro regenerated plants in pots containing "Tosil" bed soils, the plant hight was increased up to 2-fold (12.8 cm), 3.5-fold (27) for the number of leaf and 1.5-fold (4.5 cm) for the leaf length when compared to the other four bed soils, respectively. Our preliminary results indicate that it is possible to prevent the occurrence of blue balloon flower in the massive cultivated area of white balloon flower by providing the seedlings raised from in vitro regenerated plants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
• /
• v.22 no.3 s.74
• /
• pp.109-125
• /
• 2004

In recent decades, microscopic simulation models have become powerful tools to analyze traffic flow on highways and to assist the investigation of level of service. The existing microscopic simulation models simulate an individual vehicle's speed based on a constant free-flow speed dominantly specified by users and driver's behavior models reflecting vehicle interactions, such as car following and lane changing. They set a single free-flow speed for a single vehicle on a given link and neglect to consider the effects of highway design elements to it in their internal simulation. Due to this, the existing models are limitted to provide with identical simulation results on both curved and tangent sections of highways. This paper presents a model developed to estimate the change of free-flow speeds based on highway design elements. Nine neural network models were trained based on the field data collected from seven different freeway curve sections and three different locations at each section to capture the percent changes of free-flow speeds: 100 m upstream of the point of curve (PC) and the middle of the curve. The model employing seven highway design elements as its input variables was selected as the best : radius of curve, length of curve, superelevation, the number of lanes, grade variations, and the approaching free-flow speed on 100 m upstream of PC. Tests showed that the free-flow speeds estimated by the proposed model were statistically identical to the ones from the field at 95% confidence level at each three different locations described above. The root mean square errors at the starting and the middle of curve section were 6.68 and 10.06, and the R-squares at these points were 0.77 and 0.65, respectively. It was concluded from the study that the proposed model would be one of the potential tools introducing the effects of highway design elements to free-flow speeds in simulation.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.371-379
• /
• 2010

Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and rye (Secale cereale) are common leguminous cover crops. Because they contain water-soluble allelopathic substances that show a variable level in tissue depending on growth stage of the plants, the weed inhibition effects are dependent on the growth stage of cover crops. This study investigated the allelopathic effects of crimson clover, hairy vetch and rye on soybean, radish, oilseed rape and lettuce seeds germination and seedling growth. We used extract that were prepared from the shoots of crimson clover, hairy vetch and rye at different growth stages, vegetative growth stage, flowering stage, and fruiting stage. Applications of aqueous extracts from three growth stage of cover crops strongly affected to oilseed rape and lettuce seeds germination but the treatment resulted in a slight inhibition of the germination in soybean and radish. Radical length was more sensitive to aqueous extracts than seed germination rate. Especially, three cover crops extracts at vegetative growth stage highly inhibited seedling root growth of oilseed rape and lettuce by over 80% and 90% respectively. Furthermore, the $GR_{50}$ values were lowest in the treatment of extracts from vegetative growth stage and the level of phenolics was decreased by the order of vegetative growth stage, flowering stage and fruiting stage.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.463-471
• /
• 2009

A study on vegetation in the Mangyeong River and Dongjin River basins and the surrounding regions of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land was conducted in a series of efforts to determine the expected ecological changes in the salt marshes, to restore their vegetation, to explore the restoring force of halophyte, to examine the community mechanism and, ultimately, to rehabilitate marshy land vegetation along the lakeside, coastal dune and salt marshes of the Saemangeum Project Area. The findings of the study may be summed up as follows: Five species such as Suaeda japonica, Salicornia herbacea, Atriplex gmelini, Aster tripolium and Suaeda asparagoides that are mostly distributed in the estuary of the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land were analyzed to examine the mechanism of halophyte to maintain their community. To find out the strategies of plants for survival and the cause of forming community structure, a research was made as for appearance ratio of biomass, root lengths and germination. With regard to biomasses of halophyte, the biomass of Suaeda japonica increases rapidly, while Salicornia herbacea adopts a strategy of unstable growth pattern by which the biomass increases slowly in parallel with its slow speed of growth since initial appearance of young sapling. In contrast, Suaeda asparagoides, Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium choose to adapt themselves to environment promptly by being transformed into life form of annual or biennial plant, a pattern that is presumed to be favorable and stable for survival in the later stage of growth. In short, there is a sharp distinction among the 5 species: i.e. Suaeda japonica that begins to grow fast in the length of surface and underground section but slows down from the mid-stage on; Salicornia herbacea that grows slowly in the beginning step but starts to step up from the middle onward; Atriplex gmelini and Aster tripolium growing slowly in the initial stage but fast later on; and Suaeda asparagoides that turns from the constant growth in the beginning to rapid growth in the later period. The outcomes of the analysis into status of growth and influencing factors of Suaeda japonica in the sowing field that is most widely prevalent in the Saemangeum Reclaimed Land as a sort of ecological pioneer in the salt marshes showed that the average size of grass lands, density and number of individuals increase in the natural sowing field as well as in the plowing field regardless of their physical as well as physico-chemical features of the soil as the season progresses from June to October of a year.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.555-560
• /
• 2002

