• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2001

A methodology for enhancing the bond strength of a coating layer with a support has been established in preparing low-pressure reverse osmosis mO) hollow fiber which would experience shear badly in flowing feed un it. Prior to coating process, the support membrane, ultrafiltratiun polysulfone(PS) hollow fibers was pretreated with a reaction solution containing glutaraldehyde (GAl which has a good affinity to the suppurt membrane material as well as a reactivity to some of the cunstituents of cuating layer subsequently formed on the support by interfacial polymerization. Therefore, the reactant GA distributed unifonnly over the support layer through the pretreatment could provide a strong adhesive bond between the coating layer and the support, sticking fast to the support membrane through physical bond and, at the same time, connecting its functional group with the coating laycr by chemical bonding. Due to the strong adhesive bond, the resulting hollow fiber membrane showed an excellent long-tcnn stability in pcnneation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2013

Several pretreatment processes such as softening, coagulation and precipitation, activated carbon adsorption, ion-exchange and neutralization processes were studied to remove organics and inorganics for selection of the RO based reusing system of metal industry wastewater. The effects of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic fractions of the organics on DOC removal were tested and used to optimize the combination process. Among various pretreatment processes, softening could reduce 93.4% of hardness and could remove all hydrophobic organics from the effluent of metal industry wastewater. Softening followed by coagulation process could reduce DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) from 5.1 mg/L to 1.6 mg/L. In addition, as a result of physiochemical pretreatment to raw wastewater of metal industry, neutralization with NaOH showed an efficient removal of iron and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) without increase in the hardness.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2019

In the field of water treatment membranes, polymers are used together with ceramics as the most important materials. In this review, I tried to analyze the technology trends of polymer membrane materials based on commercial products. For this purpose, according to the types of water treatment membranes such as MF (Microfiltration), UF (Ultrafiltration) and NF (Nanofiltration), the trends of polymer membrane products were investigated by countries, materials, and companies. Through this, we were able to classify the types of materials that are mainly used for each type of membrane, and at the same time, identify the companies that are dominant in the market, and analyze which materials constitute the product portfolio. Based on these results, we have presented the characteristics of the material market according to each type of membrane, and proposed a technology development strategy to enter each market based on these characteristics.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.170-183
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• 2021

Fouling has continued to be a problem that hinders the effectiveness of membrane properties. To solve this problem of reducing fouling effects on membrane surface properties, different and innovative types of membrane patterning has been proposed. This article reviews on the progress of patterned membranes and their separation process concerning the fouling effects of membranes. The types of separation processes that utilize the maximum effectiveness of the patterned membranes include nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and pervaporation (PV). Using these separation processes have shown and prove to have a major effect on reducing fouling effects, and in addition, they also add beneficial properties to the patterned membranes. Each patterned membrane and their separation processes gave notable results in threshold towards flux, salt rejections, hydrophilicity and much more, but there are also some unsolved cases to be pointed out. In this review, the effects of patterned membrane for separation processes will be discussed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1273-1280
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• 2008

This study sought to establish the optimum operating condition for the recovery of caustic (NaOH) solution from mercerization in textile process. As main factors, the silt density index (SDI) evaluation of ceramic membrane for the application of nanofiltration/reverse osmosis (NF/RO) membrane, the recovery yield measurement of caustic solution for the application of polymeric membrane, the optimum condition of chemical cleaning for the membrane regeneration, the optimum removal condition of total organic carbon (TOC), turbidity, color, and the permeate flux of ceramic membrane/polymeric membrane combined process were investigated. As results, ceramic ultrafiltration (UF) in the first step and nanofiltration (NF) in the second step were found to be suitable for the removal of total suspended solid (TSS), residual organics, turbidity including color, and the recovery of caustic solution from caustic wastewater stream in mercerization process. When only the ceramic UF membrane was used, the rejection efficiency of both of TSS and turbidity was more than 99.0%, and the color and TOC were rejected about 74.7% and 49.2%, respectively. Meanwhile, the combined membrane precess of UF and NF membranes showed even more efficient removal abilities and thus more than 99.9% of TSS and turbidity, 87.7% of color, and 78.2% of TOC were removed. In particular, 91.3% of NaOH was successfully recovered with 83.7% of total volume in the combined membrane process. With this regard, a clean caustic solution was obtained in a high purity, which can be reused for mercerization process, expecting to offer economical benefits.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.137-144
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• 1995

This studies concern the separation of aqueous boric acid solution and same solution containing silica using cellulose acetate RO S/W 4040 module manufactured by Hydranautics Co. The operating conditions of the applied pressures, temperatures, and feed flow rate are also investigated to characterize the permeabilities, biroc acid recovery, and silica rejection, so that the optimum operating conditions would be found out. In the case where the operating conditions are the temperature 35$^{\circ}$C, The pressure 20atm, and the feed flow rate 2.82 l/min, for the boric acid aqueous solution, the boric acid recovery 58.7% and the permeation rate 2.82 l/min were obtained. And also the results showed the boric acid recovery 68.1% and the permeation rate 1.56 l/min at the operating conditions, 35$^{\circ}$C and 10atm. For the boric acid solution containing silica, when the feed solution are at the conditions of 35$^{\circ}$C and 3.2atm, the boric acid recovery 69.7%, the silica rejection 97.5% and the permeation rate 0.47 l/min were obtained. And the operating conditions were at 35$^{\circ}$C, 20atm and the feed flow rate 2.92 l/min, the results showed the boric acid recovery 56.4%, the silica rejection 96.1% and the permeation rate 2.72 l/min.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.704-710
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• 2017

