• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2013

Mast cells is the key effector cells for IgE-mediated allergic responses. In this study, we investigated whether Rhus trichocarpa extract (RT) inhibited IgE-mediated allergic responses in mast cells and an allergic animal model. We further tried to find its mechanism of action in mast cells. We found that RT suppressed antigen-stimulated degranulation and production of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-4 in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cells and bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC), as well as IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice. As the mechanism of action of RT, it inhibited the activation of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), a pivotal signaling molecule for activation of mast cells and that of LAT, a downstream adaptor molecule of Syk in $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$-mediated signal pathways. RT also suppressed the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and Akt. The current results demonstrated for the first time that RT has the anti-allergic effect through inhibiting degranulation and secretion of cytokines by suppression of Syk in antigen-stimulated mast cells. Therefore, RT might be useful for allergic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.354-360
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• 2002

To investigate the structure and the conservation strategy of Natural forest at the ridge from Gittaebong to Cheongoksan area 34 plots(10m$\times$10m) were set up with random sampling method. Three groups(Quercus mongolica community, Quercus mongolica-Tilia amurensis community. Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla community) were classified by cluster analysis. High positive correlations were proved between Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora; Pyrus pyrifolia and Viburnum sargentii, Euonymus sachalinensis; Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Pinus densiflora; Symplocos chinensis for. Pilosa and corylus sieboldiana var. mandshurica, Rhus trichocarpa Lespedeza bicolor; Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Weigela subsessilis and Euonymus sachalinensis, Rhus trichocarpa, Lespedeza bicolor; Rhus trichocarpa and Lespedeza bicolor and high negative corrlations were proved between Quercus mongolica and Tilia amurensis, Acer Pseudo-sieboldianum. Species diversity(H') of investigated area was 0.5981~0.8150.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.202-209
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• 1998

Through total fatty acid analysis by the Gas chromatography, 17 different fatty acids were identified from the sap extracted from bark of Korean Rhus(Anacardiaceae), six species. Linoleic acid(C18 :2) and oleic acid(C18 : 1) were identified as major fatty acids for the species investigated, but except in R. chinensis.In the fatty acid composition for the species, one or two specific-fatty acid was detected, and its could be utilized as a useful taxonomic character.The result of cluster analysis by the 22 reliable characters in the fatty acid composition suggested first group was R.trichocarpa and R. succedanea, the second group, R.verniciflua, R.ambgua and R. sylvestris, but R.chinensis was a greatly independent species. The possible chemotaxonomic application of the fatty acid composition of bark in the genus Rhus was discussed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-173
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• 1995

This study was conducted to clarify not only the phytogeographical distribution but also species characteristics of Korean-native Anacardiaceae. 6 species of I genus were ascertained from herbarium specimens and field survey of natural population. Rhus verniciflua have been mainly cultivated in Wonju region, Kangwon-do and Hamyang region, Kyeongsangnam-do, could be cultivated in all parts of Korea, especially more in cold area. R. trichocarpa was distributed in all parts except for some far-islands of South in Korea. Petiole was especially reddish. Fruits are matured in June-July, and have stiff trichomes. R. sylvestris was widely distributed in the subtropical-temperate and temperate zone, and mainly distributed in the seashore and islands under 36$^{\circ}$ in Korea. Leaflets and petiole was reddish, and fruits were glabrous. R succedanea was only distributed in Jeju-do and several islands which is subtropical zone in Korea. Leaflets were lanceolate to oblong, characterized by little trichomes. R.chinensis is a ubiquitous tree which is widely distributed in the temperate zone, in Korea, and ranged perpendicularly to 800-900m. Inflorescense was characterized by apical site. Fruit was covered with dense short hairs and sometimes milky latex. R. ambigua was only distributed in subtropical zone, native in Kwang-do and Sangbaek-do, Yeochon-gun, Chunlanam-do in Korea. Especially, this species was a vine, trifoliolate and most poisonous. Leaflets were coriaceous, glabrous, and revolute type.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.2
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• pp.151-165
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• 1995

