• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2001

Aging is a senescence and defined as a normal physiologic and structural alterations in almost all organ systems with age. As Leonard Hayflick, one of the first gerontologists to propose a theory of biologic aging, indicated that a theory of aging or longevity satisfies the changes of above conditions to be universal, progressive, intrinsic and deleterious. Although a number of theories have been proposed, it is now clear that cell aging (cell senescence) is multifactorial. No single mechanism can account for the many varied manifestations of biological aging. Many theories have been proposed in attempt to understand and explain the process of aging. Aging is effected in individual by genetic factors, diet, social conditions, and the occurrence of age-related diseases as diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis. It involves an endogenous molecular program of cellular senescence as well as continuous exposure throughout life to adverse exogenous influences, leading to progressive infringement on the cell's survivability so called wear and tear. So we could say the basic mechanism of aging depends on the irreversible and universal processes at cellular and molecular level. The immediate cause of these changes is probably an interference in the function of cell's macromolecules-DNA, RNA, and cell proteins-and in the flow of information between these macromolecules. The crucial questions, unanswered at present, concerns what causes these changes in truth. Common theories of aging are able to classify as followings for the easy comprehension. 1. Biological, 1) molecular theories - a. error theory, b. programmed aging theory, c. somatic mutation theory, d. transcription theory, e. run-out-of program theory, 2) cellular theories - a. wear and tear theory, b. cross-link theory, c. clinker theory, d. free radical theory, e. waste product theory, 3) system level theory-a. immunologic/autoimmune theory, 4) others - a. telomere theory, b. rate of living theory, c. stress theory, etc. Prevention of aging is theoretically depending on the cause or theory of aging. However no single theory is available and no definite method of delaying the aging process is possible by this moment. The most popular action is anti-oxidant therapy using vitamin E and C, melatonin and DHEA, etc. Another proposal for the reverse of life-span is TCP-17 and IL-16 administration from the mouse bone marrow B cell line study for the immunoglobulin VDJ rearrangement with RAG-1 and RAG-2. Recently conclusional suggestion for the extending of maximum life-span thought to be the calory restriction.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제25권6_2호
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• pp.1103-1110
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• 2022

The old machine tools that have been used for a long time cause both increase in defective rate and decrease in productivity compared to new machines due to wear and failure of their components. In order to improve productivity and quality of machined components through remanufacturing, it is necessary to analyze the wear and failure of major components of old machine tools. In this study, the process for reverse engineering is designed for the remanufacture of planner millers, which belong to a very large machine tool. Also, the suitability of the designed process is verified through the analysis of the selected remanufactured components. In the first step of the process, some major components of the aging planner miller are scanned using a 3D laser scanner. In the next step, reverse engineering is performed using the data obtained through 3D scanning. Finally, wear and failure analysis is performed by comparing the reverse engineering data with the scan data. As a result, this reverse design and wear analysis can complement the insufficient design database and reduce costs in the maintenance of remanufactured products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2018

Background: Ginsenosides have been reported to have many health benefits, including anti-inflammatory effects, and the resolution of inflammation is now considered to be an active process driven by M2-type macrophages. In order to determine whether ginsenosides modulate macrophage phenotypes to reduce inflammation, 11 ginsenosides were studied with respect to macrophage polarization and the resolution of inflammation. Methods: Mouse peritoneal macrophages were polarized into M1 or M2 phenotypes. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and measurement of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ levels were performed in vitro and in a zymosan-induced peritonitis C57BL/6 mouse model. Results: Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was identified as a proresolving ginseng compound based on the induction of M2 macrophage polarization. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ not only induced the expression of arginase-1 (a representative M2 marker gene), but also suppressed M1 marker genes, such as inducible NO synthase, and NO levels. The proresolving activity of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was also observed in vivo in a zymosan-induced peritonitis model. Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ accelerated the resolution process when administered at peak inflammatory response into the peritoneal cavity. Conclusion: These results suggest that ginsenoside $Rg_3$ induces the M2 polarization of macrophages and accelerates the resolution of inflammation. This finding opens a new avenue in ginseng pharmacology.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.36-42
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• 2022

