• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2008

In order to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrient profiles in the shallow pore water columns (upper 30 cm depth) of intertidal sandflats, we measured the salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water and seawater at various coastal environments along the southern coast of Korea. In the intertidal zone, salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water showed marked vertical changes with depth, owing to the active exchange between the pore water and overlying seawater, while they are temporally more stable and vertically constant in the sublittoral zone. In some cases, the advective flow of fresh groundwater caused strong vertical gradients of salinity and nutrients in the upper 10 cm depth of surface sediments, indicating the active mixing of the fresher groundwater with overlying seawater. Such upper pore water column profiles clearly signified the temporal fluctuation of lower-salinity and higher-Si seawater intrusion into pore water in an intertidal sandflat near the mouth of an estuary. We also observed a semimonthly fluctuation of pore water nutrients due to spring-neap tide associated recirculation of seawater through the upper sediments. Our study shows that the exchange of water and nutrients between shallow pore water and overlying seawater is most active in the upper 20 cm layer of intertidal sandflats, due to physical forces such as tides, wave set-up, and density-thermal gradient.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.561-568
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• 2013

The copper mineralization in Peru is intimately associated with porphyry Cu deposits and subdivides into three porphyry Cu belt as Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene, and Miocene. Up to now, the total copper production from them reach 28 Mt Cu. The total copper production from the Paleocene Cu belt, including Toquepala, Cuajone, and Cerro Verde, accounts for approximately 57% of total copper production from Peru. But focusing mineral exploration on middle southern (Eocene-Oligocene) and northwestern part (Miocene) of Peru results in new discoveries, including La Granja, El Galeno, Las Bambas, Toromocho, and Rio Blanco, which have an estimated annual production more than 200,000 t Cu. In addition to them, thirteen Cu deposits are discovered from the Paleocene, Eocene-Oligocene, and Miocene Cu belts. Thus, Peru is supposed to produce Cu production from 2014 and increases annual production from 143 Mt Cu in 2012 to 490 Mt Cu in 2019. Due to new discoveries, it is expected that mineral exploration activities in Peru are likely to move from Paleocene Cu belt to Eocene-Oligocene and Miocene Cu belts.

• 지역과문화
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.25-47
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• 2019

This study was to investigate the sustainable regional ecotourism development and management of the Quinta Mazatlan World Birding Center & Edinburg Scenic Wetland World Birding Center in the Lower Rio Grand Valley, Texas, USA. In oder to identify the substantiality of these two institutions, sustainable tourism evaluation indicators were developed based on the previous researches. Data were collected in December 2016 and March 2017 at the two World Birding Centers. Official documents regarding the sustainable management of the two agencies were collected and interviews with the directors of both centers were also proceeded. The findings show that the two World Bird Center have adopted basic measures for environmental substantiality but have adopted various management techniques, especially for economic and social sustainability. In particular, Quinta Mazatlan World Birding Centers have developed twenty programs and events to attract four different target markets including children and adolescents, families with young children, and adults. It also secured income by donation as wells as admission and rental fees. Furthermore, the two World Birding Centers have provided diverse volunteer opportunities for the local residents. Practical implications of the study for the Korea regional ecotourism development and management were also discussed at the end.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 1993

The lifespan and fecundity of three types(ultra small, small and large) rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis, were investigated. Generally, the lifespan and fecundity of three types rotifer were better at $25{\sim}27^{\circ}C$ than at $20{\sim}22^{\circ}C$, and this phenomenon was more distinct in the ultra small and the small type rotifers. With regard to salinity, while the ultra small and the large type rotifer prefer.ed low salinity(16ppt) to high salinity(32ppt), fecundity of the small type rotifer was higher at high salinity(32ppt) than at low salinity(16ppt). Suitable food organisms were Tetraselmis tetrathele and Chlorella ellipsoidea for the three types rotifer. Tetraselmis tetrathele was more adequate for the ultra small and large type rotifer as live food. However, Chlorella ellipsoidea showed better dietary value for the small type rotifer.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2018

We identified the main impacts, drivers, and restoration projects for Atlantic Forest in Northwest of the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The objective was to analyze the quantity, distribution, and causes of the environmental crimes in 2000-2014. To verify differences between degraded and restored areas, we performed a t-test; ANOVA for the municipalities with more quantity of crimes, simple linear regression analysis for the relationship between sizes of degraded areas and quantity of seedlings planted, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for environmental damages categories and population of the municipalities. The main environmental damages found were deforestation outside permanent preservation area (20%) and those related to Permanent Preservation Area (37%). Environmental crimes in these areas fall into two categories: native and exotic vegetation removal (17%), and impediment to natural regeneration (20%). The average size of the degraded areas was $5,359{\pm}526m^2$, while for restored areas was $3,337{\pm}255m^2$. The sizes of the degraded fragments were similar among the five municipalities with the higher number of environmental crimes (ANOVA: p>0.05, F=1.24; df=241). The number of seedlings planted was positively related to the sizes of the degraded fragments (p<0.001, $R^2=0.53$). Segregation between the less and the most populous municipalities was found with the PCA analysis along PC1 (51.7%), while PC2 represented 19.2% of the total variation. The most populous municipalities showed the highest number of environmental crimes, and the majority of degraded areas were recovered by planting native seedlings. Atlantic Forest fragments need to be recognized and preserved as an ecosystem with a unique ecological function by the population and public administration.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of pretreatment and extraction methods on the water extraction yields of sugar, protein and phenolic compounds, and the antioxidative activity of extract from Ganoderma lucidum. The herb was ground, sifted, and treated for 10 min with microwave (2,450 MHz) and ultrasound (20 kHz), and then extracted by boiling underatmospheric pressure and pressured boiling. Particle size $(0.8\~2.4\;mm)$, extraction time (2 hr) and solvent/solid ratio (20:1) were selected as optimal conditions for extraction.. Microwave and ultrasound treatment increased the extraction yields of total sugar, protein and phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging activity of extract. In comparison with microwave treatment and ultrasound treatment, microwave treatment was more effective than that of ultrasound treatment. The yields of all three compounds and the radical scavenging activity of extract were higher in pressured boiling extraction than in boiling underatmospheric pressure. The results showed that microwave radiation and sonication prior to extraction, and pressured extraction could be utilized for improving the extraction efficiency of G. lucidum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.410-416
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• 2017

