• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.427-432
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• 1999

Physicochemical and sensory properties of Takju which was brewed with a modified Nuruk made by inoculation and cultivation of Rhizopus japonicus T2. Aspergillus oryzae L2. and Hansenula sp. BC26 isolated from Nuruk were investigated as compared with those with current fermenting agents such as com-mercial Nuruk and rice koji of Aspergillus kawachii. The contents of total acid were 0.88% 0.47% and 0.39% in mash of commercial Nuruk rice koji and modified Nuruk respectively. The contents of alcohol were 15.5% 15.1% and 9.0% in mash of modified Nuruk rice koji and commercial Nuruk respectively. The contents of reducing sugar were 2.80% 1.24% and 0.80% in mash of commercial Nuruk modified Nuruk and rice koji respectively. The contents of amino acid were 0.55% 0.47% and 0.23% in mash of modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji respectively. Suspended solids were sedimented much more slowly in Takju of modified Nuruk or commercial Nuruk than in that of rice koji Color was pre-ferred in the order of Takju of modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji. Odor and taste were preferred in the order of Takju of modified Nuruk rice koji and commercial Nuruk. Therefore it seem-ed that the Takju of modified Nuruk was better than that of commercial Nuruk or rice koji in quality.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.219-225
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• 1999

In order to improve the quality of nuruk a Korean traditional fermenting agent for brewing nuruk was modified by a new method inoculating Rhizopus japonicus T2 Aspergillus oryzae L2 and hansenula sp. BC26 which had been isolated from traditional Nuruk. And the characteristics of modified Nuruk were investimgated as compared with current fermenting agents such as commercial Nuruk and rice koji of As-pergillus kawachii. The odor of modified Nuruk was savory but those of commercial Nuruk and rice koji were fetid andinodorous repectively. The extracted waters of modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji were yellow pale yellow and colorless and showed 6.15, 6.01 and 3.30 of pH respectively. Mod-ified Nuruk had 7.6${\times}$106CFU/g of yeast but commercial uruk and rice koji had no yeast. Commercial Nuruk had 1.0${\times}$102CFU/g of lactic acid bacteria but modified Nuruk and rice koji had no lactic acid bacteria. The amylolytic and proteolytic activities of modified Nuruk were much higher than those of commercial Nuruk or rice koji. Seed mash of modified Nuruk had ester aroma but that of commercial Nuruk rather offensive odor and that of rice koji neither ester aroma or offensive odor. It seemed that if the modified Nuruk is used in seed mashing the supplement of acidulant is need to lower pH. The quality of modified Nuruk was thought to be much better than that of commercial Nuruk or rice koji.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.226-232
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• 1999

To evaluate the characteristics of modified nuruk made by inoculation and cultivation of Rhizopus jap-onicus T2, Aspergillus oryzae L2 and hansenula sp. BC26 three different Takju mashes were made with modified Nuruk commercial Nuruk and rice koji and the changes in microorganisms and major compon-ents of mashes were investigated uring brewing. The numbers of yeast kept higher in the mash of mod-ified Nuruk or rice koji. The numbers of lactic acid bacteria were high in mash of commercial Nuruk but those were not in mash of modified Nuruk or rice koji. all mashes showed stable pH in a day and the pH kept higher in mash of modified Nuruk than in that of commer-cial Nuruk or rice koji. Increase in the content of total acid was moderate in mash of modified Nuruk or rice koji but it was too much in that of commercial Nuruk. increase in the content of amino acid was much highr in mash of modified Nuruk or commercial Nuruk than in that of rice koji. Increase in the content of alcohol was more rapid in mash of modified nuruk or rice koji than in that of commercial Nur-uk. The content of reducing sugar kept highter in mash of commercial Nuruk or modified Nuruk than in that of rice koji. A small amount of modified Nuruk accomplished favorable fermentation showing nor-mal patterns in microbiological and physicochemical changes during brewing.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.421-426
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• 1999

