• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.4
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• pp.381-395
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• 1993

To investigate the procedure of natural plant succession on cutting slope in the forest roads, considered elapsed years and regional distribution, data were collected from natural and artificial treatment slope. And to elucidate the effective methods of revegetation on forest road slope, each seeding experiments carried out with 4 species(Themeda triandra, Lysimachia clethroides, Artemisia princeps and Lespedeza cyrtobotrya). The pioneer species on cutting slope in the forest road were Pinus densiflora, Lespedeza bicolor, Rhubus crataegiflora etc. in wood species, and Arundinella spp., Lysimachia barystachys, Artemisia spp. etc. in herb species. In process of year, plant coverage was increased and average of plant coverage was 30% in road slope which elapsed 5 years after construction. On short slope less than 3m, broadcast seeding method with straw mulch was more effective way than the other methods. Slope revegation work should be adapted with forest road construction work and revegetation work with native species will be effective.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2004

This study was conducted to develop revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by recycling of bark compost and mushroom media. In general, bark compost and mushroom media can be used as soil media for the restoration works, because they can increase infiltration of rainfall and give enough porous to breathe and elongate for the root growth as well as environmental value. This experiment was carried out to know the effect of soil media composed by different ratio of mushroom media for the restoration of steep rock-exposed slopes, and to certificate how soil media(PEC) will be effective to germinate and grow for native plants. The main results of the study are summarized as follows; 1. In percent coverage, the soil media PEC1 is more valuable than PEC2. The seed mixtures recommended by Government of Transportation and Construction can be used at PEC1 and PEC2, but it will be more useful if the total amount of seed are reduced and seed mixtures are altered in a direction of native plants. 2. The soil media is under 20 mm tested by Yamanaka Hardiness Tester which is available for the seed germination and growth. 3. The surface cracks are not occurred in PEC1 and PEC2, but more than 30 cracks per 1 square meter are occurred at soil media which is constructed by normal soil-seed-fertilizer hydro-seeding methods. 4. The soil moisture contents are over 20 percent level during 15 day. Such moisture content in soil media will be effective for the plant growth. By using Terra-Control, PEC can maintain enough soil moisture. 5. The eroded soils from $60^{\circ}$ slopes by artificial rainfall with the intensity of 20 mm/hr in one day after seeding are estimated under 1%. By the results of erosion test, it comes to the conclusion that soil media of PEC can be adapted at steep rock exposed slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.187-200
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• 2020

Despite the eco-friendly route plan, road slopes were collapsed due to road construction, resulting in human and property damage. To solve this problem, the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs established guidelines in 2009 to conduct a test-bed for slope recording considering the conditions of the site and the ecological environment, and divided them into recording quality and economic evaluation. The following results were obtained by analyzing 183 construction methods of cut-soil sections at 60 sites from 2012 to 2018 for road slope afforestation research. Straw net+seedspray, vegetation media spray method 1T, 3T were used the most, and vegetation media spray method 3T(patent) was excellent in quality, and straw net+seedspray was excellent in economics. As a result of analyzing the market unit price and the construction unit price, vegetation media spray method submitted the construction unit price at up to 60% lower than the market unit price. As a result of the analysis of the key factors of the greening method evaluation, the economic assessment had the greatest influence on all evaluation items. Problems in the evaluation method of revegetation were first identified as problems in the allocation of points and secondly as problems in the evaluation criteria. As for the improvement of the economic assessment criteria, the method was proposed to evaluate the same method based on market unit price when the same method was constructed, and not to conduct an economic assessment if there was a difference in market unit price between methods, or to add weight to the scores. Based on the monitoring data of 60 road slopes, this study drew up problems and improvement measures. However, with regard to scoring, research on appropriate scoring is needed by examining the current status.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

This study was carried out to suggest an effective method for the rehabilitation of Close-to-Nature River and artificial wetland. The results on the revegetation methods by seeding and sodding of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides were summarized as follows. Seed germination of Phragmites japonica was 76.3% at $30^{\circ}C$, that of Miscanthus sacchariflorus was 68.7% at $20^{\circ}C$, that of Themeda triandra germinated 52.3% at $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ constant temperature and that of Pennisetum alopecuroides germinated 86.7% at $30^{\circ}C/20^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature. Seed germination of Pennisetum alopecuroides exceeded 80% at $20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$ constant temperature and $25^{\circ}C/15^{\circ}C$ alternating temperature. At 60 days after seeding, the ground coverage of Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides reached 81%, 81 %, 74%, and 86% respectively in the soil media of vermiculite and peatmoss(1 : 1 by volume). In the results of sod experiment, Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Themeda triandra, and Pennisetum alopecuroides were formed sod completely in soil composition type of vermiculite and peatmoss(1 : 1, v/v). Thus this media seems to be best sad production media for rehabilitation works of Close-to-Nature River and man-made wetlands. Phragmites japonica and Miscanthus sacchariflorus were not significantly different in shoot height and the number of tillers by different planting distance for the first one year of experiment. Pennisetum alopecuroides shows high possibility to be used for Close-to-Nature River rehabilitation works by seeding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-51
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• 2000

