• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.493-499
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• 2019

Macrophage-associated inflammation is crucial for the pathogenesis of diverse diseases including metabolic disorders. Rhodanthpyrone (Rho) is an active component of Gentiana rhodantha, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammation. Although synthesis procedures of RhoA and RhoB were reported, the biological effects of the specific compounds have never been explored. In this study, the anti-inflammatory activity and mechanisms of action of RhoA and RhoB were studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Pretreatment with RhoA and RhoB decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions in RAW 264.7 cells and in thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages. In addition, it downregulated transcript levels of several inflammatory genes in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, including inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (Tnfa, Il6, and Ccl2) and inflammatory mediators (Nos2 and Ptgs2). Macrophage chemotaxis was also inhibited by treatment with the compounds. Mechanistic studies revealed that RhoA and RhoB suppressed the nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ pathway, but not the canonical mitogen activated protein kinase pathway, in LPS-stimulated condition. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of RhoA and RhoB on inflammatory gene expressions was attenuated by treatment with an $NF-{\kappa}B$ inhibitor. Our findings suggest that RhoA and RhoB play an anti-inflammatory role at least in part by suppressing the $NF-{\kappa}B$ pathway during macrophage-mediated inflammation.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.833-848
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• 2013

Nine rectangular-section of High Strength Concrete(HSC) beams were designed and casted based on the American Concrete Institute (ACI) code provisons with varying of tensile reinforcement ratio as (${\rho}_{min}$, $0.2_{{\rho}b}$, $0.3_{{\rho}b}$, $0.4_{{\rho}b}$, $0.5_{{\rho}b}$, $0.75_{{\rho}b}$, $0.85_{{\rho}b}$, $_{{\rho}b}$, $1.2_{{\rho}b}$). Steel and concrete strains and deflections were measured at different points of the beam's length for every incremental load up to failure. The ductility ratios were calculated and the moment-curvature and load-deflection curves were drawn. The results showed that the ductility ratio reduced to less than 2 when the tensile reinforcement ratio increased to $0.5_{{\rho}b}$. Comparison of the theoretical ductility coefficient from CSA94, NZS95 and ACI with the experimental ones shows that the three mentioned codes exhibit conservative values for low reinforced HSC beams. For over-reinforced HSC beams, only the CSA94 provision is more valid. ACI bending provision is 10 percent conservative for assessing of ultimate bending moment in low-reinforced HSC section while its results are valid for over-reinforced HSC sections. The ACI code provision is non-conservative for the modulus of rupture and needs to be reviewed.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.141-149
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• 1996

The reinforced high-strength-concrete beam subjected to flexure moment behaves more brittly than the moderate-strength-concrete beam reinforced with equal reinforcement ratio($\rho$/$\rho_b$). Test results show that when the concrete strength exceeds 830kg/$cm^2$, the maximum reinforcement ratio should be less than $0.6{\rho}_b$ for ductile behavior (${\rho}_b$=balanced steel ratio). The ratio of flexural strength between experimental results and analytical results with rectangular stress block decrease as the compressive strength of concrete increase. The shape of the compressive stress block distributed triangularly. because the ascending part of the stress-strain curve shows fairly linear response up to maximum stress in contrast to the nonlinear behavior of the medium and low strength specimens.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.29-33
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• 2015

This paper proposes a discrete logarithm algorithm that remarkably reduces the execution time of Pollard's Rho algorithm. Pollard's Rho algorithm computes congruence or collision of ${\alpha}^a{\beta}^b{\equiv}{\alpha}^A{\beta}^B$ (modp) from the initial value a = b = 0, only to derive ${\gamma}$ from $(a+b{\gamma})=(A+B{\gamma})$, ${\gamma}(B-b)=(a-A)$. The basic Pollard's Rho algorithm computes $x_i=(x_{i-1})^2,{\alpha}x_{i-1},{\beta}x_{i-1}$ given ${\alpha}^a{\beta}^b{\equiv}x$(modp), and the general algorithm computes $x_i=(x_{i-1})^2$, $Mx_{i-1}$, $Nx_{i-1}$ for randomly selected $M={\alpha}^m$, $N={\beta}^n$. This paper proposes 4-model Pollard Rho algorithm that seeks ${\beta}_{\gamma}={\alpha}^{\gamma},{\beta}_{\gamma}={\alpha}^{(p-1)/2+{\gamma}}$, and ${\beta}_{{\gamma}^{-1}}={\alpha}^{(p-1)-{\gamma}}$) from $m=n={\lceil}{\sqrt{n}{\rceil}$, (a,b) = (0,0), (1,1). The proposed algorithm has proven to improve the performance of the (0,0)-basic Pollard's Rho algorithm by 71.70%.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.727-753
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• 2013