Objective: This study was to evaluate the sunflower cake and enzymatic complex fed to broilers from 22 to 42 d of age. Methods: In a completely randomized design, a total of 850 birds were allotted in a $2{\times}5$ factorial scheme (with and without enzymatic complex) and five inclusion levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) of sunflower cake. There were 5 replications and 17 birds in each experimental unit. Data from performance, carcass yield and intestinal morphology were evaluated. Results: Feed intake, weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio linearly worsened as sunflower cake increased. For weight gain, final weight and feed:gain ratio, the birds whose diets contained levels of 15% and 20% of sunflower cake showed worse values (p<0.05) than the birds fed the control diet. When fed the enzymatic complex, birds improved (p<0.05) crypt depth and villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. As inclusion levels of sunflower cake increased, villus depth and villus:crypt ratio in duodenum, jejunum and ileum linearly reduced and the crypt depth linearly increased. Carcass yield linearly reduced as sunflower cake increased. Conclusion: Based on performance, sunflower cake can be used up to 10% in broilers feeding from 21 to 42 days of age.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.44.1-44.15
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• 2021

Background: Intraoperative fluids are still poorly studied in veterinary medicine. In humans the dosage is associated with significant differences in postoperative outcomes. Objectives: The aim of this study is to verify the influence of three different fluid therapy rates in dogs undergoing video-assisted ovariohysterectomy. Methods: Twenty-four female dogs were distributed into three groups: G5, G10, and G20. Each group was given 5, 10, and 20 mL·kg^-1·h^-1 of Lactate Ringer, respectively. This study evaluated the following parameters: central venous pressure, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, acid-base balance, and serum lactate levels. Additionally, this study evaluated the following urinary variables: urea, creatinine, protein to creatinine ratio, urine output, and urine specific gravity. The dogs were evaluated up to 26 h after the procedure. Results: All animals presented respiratory acidosis during the intraoperative period. The G5 group evidenced intraoperative oliguria (0.80 ± 0.38 mL·kg^-1·h^-1), differing from the G20 group (2.17 ± 0.52 mL·kg^-1·h^-1) (p = 0.001). Serum lactate was different between groups during extubation (p = 0.036), with higher values being recorded in the G5 group (2.19 ± 1.65 mmol/L). Animals from the G20 group presented more severe hypothermia at the end of the procedure (35.93 ± 0.61℃) (p = 0.032). Only the members of the G20 group presented mean potassium values below the reference for the species. Anion gap values were lower in the G20 group when compared to the G5 and G10 groups (p = 0.017). Conclusions: The use of lactated Ringer's solution at the rate of 10 mL·kg^-1·h^-1 seems to be beneficial in the elective laparoscopic procedures over the 5 or 20 mL·kg^-1·h^-1 rates of infusion.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.32-43
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• 1997

Deprivation of means to study the cultures and history of the natives of Bering Strait in their own lands, gives us and especially U. S. A. and Russia-where the objective regions of this study is pertained to-the great suffering of intellectual and aesthetic losses. Throughout 20th century, as political and economic forces prevailed, it became increasingly difficult for both Natives and outsiders to see this region as having common past. In such difficult circumstances, United Nations Council for Environmental Development held at Rio de Janeiro, Brasil in June, 1992 started out to give obligations to present environmental future. With such trend getting stronger and being in demand, this study is also focussed on coincides with such environmental matters and differs from man centered western civilization which ruled th environment rather than to harmonize with it. Through the studies of fashions and cultural materials of this region, it was able to identify the great similarities between Northwestern Alaska and Northeastern Siberia. Especially in the clothing materials of this region\`s toy dolls, it was possible to confirm that both side of Bering Strait possessed similar culture. Although both side had similar environment, in the past its peoples began to be seen as separated and alienated aligned only with their current political state-Russia and U. S. A. Through this study, it was able to see diversity of the peoples and thir languages but also close cultural and historical ties that link them very closely together. This study verified such similarities and common characteristics through close examination of Native clothing and decorations and other traditions of Siberian Natives such as Yupik, Chukchi, Koryak, Even, Amur River peoples and Nivkh; and Alaskan Natives such as Inupiag, Yupik, Alutiig, Aleut, Athapaskan, and Tlingit.