The major flavor compounds of Takju mash which was brewed with a modified Nuruk made by inocu-lation and cultivation of Rhizopus japonicus T2, Aspergillus oryzae L2 and Hansenula sp. BC26 isolated from Nuruk, were analyzed, as compared with those with current fermenting agents such as commerical Nur-uk and rice koji of Aspergillus kawachii. The contents of isoamyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol and ethyl acet-ate which were known as aroma compounds in Takju were much higher in mash of modified Nuruk than in that of commercial Nuruk or ricd koji. The major organic acids were lactic fumalic and succinic acid in mash of modified and lactic and acetic acid in mash of commercial Nuruk and citric lactic and suc-cinic acid in mash of rice koji. The contents of total organic acids were 5,146mg/L, 1,706mg/L and 1, 388 mg/L in mash of commercial Nuruk rice koji and modified Nuruk respectively. The major free amino acids were glutamic acid alanine proline and histidine in mash of modified Nuruk and glutamic acid proline leucine and histidine in mash of commercial Nuruk and arginine proline and glutamic acid in mash of rice koji. The contents of total free amino acids were 14,090mg/L 12,202mg/L and 7,152 mg/L in mash of modified Nuruk commercial Nurcuk and rice koji respectively. Therefore it seemed that the Takju mash of modified Nuruk was better than that of commercial Nuruk or rice koji.

• Mycobiology
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.122-127
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• 2010

Different strains of mold were screened for the production of high quality Korean traditional rice wine with anti-hypertension and good acceptability. We isolated 867 nuruk mold strains and selected 24 for further study based on measurement of amylase activity. Among them, mold No. 17 showed high ethanol production upon fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae as well as anti-hypertensive properties. The No. 17 strain was therefore selected as the functional mold and later identified as Rhizopus stolonifer based on molecular biological characteristics. Optimal fermentation conditions for the brewing of anti-hypertensive traditional rice wine comprised the addition of R. stolonifer No. 17 koji at a concentration of 35 sp/g and a fermentation period of 10 days at $25^{\circ}C$ using S. cerevisiae.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.221-226
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• 2016

A new type of doenjang was manufactured by mixing soaked soybean, koji (Rhizopus oryzae), cheonggukjang (Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MJ1-4 and B. amyloliquefaciens EMD17), and Pichia farinosa SY80 as a yeast, salt, and water, followed by fermentation with koji that was made by fermenting whole wheat with R. oryzae. The mixed culture doenjang was designed to have a more palatable flavor and stronger biological activities than the conventional product. The extract of mixed culture doenjang showed higher antioxidant activity than the commercial doenjang as evaluated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay although it was not significantly different from the commercial product in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical scavenging activities. Further, the mixed culture doenjang reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species levels and protected cells from glutamate-induced cytotoxicity more efficiently in human hippocampal HT22 neuroblastoma cells than the commercial doenjang. In conclusion, a newly-developed mixed culture doenjang had a strong antioxidant activity in vitro and cultured cell model systems, exhibited a potential to prevent oxidative stress-associated disorders although animal and clinical studies are needed to confirm its in vivo efficacy.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.555-562
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• 1997

재래누룩 및 Mucor racemosus, Rhizopus japonicus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus kawachii균을 접종하여 만든 누룩으로 탁주를 담금한 후 발효과정 중의 품질을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 에탄올함량은 담금직후 $2.0{\sim}3.0%$였으나 발효 16일에 $8.2%{\sim}12.6%$로 최대치를 나타냈다. Rhizopus japonicus, 재래누룩, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus oryzae와 Mucor racemosus 누룩구의 술덧 순으로 높았다. pH는 담금 직후 pH $4.85{\sim}5.50$이였으나 발효 16일에는 pH $3.40{\sim}4.20$로 저하되었고 시험구 중 Rhizopus japonicus 누룩구의 술덧에서 pH가 높았다. 총산은 담금 직후 $0.15{\sim}0.20%$였으나 16일에 $0.86{\sim}1.57%$로 증가되었으며, 발효 16일에 Mucor racemosus 누룩구에서 1.57%로 시험구중 가장 높았다. 담금직후 총당의 함량은 $16.64{\sim}17.62%$, 환원당의 함량은 $4.62{\sim}5.63%$였으나, 발효 16일에 총당 $2.38{\sim}5.27%$, 환원당 $0.45{\sim}0.74%$로 감소하였고 Rhizopus japonicus구가 총당과 환원당 함량 모두 가장 낮았다. Ethanol을 제외한 알콜류 중 iso-amyl alcohol과 iso-butyl alcohol이 탁주술덧의 주성분이고, Rhizopus japonicus 누룩구에서 iso-amyl alcohol, iso-butyl alcohol, n-propyl alcohol의 함량이, Mucor racemosus 누룩구에서는 methanol의 함량이, 재래누룩구에서는 phenylethyl alcohol의 함량이 각각 높게 나타났다. 발효 중 생성된 퓨젤유는 $0.002{\sim}0.411\;mg/mL$ 이었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2007

