• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2018

Understanding the classification of malocclusion is a crucial issue in Orthodontics. It can also help us to diagnose, treat, and understand malocclusion to establish a standard for definite class of patients. Principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means algorithms have been emerging as data analytic methods for cephalometric measurements, due to their intuitive concepts and application potentials. This study analyzed the macro- and meso-scale classification structure and feature basis vectors of 1020 (415 male, 605 female; mean age, 25 years) orthodontic patients using statistical preprocessing, PCA, random matrix theory (RMT) and k-means algorithms. RMT results show that 7 principal components (PCs) are significant standard in the extraction of features. Using k-means algorithms, 3 and 6 clusters were identified and the axes of PC1~3 were determined to be significant for patient classification. Macro-scale classification denotes skeletal Class I, II, III and PC1 means anteroposterior discrepancy of the maxilla and mandible and mandibular position. PC2 and PC3 means vertical pattern and maxillary position respectively; they played significant roles in the meso-scale classification. In conclusion, the typical patient profile (TPP) of each class showed that the data-based classification corresponds with the clinical classification of orthodontic patients. This data-based study can provide insight into the development of new diagnostic classifications.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.6 no.6 s.28
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• pp.152-159
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• 2005

Since Lean Construction has been introduced as a new management approach to improve productivity in the construction industry, much research is in progress to develop lean concepts and principles for better implementation and to get results of the successful adaptation of lean ideas from manufacturing for application in the construction industry. Currently, Lean Construction Institute developed Last Planner System to achieve better workflow and effective planning management. Domestic construction companies are also getting interested in the Lean Construction. However, there are no detailed guidelines how to implement lean system. Thus, this study will provide a guideline for deployment of last planner system, a prototype lean implementation control checklist, and all project participants roles based on the case studies in USA. This study should provide a framework to apply lean construction to domestic construction sites.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2006.06b
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• pp.215-225
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• 2006

Today's requirements for print-press runnability and print quality demand an optimised absorption and adhesion of printing ink on the paper surface. Modern coating concepts for high glossing offset grades use ultra fine pigments, whereas binder level has continuously been decreased to a minimum in recent years to achieve the highest possible sheet gloss development and for economical reasons. Both the ultra fine pigments and the reduced binder levels lead in many cases to a faster ink setting rate. On the other hand, matt paper grades use relatively coarse pigments leading to a slow ink setting compared to the high glossing papers. Both too fast and too slow ink setting properties implicate drawbacks in print quality and print press runnability. The mechanisms behind the interactions between ink and coating have been presented in many previous publications. The purpose of this study was to determine and quantify how the ink setting rate is influenced by pigment system (GCC and GCC/clay blends), latex level and latex properties in the topcoat of double coated sheet fed offset paper. The roles of binder level and type in the precoat were also assessed. The effect of calendering (temperature and pressure) was studied with one formulation. The resulting ink setting characteristics were tested using three different laboratory testing instruments. The correlation amongst the different laboratory testing methods is discussed. The results show that by varying the latex properties, the pigment system and/or latex addition level, the ink tack development of ink applied to a topcoat pigment system can be significantly influenced. It can be slowed down as often desired with ultra fine pigments or speeded up in the case of coarse pigments. There was no visible effect on the ink setting rate by using different binder systems in the precoat..

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.865-884
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• 2010

The purpose of this research was to analyze the characteristics of teachers' questionings in the geometry field and suggest the characteristics of teacher questioning to enhance students' mathematical creativity. Teacher questioning plays a role to students' mathematical achievements, mathematical thinking, and their attitudes toward mathematics. However, there has been little research on the roles of teacher questioning on students' mathematical creativity. In this research, researchers analyzed teachers' questions concerning the concepts of triangles in the geometric areas of 4th grade Korean revised 2007 mathematics textbooks. We also analyzed teachers' questionings in the three lessons provided by the Jeju Educational Internet Broadcasting System. We classified and analyzed teachers' questionings by the sub-factors of creativity. The results showed that the teachers did not use the questionings that appropriately enhances students' mathematical creativity. We suggested that teachers need to be prepared to ask questions such as stimulating students' various mathematical thinking, encouraging many possible responses, and not responding with yes/no. Instead, teachers need to encourage students to explain the reasons of their responses and to take part in learning activities with interest.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.176-182
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• 2001