Replantation may be a treatment choice for a completely avulsed tooth caused by a traumatic injury. The outcome of replantation depends on the following factors ; minimal damage to pulp and periodontal membrane, the length of time the avulsed tooth was out of the mouth, how the tooth was stored, the level of root formation, etc. The time from the act of avulsion of the tooth to the actual replantation is especially important. Generally, when replanted within 30 minutes, more than 90% of the cases succeed, but when the time is between 30 to 90minutes, 43%, and greater than 90 minutes, 7%. This is a case of a replanted tooth with relatively good prognosis by ankylosis though there was a great time lapse since the tooth was avulsed. Though such treatment lead to loss of the tooth, in cases of children or adolescents, this treatment is meaningful, because it may earn time until any definitive therapy, functionally stimulate the alveolar bone to retain its height for a better prognosis for future treatment, and act as space maintainer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.328-337
• /
• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between the KAP11.1 and the regulation wool fineness. Methods: In previous work, we constructed a skin cDNA library and isolated a full-length cDNA clone termed KAP11.1. On this basis, we conducted a series of bioinformatics analysis. Tissue distribution of KAP11.1 mRNA was performed using semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. The expression of KAP11.1 mRNA in primary and secondary hair follicles was performed using real-time PCR (real-time polymerase chain reaction) analysis. The expression location of KAP11.1 mRNA in primary and secondary hair follicles was performed using in situ hybridization. Results: Bioinformatics analysis showed that KAP11.1 gene encodes a putative 158 amino acid protein that exhibited a high content of cysteine, serine, threonine, and valine and has a pubertal mammary gland) structural domain. Secondary structure prediction revealed a high proportion of random coils (76.73%). Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that KAP11.1 gene was expressed in heart, skin, and liver, but not expressed in spleen, lung and kidney. Real time PCR results showed that the expression of KAP11.1 has a higher expression in catagen than in anagen in the primary hair follicles. However, in the secondary hair follicles, KAP11.1 has a significantly higher expression in anagen than in catagen. Moreover, KAP11.1 gene has a strong expression in inner root sheath, hair matrix, and a lower expression in hair bulb. Conclusion: We conclude that KAP11.1 gene may play an important role in regulating the fiber diameter.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.133-139
• /
• 2017

This study investigated the effects of NaCl and jasmonic acid (JA) on the growth and physiological responses of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.). Spearmint was hydroponically grown for 3 weeks in modified Hoagland solution containing 0 (untreated control), JA ($20{\mu}M$ JA pretreatment), NaCl (50 mM NaCl treatment) and JA + NaCl ($20{\mu}M$ JA pretreatment + 50 mM NaCl treatment). Growth characteristics, chlorophyll, vitamin C, proline contents, DPPH scavenging activity and inorganic ion contents were evaluated. As a results, there were significant decreases in the plant height, leaf length, leaf width, and fresh weight of plants, treated with NaCl compared with control. On the other hand, the dry matters of shoot and root treated with JA + NaCl combination were better than control or NaCl treatment. Chlorophyll a and b contents in JA treatment was the highest. Vitamin C, antioxidant activity, and proline content in shoot were increased in NaCl treatment which showed low level of growth rate. The K/Na ratio, which is known to indirectly reflect the balance of ion uptake, was higher in a single treatment of JA than the control group, while lower in salt treatment (NaCl and JA + NaCl) because of high $Na^+$ absorption. In conclusion, these results showed that moderate stress treatment such as low level salt treatment and plant growth regulator jasmonic acid (JA) application would be potential strategies to improve the quality of spearmint by inducing the accumulation of secondary metabolites containing high antioxidant activity and essential oil.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.88 no.4
• /
• pp.523-532
• /
• 1999

