• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.52-59
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• 2007

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in cutting-slope area of the Baekdu Range roadside. In the cutting-slope area and upper forest area of the cutting-slope area, sample plots of 46 were selected and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. We found total 90 species in the 46 plots. We found Festuca arundinacea in 27 plots of the 46 plots. We also found Lespedeza bicolor in 26 plots, Eragrostis curvula in 22 plots, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis in 19 plots, Erigeron annuus and Pinus densiflora in 15 plots, Lactuca indica var. laciniata in 14 plots, Miscanthus sinensis in 13 plots, Oenothera odorata, Commelina communis, and Humulus japonicus in 11 plots, Lespedeza cuneata in 10 plots, Salix koreensis and Salix hulteni in 9 plots, Festuca rubra, Youngia denticulata, Aster scaber, and Festuca arundinacea in 8 plots, Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum in 7 plots, Patrinia villosa and Erigeron canadensis in 6 plots, and Setaria viridis, Digitaria sanguinalis, and Dactylis glomerata in 5 plots.The dominancy of Festuca arundinacea, Eragrostis curvula, Lespedeza bicolor, Miscanthus sinensis, Pinus densiflora, Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Erigeron annuus, Lespedeza cuneata, Dactylis glomerata, Salix koreensis, Alnus hirsuta, Pueraria thunbergiana, Medicago sativa, Lactuca indica var. laciniata, and Digitaria sanguinalis were 13.41% 11.87%, 4.88%, 4.56%, 3.38%, 2.29%, 2.14%, 2.14%, 1.99%, 1.95%, 1.54%, 1.47%, 1.44%, 1.37%, 1.15%, 1.13%, 1.07% in the roadside cutting-slope, respectively. The dominancy of Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhus trichocarpa, Quercus mongolica, Lespedeza bicolor, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, and Quercus serrata 22.15%, 13.36%, 13.14%, 12.03%, 11.74%, 11.20%, and 11.14% in shrub layer of the upper forest area, respectively. The species of Rhododendron mucronulatum, Lindera obtusiloba, Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Weigela subsessilis, Stephanandra incisa, Rhamnus davurica, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Lindera erythrocarpa, Rosa multiflora, Rubus coreanus, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa, Smilax china, Prunus sargentii, and Staphylea bumalda may be more helpful in stabilizing of the cutting-slope area and making harmony with the surrounding forest area.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.284-293
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• 2020

We present a quantitative survey of the carbon storage and absorption capacity of tree species in the vegetation conservation and ecological restoration areas of Bulamsan urban nature park in Nowon-gu, Seoul. The density of the sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima) community in the ecological conservation area is approximately 30 individuals/225 ㎡, while a further 20 species, such as Japanese snowbell (Styrax obassia), galcham oak (Quercus aliena), Asian Sweetleaf (Symplocos chinensis f. pilosa), East Asian ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla), and Korean rhododendron (Rhododendron mucronulatum) are sparsely distributed. In contrast, the ecological restoration sites typically comprised Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica), jolcham oak (Quercus serrata), and East Asian ash (Fraxinus rhynchophylla) plantations, with planting densities of 8.3, 7.7, and 14.3 individuals/25 ㎡ , respectively. Approximately 10 species, including Amur maple (Acer tataricum subsp. ginnala), Korean mountain ash (Sorbus alnifolia), Japanese spice bush (Lindera obtusiloba), and Korean rhododendron (Rhododendron mucronulatum) were identified in the ecologically restored area. The total amounts of carbon stored by the trees in the vegetation conservation and ecological restoration sites are 250.77 and 19.3 t C ha-1, respectively, and the total annual carbon uptakes are 10.28 and 2.33 t C ha-1 yr-1, respectively. The survey results are expected to provide important basic data for monitoring the carbon absorption capacity and carbon balance of green areas in the city.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.477-487
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• 1993

