• Title/Summary/Keyword: River sediment

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Determination of the Optimal Sediment Discharge Formula for Hyeongsan River Using GSTARS (GSTARS모형을 이용한 형산강의 최적 유사량공식 결정)

  • Ahn, Jung Min;Lyu, Siwan;Lee, Nam Joo
    • KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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    • v.32 no.1B
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    • pp.1-7
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    • 2012
  • Quasi-two dimensional numerical model (GSTARS) was applied to determine the optimal sediment discharge formula for simulating the sedimentologic characteristics of Hyeongsan river. The field measurements have been conducted to obtain the data, such as sediment discharge, bed material, and channel geometry, for model calibration and verification. The sediment discharge formulas, which have been generally used, have been assessed according to the average error, relative error, RMSE, RRMSE, discrepancy ratio and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient for bed changes along the thalweg. From the results, Laursen formula(1958) shows the best performance to simulate the long-term bed change of Hyeongsan river.

Toxicity Monitoring of River Sediments in the Geum River Basin using Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa (Daphnia magna와 Moina macrocopa를 이용한 금강수계 하천퇴적물 생태독성 모니터링)

  • Cho, Hyeyoon;Yoo, Jisu;Han, Youngseok;Han, Taejun;Kim, Sanghun;Jung, Jinho
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.1000-1007
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    • 2010
  • In this study, toxicity monitoring of sediments collected from 25 stations in the Geum river basin was conducted using Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. According to the results of acute toxicity tests (immobilization and mortality) of organic extracts of semdiments, Miho stream showed much less toxicity than Gap and Nonsan streams. In particular, significant toxicity was observed in both species for St.15 and St.16 sediment samples that passed through Deajeon city as a branch of Gap stream. For Nonsan stream, St.23 sediment showed high toxicity toward M. macrocopa. This site seemed to be affected by upper agricultural industrial complex. Additionally, M. macrocopa showed a higher sensitivity than D. magna for organic extracts of sediments. In the case of toxicity tests using sediment pore water and aqueous extracts, only pore water of St.27 sediment was toxic against D. magna. Toxicity identification evaluation showed that hydrogen sulfide was likely a major toxicant in the pore water.

Simulating Depositional Changes in River and It's Prediction (그래픽 모사기법을 이용한 하천 변천의 재현과 예측)

  • Lee, Young-Hoon
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.579-592
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    • 1994
  • A case study is presented where a fluvial system is modeled in three dimensions and compared to data gathered from a study of the Arkansas River. The data is unique in that it documents changes that affected a straight channel that was excavated within the river by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Excavation plan maps and sequential aerial photographs show that the channel underwent massive deposition and channel migration as it returned to a more natural, meandering path. These records illustrate that stability of fluvial system can be disrupted either by catastrophic events such as floods or by subtle events such as the altering of a stream's equilibrium base level or sediment load. SEDSIM, Stanford's Sedimentary Basin Simulation Model, is modified and used to model the Arkansas River and the geologic processes that changed in response to changing hydraulic and geologic parameters resulting from the excavation of the channel. Geologic parameters such as fluid and sediment discharge, velocity, transport capacity, and sediment load are input into the model. These parameters regulate the frequency distribution and sizes of sediment grains that are eroded, transported and deposited. The experiments compare favorably with field data, recreating similar patterns of fluid flow and sedimentation. Therefore, simulations provide insight for understanding and spatial distribution of sediment bodies in fluvial deposits and the internal sedimentary structure of fluvial reservoirs. These techniques of graphic simulation can be contributed to support the development of the new design criteria compatible with natural stream processes, espacially drainage problem to minimize environmental disruption.