The studies were carried out to develop an urban forest aromatic bath in the idle space within city area for handicapped persons, patients and city workers, who having less chance to visit the natural forest aromatic bath. The environmental conditions were checked in the experimental double vinyl house where native and exotic aromatic woody and herbaceous plants were growing with minimum energy input in the periods of mid-winter and mid-summer. The growth and photoperiodic responses of the plants to the low and high temperatures were observed during winter and summer respectively. The most of herbaceous plants in the double vinyl house with the controlled minimum night temperature of $-2^{\circ}C$ had no winter injury but did not grow and started the growth in April. The exotic herbs such as Catnip faassen's(Nepeta x faassenia) and Lemon bergamot(Monarda citriodora) grew better in the longer photoperiodic conditions. The growth rates of Abies koreana, Thuja koraiensis and Pinus sylvestriformis in the early spring were affected mainly by the night minimum temperature and less affected by the photoperiodic conditions during winter. The native aromatic herbs such as Robdosia japonica, Molsa punctulata, Agastache rugosa and Codonopsis lanceolata showed stimulatory growth at the 16 hours day-length in case of the high temperature vinyl hose. The height and root collar diameter growth of pine seedlings were inhibited in maxim temperatures over $40^{\circ}C$ during summer.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
• /
• v.13B no.3 s.106
• /
• pp.337-344
• /
• 2006

In this paper, we describe the design and the implementation of word clustering system using a definition of an entry word in the dictionary, called a dictionary definition. Generally word clustering needs various features like words and the performance of a system for the word clustering depends on using some kinds of features. Dictionary definition describes the meaning of an entry in detail, but words in the dictionary definition are implicative or abstractive, and then its length is not long. The word clustering using only features extracted from the dictionary definition results in a lots of small-size clusters. In order to make large-size clusters and improve the performance, we need to transform the features into more general words with keeping the original meaning of the dictionary definition as intact as possible. In this paper, we propose two methods for extending the dictionary definition using ontology. One is to extend the dictionary definition to parent words on the ontology and the other is to extend the dictionary definition to some words in fixed depth from the root of the ontology. Through our experiments, we have observed that the proposed systems outperform that without extending features, and the latter's extending method overtakes the former's extending method in performance. We have also observed that verbs are very useful in extending features in the case of word clustering.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.362-369
• /
• 1996

Seven different drying methods were tested in peony roots of Euisung cultivar, harvested in February, in three year's old plant. The roots were selected in length and diameter and half of the samples were removed cork-layers to compare the effects of cork-layer in processing of drying. The 3$0^{\circ}C$ heat drying without cork-layer reduced in days to drying by five days compared to those of the with cork-layers at the same temperature. The 5$0^{\circ}C$ heat drying after cork-layers removed was the most effective in days to drying. In quality of skin color of the 5$0^{\circ}C$ heating was worse to compare with the lower drying temperature. In the drying at room temperature and the heat drying at lower temperature, the paeoniflorin content in drying after cork-layers removed were higher than that of the drying with cork-layers. However, in the boiling water treatment, the paeoniflorin contents in drying after cork-layers removed were lower than those of with cork-layers. In heat drying, paeoniflorin content showed a decreasing tendency to increase of drying temperature. Total sugars in the peony roots showed a decreasing tendency according to the drying temperature increasing, but starch concentration showed a increasing tendency at the same condition. Concentrations of crude protein, crude fiber and crude ash were showed no differences in various drying methods and the materials with or without cork-layers. Relationships between the paeoniflorin and total sugars, and the paeoniflorin and starch were different significantly by the materials of cork-layers removed or not. The 30~4$0^{\circ}C$ heat drying without cork-layers was the most advisable condition for drying in paeoniflorin concentration, days to drying and skin color after drying.