To investigate phenological differences among species, and relationship between phenology and air temperatures, we surveyed foliation and flowering times of several woody plants in two temperate forests, Namhansansung and Taegwallyong area, for three years, 1991, 1992 and 1993. In Namhansansung area, the leaves of Quercus mor~golica, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Prunus levezlleana and Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa expanded in the early season(about 10 April), and those of Quercus variabilis, Quercus dentata and Maackia amurensis in the late season(about 5 May). The foliation time of the earliest species(Rhododendron mucronulatum) was 27 days earlier than thzt of the latest(Maackia amurensis, Quercus variabilis and Quercus dentata). In Taegwallyong area, the leaves of Staphylea bumalda and Rhamnus yoshinoi foliated on 25 April and those of Rhus verniciflua and Fraxinus rhynchophylla on 25 May. The annual mean air temperature of Narnhansansung area was $5.5^{\circ}C$ higher than that of Taegwallyong area. Foliation times of the same species were earlier in the former: the differences between two areas were 8~24 day among species. In contrast, flowering times of the same species were 0~22 days earlier in the former. It is concluded that the budding time of leaves was related to year day index(YDI), and foliation time of leaves was related to Nuttonson's index(Tn).

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2007

The physiochemical properties of Rhododendron mucronulatum pollens were examined after the use of various extraction conditions. The levels of phenolic compounds and electron donating abilities (DPPH) were better after 80% (v/v) ethanol extraction than after water extraction. The content of phenolic compounds and the DPPH were high when the solvent ratio was 20X. The content of phenolic compounds was highest at $45^{\circ}C$ (347.60 mg/100 g). The DPPH was highest, at 67.93%, when extraction was performed at $25^{\circ}C$. An extraction time of 6 hr yielded the highest content of phenolic compounds (312.63 mg/100 g). The DPPH did not vary with extraction time. Both the levels of phenolic compounds and DPPH values rose when extractions were performed twice. In summary, a solvent ratio of 20X, an extraction temperature of $25-45^{\circ}C$, double extraction and an extraction time of 6 hare optimal for extraction, with maximal DPPH and phenolic content, of Jindalrae pollens.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.321-334
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• 2014

This study was conducted to identify plant growth promoting effects of native plant resources and medicinal plants. 65 kinds of plant extracts from 64 species were evaluated based on two rice(Oryza sativa) seedling bioassays for gibberellins and gibberellin-like substances. 12 extracts of Artemisia princeps stem and leaf, Cirsium japonicum var. maackii whole plant, Rhododendron mucronulatum branch and leaf, Phragmites communis stem, Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen whole plant, Lespedeza bicolor branch and leaf, Hydrangea serrata f. acuminata whole plant, Phlomis umbrosa whole plant, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Rhizome, G. uralensis stem and leaf, Angelica gigas root, and Cnidium officinale rhizome showed growth promotion of rice seedlings. Our results suggested that the parts of these plants could be the potential sources as farm-made liquid fertilizers for plant growth promotion.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.21-32
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Bubong to Poamsan, 16 plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was found as a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Bubong to Poamsan, and partly in lower elevation was occupied by Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora. High positive correlations was proved between Lespedeza maximowixcii and Pinus koraiensis, Fruxinus sieboidiana and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Acer mono and Weigela subsessilis, and relatively high negative correlations was proved between Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhododendron mucronulatum Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged $0.9066\~1.0821$, and it was relatively low compared to those of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of mountain ridge from Bubong to Poamsan, 16plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Two groups of Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica was a major woody plant species in the ridge area from Bubong to Poamsan, and Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora were partly occupied in lower elevations. High positive correlations were proved between Lespedeza maximowixcii and Pinus koraiensis, Fraxinus sieboldiana and Rhododendron mucronulatum, Acer mono and Weigela subsessilis, and relatively high negative correlations were proved between Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Rhododendron mucronulatum. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $0.9066\~1.0821$, and it was relatively low value compared to that of mountain ridge area of other national parks.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.401-414
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• 2017