The case for study in this paper is the Main Plan and Management for the Fukutoshin; the restructure of Nishi Shinjuku, This plan was first outlines in 1960, and includes a vast area of 96 ha for redevelopment. It aims to create a totally new center in the city. This was the first case in Japan, and in the world of a plan of these magnitudes. involving urban landscape restructuring from three points: Landscape (open spaces for public use: the Shinjuku Central Park and the surrounding area of the buildings), transport and commercial building developments. The Landscape plan for the green areas was decided in a way to compensate the population of the area and the visitors. As a rule, high-rise building constructions are placed each one in single lots and are surrounded by open spaces and greenery. Pedestrain areas are widened and also connected by bridges in a way to allow free circulation, and interconnection between the constructions and the green areas. Another important factor is the role that Private Corporation, and public interest plays. Joining these two forces has allowed the concretization of this project. This interpolation between public and private roles was an innovation in Japan, and it also the key for the concretion of the project. The historical review of the process and management of this project help us to put into perspective the introduction of new concepts and ideas, which were not related at that time to traditional Japanese Landscaping. Furthermore we are better able to understand the substantial increase in the percentage of land dedicated to green areas in contrast to the typical standards of Japanese cities.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-138
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• 1998

This paper aims to evaluate the regional development model related regional cooperative system, especially, with the governmental-educational-industrial mutual cooperative establishment plan for regional development to propose the basic direction pursued by engineering colleges, regional development policy and policy of science and technology. It proceeds through the analysis of the distinctive qualities of modern scientific technique and the system to pursue it's policy, and the study of the necessity and concepts of regional cooperative system. For this, the present condition and main issues regarding the cooperative research system among the government, education and industry complex such as the regional consortium projects and the regional cooperative research center etc, are analyzed and examined. Besides these, questionnaire survey method for experts on regional development is used concerning the regional cooperating system, their ongoing cooperative research, main issues and the roles of the mutual cooperative system. In conclusion, it proposed evaluating methods for solidifying cooperation and development of mutual relations between regional development and regional cooperative system.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.135-141
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• 2024

The article examines the key constants of reengineering the modern educational cluster, associated with the processes of digital transformation of all spheres of modern socio-cultural space. The first constant is the strategic rethinking of the educational process organization and awareness of the new roles of all participants (tutors, applicants, controlling elements, etc.). The other constant involves practical re-design of the system of educational services, which consists in the reorientation from the traditional model of education functioning for society to the implementation of the educational format in the form of new projects (structural, target, business). Consequently, the purpose of the study is to highlight the attitudes relevant to the modern realities of information and technological support of education in the context of socio-economic interactions of society. The criteria for the reengineering of educational concepts and the structural organization of the educational sphere are defined. The modern world is going through a period of complete digital transformation of all spheres of public activity. The scientific intelligence notes that education is no exception in these processes, as the dependence of educational realities on information and computer technologies is now noted. The COVID-19 pandemic, for all its tragedy, was also a kind of trigger, clearly marking the new components that have become defined in the organization of the educational process. The conclusion is made that the use of digital technologies in the organization of the educational institution or in the organization of the educational process has become not an auxiliary element, but a dominant factor. Mobility, dynamism, interdisciplinarity, synergy - all these aspects are relevant for socio-economic interactions of society and should be provided by educational programs. The results of the study can be used in the reorganization processes of educational institutions and institutions. Further research requires aspects of the analysis of the foreign experience of reengineering in education, carried out taking into account digital transformations of modern sociocultural space.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.404-420
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• 2024

Many risk-related issues within the realm of science education have been addressed through science-technology-related socioscientific issues (SSI) education. It has been established that the topics categorized as SSI are interconnected with risk-related issues. These topics emphasize numerous points of convergence with the goals of SSI education, particularly in understanding and analyzing risks, including risk assessment, risk management, and risk decision-making. Such understanding can aid in grasping the complexity of SSI based on risk-related issues and facilitate informed decision-making by structuring debates. Although there has been discourse on the need for education aimed at future survival and reflection on the responsibilities and roles of education in risk-prone societies, concepts or strategies related to actual risk responses are rarely addressed in science education and schools. Education tailored to risk-prone societies is not yet well established. This study explored the incorporation of climate change risk education into science education. A framework for climate change risk education was developed, encompassing seven elements, with corresponding definitions and examples. The researchers applied this framework to evaluate the extent to which climate change risk education is integrated into the current science curriculum of Korea. Additionally, SSI lesson scenarios related to climate change were analyzed using this risk education framework to determine the types and extent of risk education incorporated. The findings underscore the importance of teaching climate change risk education to equip students for rational decision-making.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.99-118
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• 2015