In this paper, we introduce three new broad classes of second-order generalized convex functions, namely, ($\mathcal{F}$, $b$, ${\phi}$, ${\rho}$, ${\theta}$)-sounivex functions, ($\mathcal{F}$, $b$, ${\phi}$, ${\rho}$, ${\theta}$)-pseudosounivex functions, and ($\mathcal{F}$, $b$, ${\phi}$, ${\rho}$, ${\theta}$)-quasisounivex functions; formulate eight general second-order duality models; and prove appropriate duality theorems under various generalized ($\mathcal{F}$, $b$, ${\phi}$, ${\rho}$, ${\theta}$)-sounivexity assumptions for a multiobjective programming problem containing arbitrary norms.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2004

Cryptomeria japonica plantation was monitored every year during 15 years from 1983 to 1997 for stem diameter and volume. The reciprocal equation, 1/Y = A + B/N, was applied to the relationship between cumulative volume Y and cumulative number N from the largest tree in the stand each year. The parameters A and B, which means respectively the reciprocal of an asymptotic value of total stand stem volume and the reciprocal of the maximum stem volume, are related by a power function. The power functional relationship between A and B derived a linear relationship of B-points ( $N_{B}$, $V_{B}$; $N_{B}$ = B/A, $Y_{B}$ = 1/2A) of each Y-N curve on log-log coordinates. The gradient of B-point line was so steep that the Y-N curve moved parallel upward year by year. The time trajectory of mean stem volume (W) and density ($\rho$) provided evidence in favor of the 3/2 power law of self-thinning, because the gradient of W - $\rho$ trajectory on log-log coordinates approximated to -3/2 at the final stage of stand development. On the basis of the results of Y-N curves and W - $\rho$ trajectory, the time trajectory of maximum stem volume $W_{max obs}$ and $\rho$ was derived theoretically. The gradient of $W_{max obs}$ - $\rho$ trajectory on log-log coordinates is calculated to be -0.6105 at the final stage. The gradient of $W_{max obs}$ - $\rho$ trajectory was steeper than that of W - $\rho$ trajectory at the early stage, while the former is gentler than the latter at the later stage.stage.e.age.e.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 1998

Let ${\rho}(A)$ and ${\rho}(B)$ denote the orders of entire functions $A(z)$ and $B(z)$ respectively. Suppose that ${\rho}(A)$ > 1 and 0 < ${\rho}(B){\leq}\frac{1}{2}$, and that ${\rho}$(A) is not an integer. Then it is shown that every nonconstant solution $f$ of $f^{{\prime}{\prime}}+A(z)f^{\prime}+B(z)f=0$ is of infinite order if all the zeros of $A(z)$ lie in a certain angular sector depending on its genus. In addition, we investigate some growth properties of $A(z)$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1997.04a
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• pp.475-482
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• 1997

This study reports the results of flexural test on 6 specimens for maximum reinforcement ratio and 4 specimens for minmum reinforcement ratio with concrete compressive strength 1,000, 1,200 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ . The major test variables for the reinforcement ratio designed 0.55$\rho_b$, 0.65$\rho_b$, 0.75$\rho_b$ for maximurm reinforcement ratio test 14/fy $\sqrt[0.72]{\rho}\acute{f}_c$ / $f_y$ for minimum reinforcement ratio test. The test results were compared with ACI 318-95 Code. In the Ultra High Strength Concrete beam, the maximum reinforcement ration should be less than 0.6$\rho_b$ for ductile behavior and the existing minimum reinforcement ratio by ACI Building Code is Sufficiently safe.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.147-154
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• 1995

In order to study the bonding mechanism of Ni/B/Ni transient liquid phase bonding system, width of liquid layers were calculated, where in this system melting point of insert material(B) is higher than bonding temperature and melting point of base metal(Ni). Caclulated values were compared with experimental ones which were measured by bonding Ni/B/Ni system at 1433-1474K under vacuum atmosphere. As results, the width of initial liquid layer of Ni/B/Ni system was calculated as $W_{IL}$ = $W_{o}$[1 + {2.100..rho.$_{S/}$ ( $X_{3}$ + $X_{4}$)..rho.$_{Ni}$ }-.rho.$_{S/}$.rho. Ni/], and it was nearly same with experimental values. Maximum width of liquid layer, width of liquid layer during isothermal solidification and isothermal solidification time were calculated also.o.o.o.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2013

The structural characteristics of 4-coordinate $BO_4$ [B(1)] and 3-coordinate $BO_3$ [B(2)] groups in $BiB_3O_6$ were studied by $^{11}B$ magic angle spinning (MAS) and single-crystal nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The spin-lattice relaxation time in the laboratory frame, $T_1$, for $^{11}B$ decreased slowly with increasing temperature, whereas the spin-lattice relaxation times in the rotating frame, $T_{1{\rho}}$, for B(1) and B(2), which differed from $T_1$, were nearly constant. Further, $T_{1{\rho}}$ for B(1) and B(2) showed very similar trends, although the $T_{1{\rho}}$ value of B(2) was shorter than that of B(1). The 3-coordinate $BO_3$ and 4-coordinate $BO_4$ were distinguished by $^{11}B$ MAS NMR spectrum and $T_{1{\rho}}$.