• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.113-128
• /
• 2016

Luminescent metallic clusters have attracted great interest due to their unique optical, electronic and chemical features. Comparing with intensively studied Au and Ag Clusters, Cu clusters are superior in the aspects of cost and wide industrial demanding. However, tiny copper clusters are extremely prone to aggregate and undergo susceptibility of oxidation, thereby the synthesis of fluorescent zero valent copper clusters is rather challenging. In this review, synthetic strategies towards luminescent copper clusters, including macromolecule-protection and micro molecule-capping, have been systematically surveyed. Both "bottom-up" and "top-down" synthetic routes are found to be effective in fabricating luminescent copper clusters, some of which are quite stable and possess decent luminescence quantum yields. In general, the synthesis of fluorescent copper clusters remains at its infant stage. A great deal of effort on developing novel and economic synthetic routes to produce bright and stable copper clusters is highly expected in future.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 2015

Gypsum board is easy to manufacture of a variety of forms and has stable mechanical properties and thermal properties. And gypsum boards are widely used to the walls and ceiling of the building as the interior building materials. The studies about technology of applying the various features in the gypsum board with additives are being actively investigated. Development methods for enhancing performance of the gypsum board using additives are largely divided into two categories. The first case is functional gypsum board that is to improve the moisture absorption and moisture-proof properties. Also studies of adsorption and decomposition of indoor air pollutants of the gypsum board using porous materials as an additive are being actively investigated. Another case is applying thermal storage materials which gives the heat storage performance to gypsum board. In this paper, we would like to introduce the various cases of gypsum board applied various additives.

• Elastomers and Composites
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.245-249
• /
• 2010

Much interest on the thermoplastic elastomers (TPEs) has recently been attracted in commercial fields as well as scientific and applied research. The TPEs have their own characteristic area especially in relation with block copolymers as well as many other polymeric materials, since they show interesting features displayed by the conventional vulcanized rubber, and at the same time, by the thermoplastics. In addition, they are characterized by a set of interesting properties inherent to block and graft copolymers, variety of blends and vulcanized materials. The importance of TPE as organic materials can be evaluated by the number of published reports (papers, patents, technical reports, etc). For the suitable introduction of the TPE, historic, scientific, technical and commercial considerations should be taken into account. This review article starts with a brief discussion on historical considerations, followed by a introduction of the main preparations and analytical techniques utilized in chemical, structural, and morphological studies. The properties, processing tools, the position among organic materials, and applications of TPEs are also briefly reviewed. Finally, the most probable trends of their future development are discussed in a short final remarks.

• Korea journal of population studies
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.131-145
• /
• 1988

There was a rapid population change accompanied with changes in population structure recently in Korea. The changes were nationwide though greater in rural, where the population decreased steeply, through the internal migration from rural to urban. There, in the structure of Gun's population, severely distorted features have been shown in the study. Also, the structure differ greatly by Gun. It indicated that the rural problems were much more serious than anticipated when analyzed generally. It tells us that we should consider the problems related with different population structure in developing the programs for the rural.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.52 no.11
• /
• pp.625-634
• /
• 2019

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by compromised T lymphocyte differentiation related to abnormal development of other lymphocytes [i.e., B and/or natural killer (NK) cells], leading to death early in life unless treated immediately with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Functional NK cells may impact engraftment success of life-saving procedures such as bone marrow transplantation in human SCID patients. Therefore, in animal models, a T cell-/B cell-/NK cell＋ environment provides a valuable tool for understanding the function of the innate immune system and for developing targeted NK therapies against human immune diseases. In this review, we focus on underlying mechanisms of human SCID, recent progress in the development of SCID animal models, and utilization of SCID pig model in biomedical sciences. Numerous physiologies in pig are comparable to those in human such as immune system, X-linked heritability, typical T-B＋NK- cellular phenotype, and anatomy. Due to analogous features of pig to those of human, studies have found that immunodeficient pig is the most appropriate model for human SCID.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
• /
• v.17 no.5
• /
• pp.867-878
• /
• 2021

In context awareness and user intention tasks, dataset construction is expensive because specific domain data are required. Although pretraining with a large corpus can effectively resolve the issue of lack of data, it ignores domain knowledge. Herein, we concentrate on data domain knowledge while addressing data scarcity and accordingly propose a multi-channel long short-term memory (LSTM). Because multi-channel LSTM integrates pretrained vectors such as task and general knowledge, it effectively prevents catastrophic forgetting between vectors of task and general knowledge to represent the context as a set of features. To evaluate the proposed model with reference to the baseline model, which is a single-channel LSTM, we performed two tasks: voice phishing with context awareness and movie review sentiment classification. The results verified that multi-channel LSTM outperforms single-channel LSTM in both tasks. We further experimented on different multi-channel LSTMs depending on the domain and data size of general knowledge in the model and confirmed that the effect of multi-channel LSTM integrating the two types of knowledge from downstream task data and raw data to overcome the lack of data.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.152-162
• /
• 2021