Object-oriented programming languages have been widely selected for developing modern information systems. The use of concepts relating to object-oriented (OO, in short) programming has reduced efforts of reusing pre-existing codes, and the OO concepts have been proved to be a useful in interpreting system requirements. In line with this, we have witnessed that a modern conceptual modeling approach supports features of object-oriented programming. Unified Modeling Language or UML becomes one of de-facto standards for information system designers since the language provides a set of visual diagrams, comprehensive frameworks and flexible expressions. In a modeling process, UML users need to consider relationships between classes. Based on an explicit and clear representation of classes, the conceptual model from UML garners necessarily attributes and methods for guiding software engineers. Especially, identifying an association between a class of part and a class of whole is included in the standard grammar of UML. The representation of part-whole relationship is natural in a real world domain since many physical objects are perceived as part-whole relationship. In addition, even abstract concepts such as roles are easily identified by part-whole perception. It seems that a representation of part-whole in UML is reasonable and useful. However, it should be admitted that the use of UML is limited due to the lack of practical guidelines on how to identify a part-whole relationship and how to classify it into an aggregate- or a composite-association. Research efforts on developing the procedure knowledge is meaningful and timely in that misleading perception to part-whole relationship is hard to be filtered out in an initial conceptual modeling thus resulting in deterioration of system usability. The current method on identifying and classifying part-whole relationships is mainly counting on linguistic expression. This simple approach is rooted in the idea that a phrase of representing has-a constructs a par-whole perception between objects. If the relationship is strong, the association is classified as a composite association of part-whole relationship. In other cases, the relationship is an aggregate association. Admittedly, linguistic expressions contain clues for part-whole relationships; therefore, the approach is reasonable and cost-effective in general. Nevertheless, it does not cover concerns on accuracy and theoretical legitimacy. Research efforts on developing guidelines for part-whole identification and classification has not been accumulated sufficient achievements to solve this issue. The purpose of this study is to provide step-by-step guidelines for identifying and classifying part-whole relationships in the context of UML use. Based on the theoretical work on Meta-model Formalization, self-check forms that help conceptual modelers work on part-whole classes are developed. To evaluate the performance of suggested idea, an experiment approach was adopted. The findings show that UML users obtain better results with the guidelines based on Meta-model Formalization compared to a natural language classification scheme conventionally recommended by UML theorists. This study contributed to the stream of research effort about part-whole relationships by extending applicability of Meta-model Formalization. Compared to traditional approaches that target to establish criterion for evaluating a result of conceptual modeling, this study expands the scope to a process of modeling. Traditional theories on evaluation of part-whole relationship in the context of conceptual modeling aim to rule out incomplete or wrong representations. It is posed that qualification is still important; but, the lack of consideration on providing a practical alternative may reduce appropriateness of posterior inspection for modelers who want to reduce errors or misperceptions about part-whole identification and classification. The findings of this study can be further developed by introducing more comprehensive variables and real-world settings. In addition, it is highly recommended to replicate and extend the suggested idea of utilizing Meta-model formalization by creating different alternative forms of guidelines including plugins for integrated development environments.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.4
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• pp.355-383
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• 1991

1. The Purpose of This study research: The focus of marketing until recently has simply been on sales which means the transfer of goods from the producer to the consumer and on profits therefrom. However, the excess supply of goods due to the expansion of the economy and the resulting fierce competition between companies have changed the nature of marketing. Maximizing consumers' satisfaction and establishing marketing mix strategies for market subdivision and penetration into the target market are now significant roles of the marketing manager. In addition, with regard to company management, information within the company which had been collected, managed and processed sporadically indegrated manner. The purpose of this research on marketing information systems in connection with the above will be to seek ways enabling us to create an efficient and integrated information system for an entire company. 2. The Method and Scop of This Stdudy: Marketing information systems, as a part of management information systems, shall be examined based on relevant theoretical literature. The research process shall be generally developed as follows: 1) The basic structure of the marketing information systems, including its fundamental purpose and necessity, shall be examined. 2) The method for a specific plan shall be presented through fundamental marketing strategy concepts and marketing decision-making. 3) A general model shall be presented based on examinations of various mod els used for marketing information systems and on research of the models' relationship with management information systems. 4) The direction of development shall be presented as the basis for gradual development following examination of the scope, pertinent issues, and means of improvement of the marketing information systems. 3. Summary and Conclusion: As the competition among the enterprises has become keen and thus the management of the contemporary enterprises shows the tendencies of uncertainty as well as complexity, all the managers must make the correct and prompt decision of their mind. Otherwise, the danger which will lead to and failure in the failure in the business may befall to the enterprise. Though computer system and information related techniques have the endless potentiality for the improvement of the enterprise, those are granted only to the enterprise which will be able to manage the computer system and information related techniques. In the contemporary industrial society, the need to a managerial information system has been increasing because all the complicated information can be stored, disposed and managed by the efficient method. And the marketing information system is also the integrated system which has been formed and developed through the efficient mixture of all the constituent elements including the definition of marketing research as the definition of the information system has been enlarged due to the reason shown above. The common point of the two systems is the man machine system functioning to help the efficient decision of the mind by introducing the computer system on the basis of user manager centered thought in order to provide informations to be useful in operation and management of the organization and the function of the mind decision. The purpose for the marketing information system lies in making the utmost use of marketing information available in the course of the mind decision. The reason why the contemporary enterprises necessitate the marketing information system are as follows: 1) The stages of the business operation are expanded wide to the world. 2) As the living standards of the consumers have been on the rise, the enter prise has to satisfy the consumer's "wants" than simple "needs".