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In situ Particle Size and Volume Concentration of Suspended Sediment in Seomjin River Estuary, Determined by an Optical Instrument,'LISST-100' (현장입도분석기를 이용한 섬진강하구 부유퇴적물의 특성 연구)

  • KIM Seok Yun;LEE Byoung Kwan
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.37 no.4
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    • pp.323-329
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    • 2004
  • In situ particle size and volume concentration of suspended sediment was measured at the mouth of Seomjin River Estuary In February 2001, using an optical instrument, 'LISST-100'. Time variation of in situ particle size and concentration shows: (1) during ebb tide, Seomjin River supplies relatively fine-grained particles with less-fluctuated, compared to during flood tide, and well-behaved concentrations following the tidal cycle; and (2) during flood tide, relatively coarse-grained particles with highly variable in size distribution and concentration flow upstream from Kwangyang Bay. This explains a poor correlation $(r^{2}=0.10)$ between sediment concentration and beam attenuation coefficient during flood and a high degree of correlation $(r^{2}=0.80)$ during ebb tide. Relatively fine grained and well defined, monotonous size distribution may promote the correlation between concentration and beam attenuation coefficient due to optical homogeneity of particles during ebb tide. Abundance of large aggregates with time-varying size and shape distributions may be mainly responsible for variations in optical properties of the sediment during flood tide, and thus may confound the relationship between the two variables. The difference in particle sizes and shapes between flood and ebb tides can also be observed on SEM images.

Potential of River Bottom and Bank Erosion for River Restoration after Dam Slit in the Mountain Stream

  • Kang, Ji-Hyun;So, Kazama
    • Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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    • 2011.05a
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    • pp.46-46
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    • 2011
  • Severe sediment erosion during floods occur disaster and economic losses, but general sediment erosion is basic mechanism to move sediment from upstream to downstream river. In addition, it is important process to change river form. Check dam, which is constructed in mountain stream, play a vital role such as control of sudden debris flow, but it has negative aspects to river ecosystem. Now a day, check dam of open type is an alternative plan to recover river biological diversity and ecosystem through sediment transport while maintaining the function of disaster control. The purpose of this paper is to verify sediment erosion progress of river bottom and bank as first step for river restoration after dam slit by cross-sectional shear stress and critical shear stress. Study area is upstream reach of slit check dam in mountain stream, named Wasada, in Japan. The check dam was slit with two passages in August, 2010. The transects were surveyed for four upstream cross-sections, 7.4 m, 34 m, 86 m, and 150 m distance from dam in October 2010. Sediment size was surveyed at river bottom and bank. Sediment of cobble size was found at the wetted bottom, and small size particles of sand to medium gravel composed river bank. Discharge was $2.5\;m^3/s$ and bottom slope was 0.027 m/m. Excess shear stress (${\tau}_{ex}$) was calculated for hydraulic erosion by subtracting the values of critical shear stress (${\tau}_{c}$) from the value of shear stress (${\tau}$) at river bottom and bank (${\tau}_{ex}=\tau-{\tau}_c$). Shear stress of river bottom (${\tau}_{bottom}$) was calculated using the cross-sectional shear stress, and bank shear stress (${\tau}_{bank}$) was calculated from the method of Flintham and Carling (1988). $${\tau}_{bank}={\tau}^*SF_{bank}((B+P_{bed})/(2^*P_{bank}))$$ where $SF_{bank}=1.77(P_{bed}/p_{bank}+1.5)^{-1.4}$, B is the water surface width, $P_{bed}$ and $P_{bank}$ are wetted parameter of the bed and bank. Estimated values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ for a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$ were lower as 25.0 (7.5 m cross-section), 25.7 (34 m), 21.3 (86 m) and 19.8 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, than critical shear stress (${\tau}_c=62.1\;N/m^2$) with cobble of 64 mm. The values were insufficient to erode cobble sediment. In contrast, even if the values of ${\tau}_{bank}$ were lower than the values for ${\tau}_{bottom}$ as 18.7 (7.5 m), 19.3 (34 m), 16.1 (86 m) and 14.7 (150 m), in N/$m^2$, excess shear stresses were calculated at the three cross-sections of 7.5 m, 34 m, and 86 m distances compare with ${\tau}_c$ is 15.5 N/$m^2$ of 16mm gravel. Bank shear stresses were sufficient for erosion of the medium gravel to sand. Therefore there is potential to erode lateral bank than downward erosion in a flow of $2.5\;m^3/s$. Undercutting of the wetted bank can causes bank scour or collapse, therefore this channel has potential to become wider at the same time. This research is about a potential of sediment erosion, and the result could not verify with real data. Therefore it need next step for verification. In addition an erosion mechanism for river restoration is not simple because discharge distribution is variable by snow-melting or rainy season, and a function for disaster control will recover by big precipitation event. Therefore it needs to consider the relationship between continuous discharge change and sediment erosion.