This study seeks to present creation techniques increasing biodiversity while excluding techniques that avoid rooftop as a place for revegetation or techniques that are standardized and ecologically undesirable. To this end, a theoretical study was conducted including the identification of issues that need to be considered in introducing biotope creation techniques at a rooftop space using eco-pond or eco-park creation techniques. Based on the result, a creation process and techniques were presented for the rooftop of Kyungdong Energy Company building located in Bundang, Sungnam city. The conclusions reached in this study are as follows. First, when structural problems such as load or leakage are resolved and when it is planned as a habitat within a range of carrying load, a rooftop may be habitats for various organisms. Second, same creation techniques for eco-ponds or eco-parks may be applied to create biotope in a rooftop. In fact, the introduction of a wetland ecosystem on a rooftop may contribute significantly in increasing biodiversity. In addition, it would be desirable to approach traditional rooftop revegetation methods in an ecological aspect and to introduce indigenous plants and to offer habitats to insects and birds. Third, in order to create rooftop biotope, there should be enough studies and experiments on resolving structural problems and on techniques or technologies to create habitats. Since the Kyongdong Energy Company rooftop biotope described in this study is the first experimental site in Korea, it requires a series of process to identify problems and to improve them by monitoring the site in the future. Through such studies and experiments, efficient rooftop biotope creation techniques should be developed and disseminated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.75-86
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• 2018

This research was thereby made to study and analysis ecological, landscape, and stability qualities of roadside cut Slopes in expressways and national highways that went through revegetation works. Also, evaluation items and framework for integrated assessment of plant structure and restored state for the maintenance were suggested. Following is the summary of the result. firstly, for stabilization of introduced native plant species on roadside cut slops, assessment on the post-project environmental management through long-term monitoring and maintenance works must be made. It signifies a form of authentic recovery and restoration by the native plants. second, current evaluation framework on the test beds is well managed with clear evaluation standards and table while its method of assessing the post management with only test bed results lacks conformity with this study site. Newly developed evaluation framework on the post construction sites is estimated to be used as assessment standards on any roadside construction sites. Third, after site investigation distinction was observed among different revegetating construction types in the long-term perspective. Due to the different duration time of vegetation state between seed-spray measures(degraded in time) and layer-spray measure(maintained), the use of coarse straw-mat mulching work or Coir net was suggested in long term maintenance of cut slopes. forth, segmentation of post environmental assessment is organized into three large categories of "ecological", "stabile", and "landscape" qualities regarding post restoration quality and stability of slope through native plants with which categories marks 50, 30, 20 points of rates. fifth, components of the post environmental assessment were segmented in twelve categories driving results from former experimental construction and newly focused items on site. In the future, it is possible to propose a customized assessment method considering the location and location of construction work if the research on the application of post-environment assessment methods for road construction surface recording is conducted systematically.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.907-923
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the appropriate stockpiling methods for revegetation by comparing the germination status of seed banks before and after preservation for 2 years. Soil temperature in stockpiled topsoil was higher in open treatment and at 1.5 m, whereas soil water content was maintained at lower levels (14.06-19.08%), than those in the control group. The seed banks in stockpiled topsoil had 48 species and 1,559 individuals, among which perennials showed the highest number in terms of life forms, whereas Compositae and Gramineae were dominant in terms of families. Based on seed bank type, persistent seed banks had the highest number of species, while transient seed banks had the highest number of individuals. By stockpiling period, the number of species in the seed bank started to increase after 24 months, while the number of individuals began increasing after 12 months and exceeded that of the control group after 24 months. Regarding the treatment of stockpiling methods, the number of species and individuals in open treatment were closer to those of the control group. When analyzed by height, the number of species and individuals were higher at 0 m, but still lower than those of the control group. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA ) showed that the optimal combination was obtained in open treatment and the number of individuals increased with the lengthening of the stockpiling period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.110-119
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• 2004

