• 아동학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

Subjects were 78 12- to 35- month old infants, their mothers, and their teachers. Instruments included the Revised Toddler Temperament Questionnaire(Y. H. Choi 1990) and the Assessment Profile for Early Childhood Programs(M. K. Hong 1997; S. K. Kim 1999). There was no significant difference in perceptions of infant temperament between mothers and teachers. Infant-mother interaction differed by infant temperament in that mothers had high scores with easy infants but low scores with difficult children. On the other hand teachers maintained high interactions with difficult infants in the case of infant's rhythmicity. Infant-teacher interaction correlated with such teacher variables as teacher-infant ratio, teachers' academic backgrounds and working hours.

• 아동학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.78-93
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to develop a rating scale for measuring children's temperament. The subjects were 622(324 boys and 298 girls) 3-to 7-year-old children. The temperament rating scale was composed of 50 items(4-point Liken scales) was based on mother's interview, RITQ and PTQ. The raters were the subjects' mothers. The data were analysed on dimensions of validity, reliability, and item discrimination. Statistical methods were factor analysis, ${\chi}^2$-test, and calculations of Pearson's r Cramer's V and Cronbach's $\alpha$. On validity 5 factors were extracted, which explained 84% of the total common variance. The 5 factors were named 'malleability', 'activity', 'sensitive reactivity', 'eating habits & physical constraints', 'physiological rhythmicity'. Regarding reliability, Cronbach's $\alpha$ appeared between .66 and .81 among the 5 factors. Regarding item discrimination, the degree of discrimination on all 50 items was significant and acceptable.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

Most living organisms synchronize their physiological and behavioral activities with the daily changes in the environment using intrinsic time-keeping systems called circadian clocks. In mammals, the key molecular features of the internal clock are transcription- and translational-based negative feedback loops, in which clock-specific transcription factors activate the periodic expression of their own repressors, thereby generating the circadian rhythms. CLOCK and BMAL1, the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/PAS transcription factors, constitute the positive limb of the molecular clock oscillator. Recent investigations have shown that various levels of posttranslational regulation work in concert with CLOCK/BMAL1 in mediating circadian and cellular stimuli to control and reset the circadian rhythmicity. Here we review how the CLOCK and BMAL1 activities are regulated by intracellular distribution, posttranslational modification, and the recruitment of various epigenetic regulators in response to circadian and cellular signaling pathways.

• 약학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.86-91
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• 1963

Crystal A and B were isolated from L. pseudo-leave Nakai and their pharmacological action was observed. Crystal A, in dose of 5 * $10^{-4}$ - 5 * $10^{-5}g/ml$, stimulated excised frog heat but at 2.5 * $10^{-6}$ - 0.5 * $10^{-5}g/ml$ of crystal B, depressant effect was observed. Mild stimulation of rhythmicity of exercised rabbit intestine was produced by 1 * $10^{-4}$ g/ml of crystal A and 2 * $10^{-4}g/ml$ of crystal B. Marked depression of tone was produced by 2 * $10^{-4}g/ml$ of crystal A, antagonizing by pilocarpine. Crystal B(4 * $10^{-4}gm/l)produced$ mild stimulation, followed by depression of tone. No curare-like action on excised frog abdominal muscle was elicited with both substances.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.449-458
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices in poor eating infants. The participants were 80 infants of 12-24 months (27 poor eaters and 53 matched normal controls) from a hospital and a public health center. Mothers were questioned about their eating behaviors and feeding practices, and infants' temperaments, eating behaviors, and nutrient intakes by one day food recall. Subjects were divided by mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR, < 0.75; poor eater). Intakes of Ca, P, Fe, Zn, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, E, folate were below 75% RDA in poor eaters, whereas protein, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B$_6$, C, folate exceeded 125% RDA in good eaters. Rhythmicity of infants' temperaments and eating behaviors, restriction of mothers' eating behaviors and feeding practices were significantly lower, whereas activity levels of infants' temperaments were higher than good eaters. In multiple logistic regression model of poor eaters, activity of infants' temperaments (T, OR: 1.19, CI: 1.05 - 1.35) and attention spans of infants' eating behaviors (A, OR: 1.18, CI: 1.03 - 1.35) were significantly positive, whereas rhythmicity of infants' eating behaviors (R, OR: 0.79, CI: 0.61-0.94) was significantly negative [E (the legit) : -6.8644+0.1712$\times$T-0.2337$\times$R+0.1641$\times$A]. Our findings suggest that examination of eating behaviors, feeding practices, and temperaments will help target interventions to improve infants' food intakes, and these variables should be examined at the time of nutrition counseling.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1064-1072
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• 2013