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Nitrate Flux at the Sediment-Water Interface in the West-Nakdong River Estuary (서낙동강 하구에서 퇴적물과 강물 경계면을 통한 질산염의 플럭스)

  • Lee, Tae-Hee;Lee, Tong-Sup
    • Ocean and Polar Research
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.635-646
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    • 2004
  • Chronic outbreaks of green tide in the Nakdong estuary toll a heavy socioeconomic cost. The paper investigates the influence of sediments on the nitrogen eutrophication, being claimed as the primary cause of green tide. To measure the flux of nitrate at the sediments-water interface, sediment cores were taken in Jan., Mar., May and Sep., 2000 at Noksan located in the West-Nakdong river estuary. The dissolved oxygen was profiled and then the pore water was extracted in situ. Core samples were analyzed for their textural characteristics. Cores were incubated by a novel technique to measure the fluxes of nitrate $(NO_3^-)$ and ammonia $(NH_4^+)$ at the sediment-water interface. The dissolved oxygen was depleted usually within several millimeters in the top sediments. Nitrate started to decrease drastically at the layer where dissolved oxygen was nearly depleted. Nitrate was also exhausted within several centimeters, followed by ammonia build up rapidly. The flux at the sediments-water interface calculated from the pore water concentrations revealed that nitrate was removed from the water column into the sediments. The sediment incubation experiment confirmed the above result. On the other hand ammonia were released from the sediment to the water column. As the incubation went on, however, the nitrate concentration in the overlying water was dropped below that of a top sediment. Then the flux is reversed, i.e., nitrate was released from the sediments to the water column. The implication is that the sediment can supply nitrate to the water column if it falls below a certain level. Thus it is likely that sediments in the eutrophicated river buffers the nitrate concentration in the water column, which leads to a prolonged green tide.

Modeling of Sediment and Phosphorous Transport in a River Channel (하천 내 유사와 인 이동에 관한 모델링)

  • Kim, Kyunghyun
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.332-342
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    • 2010
  • A model has been developed to investigate in-river sediment and phosphorus dynamics. This advective-dispersive model is coupled with hydrodynamics and sediment transport submodels to simulate suspended sediment, total dissolved phosphorus, total phosphorus, and particulate phosphorus concentrations under unsteady flow conditions. It emphasizes sediment and phosphorus dynamics in unsteady flow conditions, in which the study differs from many previous solute transport studies, conducted in relatively steady flow conditions. The diffusion wave approaximation was employed for unsteady flow simulations. The first-order adsorption and linear adsorption isotherm model was used on the basis of the three-layered riverbed submodel with riverbed sediment exchange and erosion/deposition processes. Various numerical methods were tested to select a method that had minimal numerical dispersion under unsteady flow conditions. The responses of the model to the change of model parameter values were tested as well.