This study was conducted to establish a systematized taxonomic problems of through the leaf morphological characters and leaf venation patterns, and stomatal cell patterns and cell characteristics of abaxial and adaxial surface of the leaflets by SEM, of 6 native species in Korea and 2 foreign species of the Genus Rhus in the Family Anacardiaceae. The results obtained from this study are summarized as followings: 1. Morphological study measured 32 characters of leaves from herbarium specimen and field-collected samples for each species. The results of cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance showed that the species could be classified into 3 groups: R. sylvestris. R. typhina, R. succedanea: R. trichocarpa. R. chinensis. R. verniciflua: and R. ambigua. R. radicans subsp. orientale, Analysis of principal components showed 5 groups: The major factors in the first principal component group was length of petiole of the terminal leaflets, that in the second group angle of left side in the terminal leaflet bash, that in the third group area ratio between first and terminal leaflets, that in the forth group angle ratio between right and left side in the terminal leaflet base, and that in the fifth group was angle of main and secondary vein at midrib of terminal leaflet. Cumulative contribution by the first, second and third principal component group was explained with 82.6%, a large percent of all information. 2. The leaf venation pattern investigated using soft X-ray photography revealed clado-and reticulo-camptodromous types according to branching angle of the secondary vein. And three groups by the developing degree of secondary vein were R. trichocarpa, R. ambigua. R. chinensis, R. typhina; R. radicans subsp. onentale, R. succedanea, R. verniciflua: and R. sylvestris. Classification key for the Rhus of Korean-native Anacardiaceae was made by the venation pattern and devevoping degree of the secondary vein. 3. The stomatal cell patterns were greatly classified into paracytic and anomocytic types, specific among species according to stomatal and subsidiary cell patterns, and various differences among the species was determined. Microstructure of the adaxial and abaxial surfaces could be divided into synclinal and anticlinal cell wall patterns, and were specific-species. Stomatal cells of R. chinensis were surrounded with characterized villus-like cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2008

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in cutting-slope area of the Baekdu Range roadside. In the cutting-slope area and upper forest area of the cutting-slope area, sample plots of 104 were selected and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. We found total 151 species in the 104 plots. The species of high frequency of Baekdu Range roadside were found in the order of Lespedeza bicolor, Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Pinus densiflora, Salix hulteni, Lespedeza cuneata, Erigeron annuus, Rubus crataegifolius, Spodiopogon sibiricus, etc. The dominancy of Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Lespedeza bicolor, Pinus densiflora, Salix hulteni, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Miscanthus sinensis, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Acer ginnala were 12.74%, 10.43%, 7.48%, 4.42%, 4.09%, 3.13%, 2.49%, 2.45%, 2.40% in the roadside cutting-slope, respectively. The importance value of Quercus mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Lespedeza bicolor, Quercus serrata, Rhus trichocarpa were 17.32%, 13.82%, 11.60%, 11.31%, 8.76%, 8.04%, 7.65%, 7.10% in shrub layer of the upper forest area, respectively. The species of Carex lanceolata, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Carex siderosticta, Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia sp., Potentilla fragarioides var. major, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster scaber, Lysimachia clethroides, Patrinia villosa, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Rhus trichocarpa, Stephanandra incisa, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Lespedeza sp., Lespedeza cuneata, Amorpha fruticosa, Ligustrum obtusifolium, and Weigela subsessilis, may be more helpful in stabilizing of the cutting-slope area and making harmony with the surrounding forest area.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.238-243
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• 2009

We examined ethanol extracts prepared from 23 Korean local plants obtained in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do for their inhibitory effects on recombinant human AKR 1 B10 (rhAKR1B10) in vitro. To do this, rhAKR1B10 was first expressed in E. coli as a biological active form and purified by using Ni-affinity chromatography followed by gel permeation chromatography. Then, rhAKR1B10 was used for screening out 23 Korean local plant extracts having an inhibitory activity against itself. Among them, six extracts showed more than 50% inhibition of rhAKR1B10 activity at the concentration of $10{\mu}g$/ml. Especially, the extracts of Ligularia fischeri var. spiciformis Nakai and Rhus trichocarpa Miq. were the most potent because their $IC_{50}$ values were 2.94 and $2.00{\mu}g$/ml, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.257-284
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• 1989