Background: Recent declines in bee populations, along with increasing demand for pollination services in urban, agricultural, and natural environments, have led to strategies to attract wild bees to these areas. One of these strategies is installing artificial nests adjacent to urban gardens and agricultural farms. Bee hotels and nest boxes are among the artificial nests used by gardeners and farmers to attract pollinators. In this paper, we reviewed 50 studies that reported the efficiency of nest boxes and bee hotels in attracting bees. We considered the maximum occupation rate (percentage) as the main index to evaluate the efficiency of artificial nests. Results: The maximum occupation rate of bee hotels was higher in farms (averaged 44.1%) than in forests (averaged 30.3%) and urban (averaged 38.3%) environments. In the case of nest boxes, most studies reported efficiencies of less than 20%, with an occupation rate of 16% and 5.5% on average in forest and urban environments respectively. However, our meta-analysis results showed that there was no significant relationship between the occupation rate of the nests and their installation place. Regression analysis also showed that the structural features of bee hotels (length and diameter) and nest boxes (volume and entrance size) did not affect their efficiency in attracting bees. Conclusion: Our data showed that the strategy of installing artificial nests to attract pollinators is successful only concerning bee hotels, and the use of nest boxes has not been very successful.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.46-69
• /
• 2021

This research aimed to analyze the features of convertible accessories, develop sustainable accessory designs using convertible techniques, and evaluate the designs developed through a consumer satisfaction survey and in anticipation of commercialization. Through a review of literature and design cases, convertible accessories were classified; and six convertible accessory designs were developed into practical products. A survey on the convertible designs was conducted to evaluate their aesthetic, functional, and symbolic aspects, ease of use, usefulness, and the intention of consumers to purchase and use the products. In addition, a survey was performed to understand the differences in fashion leadership and eco commitment and behavior. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis methods, a series of t-test, and ANOVA using the SPSS 25.0 software. There were 335 participants; mostly adult women aged between 20 and 60 years and living in China, one of the world's largest accessory markets. The participants showed high interest to use and purchase the developed designs. There were significant differences in aesthetics, functionality, symbolism, attitude, ease of use, usefulness, usage, and purchase intention for the developed convertible accessories among people with different levels of fashion leadership, environmental commitment, and behavior. The results of this study will help designers develop convertible accessories with a better understanding of consumer perceptions and attitudes towards convertible accessories.

• Journal of the Korean Medical Association
• /
• v.61 no.11
• /
• pp.680-686
• /
• 2018

Acne vulgaris is a very common condition affecting up of about 80% to 90% of adolescents. The patients with acne have been shown to be adversely impacted by the effect of acne on their quality of life. Four factors are believed to play a key role in the development of acne lesions: excess sebum production, disturbed keratinization within the follicle, colonization of the pilosebaceous duct by Propionibacterium acnes, and the release of inflammatory mediators into the skin. Consequently, the target for acne therapy is these well-known pathogenic factors responsible for this disease state. Topical retinoids correct abnormal keratinization, but it should be applied cautiously because of irritation. Benzoyl peroxide is an effective bactericidal agent against P. acnes. Main topical antibiotics are erythromycin and clindamycin. Fixed combination topical products with retinoids, benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics have been introduced. Use of systemic antibiotics, including tetracyclines and macrolides rapidly improves inflammatory acne lesions. Oral isotretinoin is effective against all of the main pathogenic features of acne but is contraindicated in pregnant women and has been associated with cheilitis and dry skin. Hormonal therapy has been found to improve acne in some selective patients and should be considered for appropriate candidates. This review will present the general aspects of the pharmacological treatments for acne.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.62 no.3
• /
• pp.272-287
• /
• 2019

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway coordinates the metabolic activity of eukaryotic cells through environmental signals, including nutrients, energy, growth factors, and oxygen. In the nervous system, the mTOR pathway regulates fundamental biological processes associated with neural development and neurodegeneration. Intriguingly, genes that constitute the mTOR pathway have been found to be germline and somatic mutation from patients with various epileptic disorders. Hyperactivation of the mTOR pathway due to said mutations has garnered increasing attention as culprits of these conditions : somatic mutations, in particular, in epileptic foci have recently been identified as a major genetic cause of intractable focal epilepsy, such as focal cortical dysplasia. Meanwhile, epilepsy models with aberrant activation of the mTOR pathway have helped elucidate the role of the mTOR pathway in epileptogenesis, and evidence from epilepsy models of human mutations recapitulating the features of epileptic patients has indicated that mTOR inhibitors may be of use in treating epilepsy associated with mutations in mTOR pathway genes. Here, we review recent advances in the molecular and genetic understanding of mTOR signaling in epileptic disorders. In particular, we focus on the development of and limitations to therapies targeting the mTOR pathway to treat epileptic seizures. We also discuss future perspectives on mTOR inhibition therapies and special diagnostic methods for intractable epilepsies caused by brain somatic mutations.