Correlation Analysis of General Parameters and Metals in the Lake Sediments of Geum River Basin

  • Lee, Jun-Bae;Cho, Yoon-Hae;Huh, In-Ae;Khan, Jong-Beom;Oh, Da-Yeon;Yang, Yoon-Mo;Gil, Gi-Beom;Lee, Soo-Hyung;Cheon, Se-Yeok;Lee, Bo-Mi
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.50 no.6
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    • pp.684-696
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    • 2017
  • An investigation of grain size, organic compounds and metal distribution in lakes from Geum river basin (Republic of Korea) was conducted in two years (2014 and 2015). The samples of sediment were collected from the 3 lakes (12 sites). The samples were analyzed the concentration of metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, Al, and Li) and general indices including grain size. Spearman correlation coefficients were determined using general indices and metal concentrations respectively. The organic qualities of sediments were improved in 2015 compared with 2014. The concentrations of metals were lower than Sediment Criteria of Lakes in Korea. The significant Spearman correlation coefficients were presented only sand-clay, clay-water content, COD-TOC, Cu-Ni, Cd-Li, Zn-Li, and Cr-Ni of general and metal parameters in 2014, 2015 and both of two years.

A Tiered Approach of Washing and Stabilization to Decontaminate and Recycle Dredged River Sediment (세척과 안정화기술을 적용한 오염 준설토의 처리 및 재활용 시스템 개발)

  • Kim, Young-Jin;Nam, Kyoung-Phile;Lee, Seung-Bae;Kim, Byeong-Kyu;Kwon, Young-Ho;Hwang, In-Seong
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.15 no.2
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 2010
  • Although the demands for the dredging work have been increasing due to social and industrial reasons including national plan for restoration of four major rivers, environmental standards or management guidelines for the dredged river sediment are limited. The suggested environmental standard for the beneficial use of dredged river sediment consists of two levels, recyclable and concern, and includes eight contaminants such as metals and organic contaminants. The systematic approach to remediate dredged river sediment is also suggested. The system consists of both washing and stabilization processes with continuous multi particle separation. In the early stage, the sediments are separated into two particle sizes. The coarse-grained sediment over 0.075 mm, generally decontaminated with less trouble, follows normal washing steps and is sent for recycling. The fine-grained sediments under 0.075 mm are separated again at 0.025 mm. The particles bigger than this second separation point are treated in two ways, advanced washing for highly contaminated sediments and stabilization for less. The lab test results show that birnessite and apatite are most effective stabilizing agents among tested for Cd and Pb. The most fine residues, down-sized by continuous particle separation, are finally sent for disposal. The system is tested for metals in this study, but is expected to be effective for organic contaminants included in the environmental standard, such as PAH and PCE. The feasibility test on the field site will be followed.

Effects of Sediment Removal on Water Quality, Phytoplankton Communities and Benthic Macroinvertebrate (퇴적물 제거가 수질과 식물플랑크톤, 저서성 대형무척추동물에 미치는 영향)

  • Youn, Seok Jea;Kim, Hun Nyun;Kim, Yong Jin;Lee, Eun Jeong;Byeon, Myeong-Seop;Lee, Byoung-cheun;Lee, Jae-Kwan
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.301-307
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    • 2018
  • This study investigated the effects of sediment removal on water quality and phytoplankton development by setting up mesocosms at Uiam Lake, South Korea, and analyzing the environmental parameters and phytoplankton communities between June and October 2015. The comparison between testbed without sediment removal (TB-1) and testbed after sediment removal (TB-2) gave similar values for water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and electrical conductivity. Nevertheless, the average electrical conductivities of the two testbeds were $139{\mu}S/cm$ and $135{\mu}S/cm$, which were lower than the value obtained from the external control point (TB-con; $154{\mu}S/cm$). The small difference in total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations between the two testbeds implied that sediment removal did not greatly reduce nutrients; however, the phytoplankton cell count had decreased by approximately 37 % in TB-2 (average 1,663 cells/mL) compared to TB-1 (average 2,625 cells/mL). Compared to TB-con, the phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations of the two testbeds had decreased by 39 % and 30 %, respectively, whereas the phytoplankton abundance had decreased by up to 73 %, perhaps because of the blocked inflow of nutrients and the stabilized body of water caused by the installation of the mesocosm. The concentration of geosmin was lower in testbeds than in the external point, because installation of the structures had reduced the cyanobacteria biomass.