일주기 리듬은 모든 살아있는 유기체의 생리현상을 지배하는 호르몬의 변화에 의해서 조절된다. 포유동물에서 송과체의 주된 기능은 시상 하부 시교차 상핵에서 발생되는 일주기 리듬을 주로 어두울 때 증가하는 순환성 멜라토닌의 리듬 신호로 변화시키는 것이다. 송과체는 직접적인 광감도는 없지만, 망막신경절세포로 하부조직을 포함하는 멀티 시냅스 경로를 통하여 빛에 반응한다. 주기적인 리듬 조절은 주위환경의 빛과 멜라토닌 생성의 리듬조절 효소인 arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT)의 발현과 긴밀한 관계를 통해 이루어진다. 이전 실험에서 AANAT 단백질이 어두울 때의 발현이 전사 조절, 전사 후 조절, 번역 후 조절 메커니즘으로 설명되었다. AANAT 단백질 발현에 관한 분자적 기전은 멜라토닌의 일주기 리듬에 대한 새로운 견해를 제공한다. 광범위한 동물 연구에서 많은 포유류의 계절 리듬을 위한 송과체 멜라토닌은 일주기 리듬의 조절과 수면 조절에 관련이 있는 것으로 알려졌다. 이것은 시차증이나 교대 근무 수면 장애와 같은 일주기 리듬 수면 장애를 치료하는 데 있어서 가치가 있다. 또한 멜라토닌은 다른 영역에도 영향을 미치는데 특히 몸의 생리적 기능을 조절하는데 영향을 미친다. 게다가 정신의학적 질환뿐 만 아니라 생식기 질환, 심혈관 질환, 면역 조절 질환도 이 호르몬에 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2002

A comparison of the functional components underlying photoperiodism and circadian rhythmicity in the same species is an interesting issue in the context of unravelling clock mechanisms. In the present study, covering or surgical removal of the compound eyes was performed to localize photoreceptors for photoperiodism to control reproductive diapause and for entrainment of circadian locomotor rhythms in the blow fly Protophormia terraenovae. Intact flies showed a long-day photoperiodic response. When the compound eyes were covered by silver paint, diapause incidence increased under diapause-averting conditions of a long-day photoperiod and constant light, as if flies were kept under constant darkness. Covering of a medial region of the head capsule or solvent painting of the compound eyes gave no significant effects. When the compound eyes were removed, flies did not distinguish the photoperiod, whereas removal of antennal lobes or ocelli did not affect the photoperiodism. Intact flies showed a freerunning rhythm under constant darkness. The rhythm entrained to light-dark (LD) cycles with light of high and low intensity. When the compound eyes and ocelli were surgically removed, the rhythm entrained to LD cycles with light of high intensity but freeran under LD cycles with light of low intensity. The results suggest the retinal pathways are involved in photoperiodism and that flies use both retinal and extraretinal pathways for rhythm entrainment. Under dim light-LD cycles, the retinal pathways mainly mediate rhythm entrainment. Retinal photoreceptors seem to be used both for photoperiodism and entrainment of the rhythm.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.396-406
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• 2009

Drapery costume started with using one fabric to loosely wrap around one's body without using technical skills or needlework. Drapery becomes a beautiful and indeterminate form of pleated costume which determines the costume silhouette and serves as an essential component for the composition of artistic costume. The purpose of this study was to examine the aesthetic characteristics of drapery costume using literature review. The study methods include considerations of the formation process of drapery costume with the analysis of costume in pictures. For modern costume designs, the study analyzed the designer's dress with a focus on drapery forms, which appeared in the collections from 2001 to 2007. First, drapery costume contains the beauty of human body. Drapery costume reveals the smallest movement of the body. The beauty of drapes, which is naturally revealed along the curve of the body, and the pleats which form on the soft cloth create the beauty of body. Second, drapery costume has rhythmical beauty. Drapery pleats feature not only functions, but also unique formativeness that provides rhythmicity and regular or irregular direction effects by line. Third, drapery costume features elegant beauty. Bias cutting by draping can effectively express the elegant characteristics of the fabric. In making a piece of clothing, the composition method can express elegant beauty by covering up the shortcomings of the fitting and by fitting to the body line without cutting the fabric, or fitting it by bias cutting.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.21-25
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• 2003

The implications of temperature $(25, 30 and 35{\times}1^{\circ}C)$ and relative humidity $(60, 70 and 80{\times}2%)$ on the moulting pattern, moulting duration and moulting survival were studied in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Larvae of two pure silkworm breeds, Pure Mysore (PM) and NB$_4$D$_2$and their hybrid, $PM{\times}NB_{4} D_{2}$ were reared under experimental conditions under natural day photoperiodic (LD 12:12) condition. Two developmental marker events in the fourth moulting, settling for moult (SM) and completion of moult (CM) occurred at or around the middle of the photophase. The computed mean vector (equation omitted), based on the circular statistics also confirmed the above. Temperature and humidity did not alter the moulting rhythmicity much. However, extreme temperature and humidity conditions reduced moulting survival in PM and $PM {\times}NB_{4} D_{2}$. Further, moulting survival reduced below the economic level in $NB_{4} D_{2}$. The temperature and humidity together seem to exert synergic impact on the moulting survival of the silkworm Bombyx mori, at least in $NB_{4} D_{2}$.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.444-450
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• 2011

Purpose: Mothers' postpartum depression is a worldwide health concern that produces compromising effects on their infants. This study was conducted to compare the infants' temperament and health problems according to the presence of maternal postpartum depression. Methods: Data were collected from May to October in 2009. The sample was 137 mothers at one month postpartum. The Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess depressive symptoms. Results: At one month postpartum, 22.6% of mothers were classified as having postpartum depression. Infants of depressed mothers were more frequently classified as difficult temperament infants. They showed lower scores on the amenability, rhythmicity and persistency and higher scores on activity in temperament. Also, infants of depressed mothers reported more infant health problems at one months. Maternal depression showed significant negative correlations with family functioning, social support and marital satisfaction. Conclusion: Study findings show that postpartum maternal depression is associated with infants' temperament and health, and thus screening and early interventions for postpartum depression would promote the health of both the mother and infant.