This study was carried out to characterize pinus densiflora forests in middle province (Mt. Seolag, Mt. Taebaik) south province (Mt. Sokli, Mt. Jiri) and south-coast province (Mt. Daedun) of Korea. The appearance species in the P. densiflora alliance included 325 taxa and varied according to the direction of slopes. The steeper the slope was, the fewer number of taxa were observed. The floristic composition of south-coast province was gradually changing to the south hemispheric factors. Dominant species groups of P. densiflora alliance were classified into P. densiflora, Quercus serrata ( layer), Rhus trichocarpa ( layer), Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tomentella (S layer), Artemisia keiskeana, Carex humilis var. nana, Spodiopogon sibiricus (K layer). Quercus variabilis, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Styrax japonica association were formed under the P. densiflora alliance. Quercus, Rhus, Lespedeza and Rhododendron groups maintained high ecological relationships one another. The soil factors (pH, organic matters, and water field capacity)and relative light intensity tended to show negative correlation, which were significantly different among provinces. The P. densiflora forests of Korea were classified into one alliance and four associations, that is, pinion densiflorae Suz.-Tok. 1966, Quercetum variabilae ass. nov., Quercetum mongolicae ass. nov. Fraxinetum sieboldianae ass. nov. and Styraxetum japonicae ass. nov.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.231-246
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• 1992

In order to estimate effects of air pollution for pinus thunbergii forests arounding onsan industrial complex, structure of forest vegrtation was surveyed. In the survey of forest vegetation, pinus densiflora have been died or being withered, and importance value(I.V) of rhododendron mucromulatum and lespedeza spp. were low at the vicinity of industrial complex. Especially lespedeza maximowiczii and l. maritima were not entirely appeared at the vicinity of industrial complex. I.V. of quercus serrata, robinia pseudoacacia and alnus firma were preferably high at the vicinity of industrial complex, and those of smilax china, rubus crataegifolius and rhus trichocarpa were similar at every site and it could be guessed that those had a tolerance. Number of species had a difference over 10 species at the vicinity of industrial complex as compared with those of remote sites, and species diversity showed highly at the farther sites of industrial complex, and also at the low layer, number of species, species diversity and evennes were low at the vicinity of industrialcomplex and species weakened to air pollution were disappearing. It was possible that forest vegetation would be changed from pinus spp. to community of a. firma and r. pseudoacacia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 1998

Sex ratios, and patterns of tree size and growth variation, resource allocation, spatial and age class distribution between the sexes were investigated in natural populations of the sexual trees, R. trichocarpa and R. sylvestris, and the mainly asexual, clonal tree, R. javanica of the dioecious Rhus (Anacardiaceae) distributed in Korea. Sex ratios for three species exhibited a significant degree of female bias, but among the populations, sex ratios were seen to vary quite widely. The measurement of tree size and annual increment of male trees in R. trichocarpa and R. sylvestris were significantly higher than those of female trees, but not significantly different in R. javanica. In all of the species, flowering branch number per individual and inflorescence number per branch of males outnumbered those of females. Branch number per individual, rachis(leaf) number per branch and rachis(leaf) number per inflorescence were more in females than in males. These results were considered as reproductive efforts to increase the pollen supply in males and the fruit production in females. Spatial distribution analysis in two different populations of R. trichocarpa indicated that males and females were randomly distributed in space, but seedlings were clumped around parental trees. Analysis of age class distributions between the sexual reproduction trees, R. triclaocarpa and R. sylvestris, and the asexual, clonal tree, R. javanica showed a different distribution in frequencies of males and females in each age class. These results showed that sexual and asexual reproduction tree species had almost different preference of habitats, and different sex ratio and annual growth.