Although the desalination technique using gas hydrate formation is at a development stage compared to the commercially well-established reverse osmosis (RO), it still draws attention because of its simplicity and moderate operational conditions especially when using refrigerants for guest gases. In this study, DFT (density functional theory)-based molecular modeling was employed to explain the energetics of the gas hydrate formation using HFC (hydrofluorocarbon) and HCFC (hydrochlorofluorocarbon) refrigerants. For guest gases, R-134a, R-227ea, R-236fa, and R-141b were selected and three cavity structures ($5^{12}$, $5^{12}6^2$, and $5^{12}6^4$) composed of water molecules were constructed. The geometries of guest gas, cavity, and cavity encapsulating guest gas were optimized by molecular modeling respectively and their located energies were then used for the calculation of binding energy between the guest gas and cavity. Finally, the comparison of binding energies was used to propose which refrigerant is more favorable for the gas hydrate formation energetically. In conclusion, R-236fa was the best choice in terms of thermodynamic spontaneity, less toxicity, and low solubility in water.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2018

Fresh water is an important resource for humans, and pressure-driven membrane technology has been widely known as an energy-efficient method to obtain water resource. However, membrane fouling phenomenon, which is one of the major issue during operation, deteriorates membrane permeability. These fouling is usually affected by interaction between surface of membrane and various foulants, therefore, modification of membrane's surface is one of the methods to improve fouling-resistance. This review focuses on the method to modify surface of pressure-driven membranes such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). Specifically, there are two different surface modification methods: (1) adsorption and coating as the physical modification methods, (2) cross-linker, free radical polymerization (FRP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), plasma/UV-induced polymerization as the chemical modification methods. This review introduces the physico - chemical surface modification methods reported in recent papers and suggests research directions for membrane separation which can increase membrane fouling resistance.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

Using UF-SWRO hybrid process, pre-blending tests of seawater and brackish water were performed to investigate the effects on removal of boron and humic acid (HA). Feedwater pre-blending was set based on TDS concentration from 15,000 mg/L to 27,000 mg/L and analyzed for boron removal characteristics. Also organics rejection at same TDS concentration range was investigated by injecting HA. Boron concentration appeared to be high as TDS concentration was high ranging from 76.60% to 83.27%, but boron concentration in final produced water was increased up to 0.69 mg/L from 0.48 mg/L. In cases of HA tests at 10 mg/L, 22,500 mg/L TDS appeared to be higher removal rate of 17.59% than a very poor result of 8.43% in 27,000 mg/L. But high HA removal rate of 57.14% was obtained in produced water with 22,500 mg/L TDS containing 10 mg/L of HA and 27,000 mg/L TDS yielded lower boron removal rate of 54.49%. Meanwhile it was found that a relatively high flux and recovery rate were obtained following process when feedwater was injected with HA. It is considered that most of fouling substances were eliminated by binding between HA and $Ca^{2+}$. Thus, when desalination using UF-SWRO with respect to boron and HA, TDS concentration is determined to be advantageous as lower.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrated pig slurry using membrane filter on growth of tomato in nutriculture. Pig slurry was filtered by ultra filtration and concentrated by reverse osmosis process. Filtration of pig slurry was necessary to prevent the hose clogging in nutriculture. The concentrated pig slurry (CS) and nutrient solution (NS) were mixed by six different mixing ratios of 0:100, 20:80, 40:60, 60:40%, 80: 20 and 100%:0% based on nitrogen content. The chemical nutrient solution was the solution of National Horticulture Research Station for the growth of tomato. The concentration of nutrient solution was adjusted a range of $1.6{\sim}2.0mS/cm$ in EC. The plant height of tomato treated with CS 20+NS 80% was similar with NS 100% control plot. Plant height was highest in the plot of CS 20+NS 80%. The treatment of 100% concentrated pig slurry was lowest in the gowth characteristics of tomato. Number of cluster was very lower in 100% concentrated pig slurry compared with plot of chemical nutrient solution. In the beginning of growth stage, SPAD reading value was reduced in plot treated with CS 100%, but CS 20+NS 80% plot was higher compared to 100% concentrated pig slurry. SPAD value of tomato leaves was decreased as the amount of CS was increased. The SPAD value also in treatment of concentrated pig slurry was lower in the middle growth stage compared to control plot. The dry weight of stem and leaf were 107.4, 104.2g in plot of NS 100% and CS 20%+NS 80%, respectively. The fruit number and weight were decreased at high application plots of concentrated pig slurry, The fruit setting of tomato showed lowest in the plot treated with 100% concentrated pig slurry, and the growth of tomato severely decreased after application of 100% CS treatment. In conclusion, the growth characteristics such as plant height and fruit weight of tomato were not significantly different between the plots treated with mixture of 20% CS +80%NS and 100% nutrient solution treatment. In conclusion, the mixture solution of 20% of concentrated pig slurry and 80% of nutrient solution could be used as a nutrition solution of tomato nuticulture.