우리나라의 전통발효식품의 기초가 되는 곡자는 날곡류에 Aspergillus속, Rhizpous속 등 곰팡이류 , 효모 기타 미생물이 자연적으로 번식하여 효소를 함유하는 것이고, 입국은 곡류를 증자한 후 Aspergillus속, Rhizopus,속 등 곰팡이를 번식시켜 효소를 함유하는 것이다. 식품첨가물공전 천연첨가물 중 국(입국) 시험항목에서 잡균(Penicillium속)의 오염확인이 어려워 새로운 곰팡이 시험법의 확립이 필요하다. 그래서 곰팡이 특유의 포자, 분생자병 또는 균사의 격벽유무 등의 관찰이 용이한 slide culture법을 확립하였다. Slide culture 법은 slide glass위에 정방형의 잘라진 배지를 놓고, 양쪽 모서리에 포자를 접종하고 배양되는 과정동안 포자, 균사체 및 격벽 등을 관찰하였다. Slide culture법을 이용하여 대표적인 식품 관련 곰팡이의 형태학적 특징을 확인하여, 시중에서 유통되는 수입 또는 국내 생산되는 곡자, 입국 등을 수거하여 Penicillium속 오염 여부를 모니터링하였으며, 그 결과 Penicillium속의 오염율은 0%였음을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 식품첨가물공전의 국 중 잡균시험법 등 곰팡이시험법 제 개정의 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.315-320
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• 2002

전통메주의 과다건조로 인한 품질저하 및 유해 곰팡이 오염으로 인한 위생적 문제를 개선하기 위하여 백국균(Roligosporus)을 종국 제조에 이용하여 "캡슐형 메주"를 착안하고 그 품질특성을 조사하였다. R oligosporus을 0.5, 1, 2% (w/w) 비율로 첨가하여 캡슐형 메주와 종국을 넣지 않고 성형한 대조구 I,II형을 10~15$^{\circ}C$에서 3일간의 자연 건조하였다. 27일간 실외에서 발효한 대조구 I형이라 하고, 대조구 II형과 캡슐 타입 메주는 $25^{\circ}C$에서 7일간의 1차 발효(습도 80%)와 20일간의 실외 2차 발효(2.7$^{\circ}C$, 12월)를 실시하여 제조하여 이들의 품질특성을 상호, 비교하였다. 수분함량은 대조구 메주보다 캡슐형 메주에서 2.88~7.55%까지 높은 함량 차이를 보였다. pH값과 적정산도는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 아미노태 질소는 대조구 I형(347.2 mg%)보다 캡슐형 메주군(800.80, 816.0, 901.60 mg%)은 대조구 I형보다 2.2~2.6배의 높은 발효율을 보였다. 환원당 함량은 캡슐형 메주군이 2.78~3.13%로 대조구 I형은 2.10%, 대조구 II형은 2.31%에 유사한 값을 나타냈다. 대조구 I형의 색차계 색도의 명도(L)값은 대조구 II형 및 캡슐형 메주보다 높았다. 메주보다 높았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2008

Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815를 밀에 접종하여 만든 누룩(Rhizopus oryzae KSD-815)에서 4종의 지질 화합물을 분리하여 화학구조를 동종하였다. 건조된 누룩을 실온에서 80% MeOH 수용액으로 추출하고 이추출물을 EtOAc 분획, n-BuOH 분획, $H_2O$ 분획으로 나누었다. EtOAc분획은 다시 80% MeOH 과 n-hexane 으로 분획하였다. n-Hexane 분획에 대해 silica gel 및 ODS column chromatography를 반복 실시하여 4종의 지질 화합물을 분리, 정제하였다. NMR, IR, GC/MS 등을 통하여 화합물 1(linolenic acid methyl ester), 화합물 2(palmitic acid methyl ester), 화합물 3(linoleic acid), 화합물 4(palmitic acid)의 구조를 결정하였다. 이 지방산 화합물의 세포독성을 평가하기 위해 인체 유래 유방암(MDA-MB-231)과 간암(SK-HEP-1)세포주에 대해 MTT assay를 수행하였다. 두 암 세포주에서 화합물 1(linolenic acid methyl ester)과 화합물 3(linoleic acid)은 농도의존적인 세포독성을 확인하였다. 또 염증반응 매개체의 일종인 nitric oxice(NO)의 생성 억제 활성을 Griess 방법으로 평가한 결과, 화합물 3(linoleic acid)은 LPS와 IFN-${\gamma}$에 의해 유도 된 NO 생성도 저해하는 것을 RAW264.7 세포에서 확인하였다.