Whereas the necessity for recycling and reuse is being emphasized owing to the depletion of resources and waste disposal problems caused by the continuous development of the industry, the importance of remanufacturing has been highlighted recently. Re-manufacturing involves a series of processes in which failed disposal or aging goods are recovered to a state similar to that of a new product. In this regard, machine tools, which are large structures, can achieve the effect of remanufacturing. Among the various elements constituting the machine tool, the main spindle portion that affects the processing precision is critical. Therefore, this study is conducted to derive improvement measures for the main axis of an old Miller planner via reverse engineering and central composite design, which is one of the core processes of remanufacturing.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2019

As various populations are rapidly becoming an aging society worldwide and interest in health issues has increased, demand for functional foods including herbal products has increased markedly to maintain a healthy state which has led to safety issues about their intake as an inevitable result. The objective of this study was to identify the safety profile of a Korean red ginseng and Salvia plebeia R. Br. extract mixture (KGC-03-PS) which is a valuable ingredient that can be used as a functional food. In the present study, the subacute oral toxicity and bacterial reverse mutagenicity of KGC-03-PS were evaluated. Sprague Dawley rats were administered KGC-03-PS orally for 28 days by gavage. Daily KGC-03-PS dose concentrations were 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day. Bacterial reverse mutation test with KGC-03-PS dose levels ranging from 312.5 to $5,000{\mu}g/plate$ was carried out by OECD test guideline No. 471. Five bacterial strains (Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and Escherichia coli WP2) were tested in the presence or absence of metabolic activation by plate incorporation method. There were no toxicological effects related with test substance in the clinical evaluation of subacute oral toxicity test including clinical signs, body weight, and food consumption. Moreover, no toxicological changes related to KGC-03-PS were observed in the hematological and serum biochemical characteristics as well as in the pathological examinations, which included organ weight measurements and in the gross- or histopathological findings. KGC-03-PS did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies in all bacterial strains of the bacterial reverse mutation test. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of KGC-03-PS is greater than 2,000 mg/kg bw/day, and KGC-03-PS did not induce genotoxicity related to bacterial reverse mutations under the conditions used in this study.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.595-603
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• 2024

In the construction industry, there has been a surge in the implementation of high-tech equipment in recent years. Various technologies are being considered as potential solutions for future construction projects. Building information modeling (BIM), which utilizes advanced equipment, is a promising solution among these technologies. The need for safety inspection has also increased with the aging structures. Nevertheless, traditional safety inspection technology falls short of meeting this demand as it heavily relies on the subjective opinions of workers. This inadequacy highlights the need for advancements in existing maintenance technology. Research on building safety inspection using 3D laser scanners has notably increased. Laser scanners that use light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can quickly and accurately acquire producing information, which can be realized through reverse engineering by modeling point cloud data. This study introduces an innovative evaluation system for building safety using a 3D laser scanner. The system was used to assess the safety of an existing three-story building by implementing a reverse engineering technique. The 3D digital data are obtained from the scanner to detect defects and deflections in and outside the building and to create an as-built BIM. Subsequently, the as-built structural model of the building was generated using the reverse engineering approach and used for structural analysis. The acquired information, including deformations and dimensions, is compared with the expected values to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2014

In this paper, PZT piezoelectric ceramic specimens with 4 compositions (Zr/Ti=50/50, 53/47, 56/44, 58/42) in $Pb(Zr,Ti)O_3$ system were fabricated. We studied effects of poling strength and thermal aging on the temperature characteristics of eletromechanical coupling factor k31 of the specimens, which were poled with the DC electric fields, 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 kV/mm respectively and thermally aged for an hour at $200^{\circ}C$. The eletromechanical coupling factor k31 of the specimen with the composition Zr/Ti= 53/47, nearest to the morphotropic phase boundary decreased the most greatly, irrelevant to the intensity of poling field, due to 1st thermal aging. And the temperature coefficient of eletromechanical coupling factor k31 was (-) in the tetragonal phase composition and (+) in the rhombohedral phase composition, which is reverse in the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency. It is interesting that eletromechanical coupling factor k31 of PZT ceramics is shown to be able to increase as temperature increase in the interval $-20{\sim}80^{\circ}C$.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.208-215
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• 2023