Vegetation and landscape characteristics at the three highest summits of Republic of Korea, i.e. Seoraksan, Jirisan and Hallasan, are analyzed on the basis of species composition, physiognomy, vegetation distribution and structure of alpine plants, along with landform, geology, soil and habitat conditions. Dominant high mountain plants at three alpine and subalpine belts contain deciduous broadleaved shrub, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum (31.6%), and evergreen coniferous small tree, Pinus pumila (26.3%) at Seoraksan, deciduous broadleaved tree, Betula ermanii (35.3%), evergreen coniferous tree, Picea jezoensis (23.5%) at Jirisan, and evergreen coniferous tree, Abies koreana (22.6%), deciduous broadleaved shrub, Rhododendron mucronulatum var. ciliatum, and Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii (19.4%) at Hallasan, respectively. Presence of diverse landscapes at the peak of Seoraksan, such as shrubland, grassland, dry land along with rocky areas, and open land may be the result of hostile local climate and geology. High proportion of grassland and wetland at the top of Jirisan may related to gneiss-based gentle topography and well developed soil deposits, which are beneficial to keep the moisture content high. Occurrence of grassland, shrubland, dry land, conifer vegetation, and rocky area at the summit of Hallasan may due to higher elevation, unique local climate, as well as volcanic origin geology and soil substrates. Presences of diverse boreal plant species with various physiognomy at alpine and subalpine belts, and wide range of landscapes, including rocky, grassland, shrubland, wetland, and conifer woodland, provide decisive clues to understand the natural history of Korea, and can be employed as an relevant environmental indicator of biodiversity and ecosystem stability.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2018

This study was carried out in order to secure basic data of seedling mass propagation technique of Rhododendron mucronulatum which is the native tree species of Korea by surveying the characteristics of its fruit and seed. The fruits were collected at Mt. Goryeo in Ganghwa-gun on different dates in 2013; August 26th, September 5th, September 12th, October 4th. The seed germination test was carried out at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and $30^{\circ}C$. Moisture content of the fruit was highest (54.5%) in the fruit collected on September 5th. Number of the seeds in a fruit was 91.3 to 116.3, regardless of the collection date. Seed length was highest ($1947.4{\mu}m$) in the seeds collected on October 4th and seed width was highest ($727.3{\mu}m$) in the seeds collected on September 12th. Germination rate of the seeds was highest at $25^{\circ}C$ regardless of the seed collection date, which showed the highest value(27.3%) in the seeds collected September 12th. Meanwhile, the seeds were not germinated not at all at 5, 10 and $30^{\circ}C$. $T_{50}$ and mean germination time of the seeds got shorter at the higher temperature. Germination uniformity got lower when the collection date got later. Germination speed of the seeds was fastest at $25^{\circ}C$. According to the results of this study, it seems that the appropriate time to collect fruit and seed is between September 12th and October 4th, and the appropriate temperature for the seed germination is $25^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.106-112
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• 2008

To investigate the vegetation structure of the mountain ridges ranging from Songchu to Dobong, this research set up 22 plots$(400m^2)$ as survey target areas. As a result of the analysis of woody plant cluster, it was classified as two groups-Quercus mongolica community and Quercus mongolica-Pinus densiflora community. Quercus mongolica was found as a mostly dominant woody plant species in the ridge areas from Songchu to Dobong, while Pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Quercus acutissima were mixed up partly in low altitudes. High negative correlations were shown between Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata, Quercus serrata and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Pinus densiflora and Acer pseudosieboldianum, and relatively high positive correlations were found to exist between Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata; Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Pinus rigid a and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Sorbus alnifolia and Rhododendron mucronulatum; Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora; Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia; Acer pseudosieboldianum and Styrax obassia; Magnolia sieboldii and Symplocos chinensis. Species diversity index(H') by community at the surveyed areas stayed in the scope of $0.997\sim1.160$, which indexes showed nothing different from the vegetation structure of other national parks.