This research was conducted to develop spraying cultivation method using forest topsoils in order to restore the disturbed slopes. In November the researcher collected a depth of 5 cm of topsoils from a well developed forest, after the fallen leaves were cleared. The essential results of the research are as follows: In the case of using the forest topsoils, during the early stages of planting, time is necessary for the desired vegetation to reach a similar state to the vegetation being restored. The best possible effect is obtained through a method utilizing forest topsoil(30%)+loam silt soil(70%)+seeding with grasses and native plants including trees, shrubs, and herbs. Several plants such as Pinus densiftora, Potentilla fragarioides, Miscanthus sinensis, Erigeron canadensis seemed to be naturally emerged from the topsoils From this experiment, it was recommended that environment potential within topsoil should be comprehended. Also, topsoil deposit and gathering methods should be experimented properly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.54-63
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• 1999

This study was conducted to suggest the ecological restoration and environmentally friendly revegetation technology for the rock-exposed cut-slopes by the Natural Topsoil Restoration Methods (NTRM) with the following restoration objectives; (1) prevention or reduction of wind and water erosion, (2) provision of food and cover for variety of animal species, (3) improvement of the visual or aesthetic quality of the disturbed slopes. On Nov. in 1995, the 5cm thick layer of artificial soil and 2cm thick layer of straw-mulching was attached at rock-exposed cut-slopes by NTRM without using anchor wire and anchor pin. The main results during four years surveying on the ground-coverage effect, plant growth, species diversity and importance values were summarized as follows. 1. Artificial soil attached at rock exposed cut-slopes was not eroded until recovered by tree and herbaceous vegetation in spite of not using anchor wire and anchor pin. Also it shows low soil hardiness and has almost the same amount of bacteria and fungi with in surrounding natural topsoil. 2. In 'combination for the woody vegetation', Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Albizzia julibrissin, Rhus chinensis, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria occupied upper layer vegetation. Since three years after seeding, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria had overwhelmed the other woody plants and cool season foreign grasses, Erigeron canadensis, Taraxacum mongolicum, Commelina communis, Arundinella hirta (Thunberg) and Oenothera erythrosepala grows at lower part of the vegetation, 3. The heights of the Rhus chinensis grows 1.8m, Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria 2.0m, so it seems that the objectives of woody vegetation with native plants could be accomplished. 4. After 4 years later after seeding in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation', the most dominant plant was Indigofera pseudo-tinctoria, the next was in order of cool-season grasses, Taraxacum mongolicum, Erigeron canadensis, lxeris dentata (Thunberg), Oenothera erythrosepala, Arundinella hirta (Thunberg). The diversity index in 'combination for woody vegetation' was higher than that in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation'. The tendency of the intrusion of secondary succession plants was more effective in 'combination for the herbaceous vegetation' than in 'combination for the woody vegetation'.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.141-154
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• 2012

This study was launched to verify the effective composition of plant species and its management program most suited for the dredged soiled area near Nakdong River Site 14. The improvement methods of planting base and the composition of plants such as silver grass, reed, and some colonies in aesthetic effect were studied. To search the management methods to decrease the confining pressure risen from the burried seeds which would consequently harm the previously seeded plants, experimental construction process was measured on the site. The purpose of this experiment was to figure out which part of the improvement on the plant base has the most significant effect for the revegetation of infertile, dredged soil, to verify the easily seeded, developing plants among seeded plants, and finally, to find the restoration model using plants near the dredged soil around riverside. 8 seeded plants and 23 invaded species were appeared which among the emerged plants, development of Aster yomena MAKINO, Lotus corniculatus var. japonica Regel, Trifolium repens L, and Dianthus longicalyx Miq were proved to be brought up well. Difference risen from the seed composition were not noticeable until 150day since the germination was proceeded mainly by Aster yomena MAKINO. The experimental plot with dredging sand+organic fertilizer method of construction and dredging sand+soil conditioner method showed most development while the effect of the plot with only the soil base of dredging sand stayed low. Another important method for the management of infertile, dredged soil base would be the removal of disturbing species which the experiment showed the tied relationship between the removal of disturbing species and development of seeding plants. Although this study was carried out focused on the Nakdong River Project, the study suggests the general management program that the removal of disturbing species such as Humulus japonicus Sieboid & Zucc. and Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi in times around rainy season(60days after seedling) would be effective for the easy growth of revegetation plants.