최근 수십년간 노화연구의 영역은 유전자 수준에서부터 세포 수준을 거쳐 혈액을 교환하는 in vivo 모델까지 진보를 거듭하면서 발전하고 있다. 예쁜꼬마선충에서 수명을 연장시킬 수 있는 유전자의 존재가 알려지면서, 유전체학, 단백질체학, 대사체학, 전사체학과 같은 다양한 분석방법이 사용되면서 보다 다양한 노화 연관 표적분자들이 발견되었다. 따라서, 표적분자들 간의 상호관계에 대한 연구결과도 증가하고 있다. 또한, 두 실험동물을 외과적으로 결합시킨 개체병렬결합 방법을 사용한 노화연구로 노화 현상을 역행시킬 수도 있는 인자가 보고되었고, 젊은 개체의 혈액 내에 존재할 수 있는 노화 역행 인자를 찾기 위한 더 정확하고, 효과적인 연구로 확장되면서, 노화연구의 방법에 새로운 패러다임이 확립되었다. 2022년 실험동물에 정교하게 혈액을 교환할 수 있는 장치에 대한 논문이 발표되었고, 이 장치를 사용한 연구가 노화 역행에 영향을 줄 수 있는 새로운 결과를 제시하였다. 새롭게 고안된 장치와 그로 인한 결과뿐만 아니라 젊은 혈액 또는 조건화된 혈액을 주입하여 얻은 최신 연구결과로 처음 발표되었던 GDF11 외에도 혈액 내에 존재하는 노화 역행 후보물질로서 β2m, TIMP2, VCAM1, Gpld1, clusterin과 같은 혈액 내 용해성 인자뿐만 아니라 mcicroglia 세포와 neuroinflammation과 같은 생화학적 현상이 직접적으로 노화요인으로 증명되고 있다. 이 총설에서는 이 같은 노화연구에 대한 최신 결과에 대해 논의하고자 한다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권23호
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• pp.10345-10350
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• 2015

Background: Punica granatum (family: Lythraceae) is mainly found in Iran, which is considered to be its primary centre of origin. Studies on pomegranate peel have revealed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenesis activities, with prevention of premature aging and reducing inflammation. In addition to this it is also useful in treating various diseases like diabetes, maintaining blood pressure and treatment of neoplasms such as prostate and breast cancer. Objectives: In this study we identified anti-cancer targets of active compounds like corilagin (tannins), quercetin (flavonoids) and pseudopelletierine (alkaloids) present in pomegranate peel by employing dual reverse screening and binding analysis. Materials and Methods: The potent targets of the pomegranate peel were annotated by the PharmMapper and ReverseScreen 3D, then compared with targets identified from different Bioassay databases (NPACT and HIT's). Docking was then further employed using AutoDock pyrx and validated through discovery studio for studying molecular interactions. Results: A number of potent anti-cancerous targets were attained from the PharmMapper server according to their fit score and from ReverseScreen 3D server according to decreasing 3D scores. Conclusion: The identified targets now need to be further validated through in vitro and in vivo studies.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 2013

This study examined the expression of inhibitor of DNA-binding (Id) proteins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the ovary according to female age using a mice model as the first step in investigating the potential role of Ids and VEGF in ovarian aging. C57BL inbred female mice of three age groups (6-9, 14-16, and 23-26 weeks) were injected with 5 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) in order to synchronize the estrus cycle. After 48 h, ovarian expression of Ids and VEGF was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot and immunohistochemistry. Ovarian apoptosis was examined by ovarian expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Expression of Id-1 and VEGF was decreased with advancing female age, but not Id-2, Id-3, and Id-4. In particular, their expressions were significantly decreased in aged mice of 23-26 weeks compared with the young mice of 6-9 weeks (p < 0.05). In contrast, ovarian apoptosis was greatly increased in the aged mice compared to the young mice. This result suggests that Id-1 may have an implicated role in ovarian aging by associating with VEGF.