• Physical Therapy Korea
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.35-50
• /
• 2001

The purposes of this study were to investigate the therapeutic effects of an early exercise program after mastectomy and to provide the early exercise program protocol for patients who had undergone mastectomy. The subjects were seventy women who were diagnosed with breast cancer. They were randomly as signed either to a experimental group (n=35) that received early postoperative exercise program or to a control group (n=35) that received only education by nurses. Data were obtained for each patient from goniometric measurements of shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation, 10 elements of functional performance, and subjective pain evaluation using visual analogue scale (VAS). All variables were measured preoperatively, three days postoperatively, and one month postoperatively. Data were compared by groups using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test for parametric or non-parametric data, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups for all variables preoperatively and at three days postoperatively. But there were significant differences at one month postoperatively. The experimental group showed a statistically significant increases in shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation and in the pain VAS at one month postoperatively (p<.05). Also, at one month postoperatively, the experimental group had less difficulty with three elements of functional performance-doing up a 'back' zippered article of clothing, reaching the ipsilateral scapula, and contralateral scapula with the fingers on the operated side-than the control group (p<.05). The results of this study suggest that, after mastectomy, the early exercise program conducted by a well-trained physical therapist can make a significant contribution to the return of more normal shoulder function and activities of daily living and to an increased quality of life.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.446-452
• /
• 2009

This study on strategy and its function in debate offer the materials of education concrete and practical to be able to improve the expression ability and comprehension ability of the students, and can give lots of help to improve the ability of application that can answer quickly in trouble circumstances. The type of strategy in the course of set up the theory are (1) the form of concept definition, (2) the form of solution offer, (3) inductive form and deductive form, (4) the form of example offer. The type of strategy in the course of contradict are (1) the form of soliloquy, (2) the form of claim comparison, (3) the form of partial recognition. The type of strategy in the course of cross examination are (1) the form of question in return and contradict, (2) the form of partial consent contradict. We believe this study will improve the communication ability and negotiation ability and also make a great contribution to improve the leadership of 21-century type if this study will be used in the field of education.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.7 no.10
• /
• pp.36-43
• /
• 2007

This study on strategy and its function in debate offer the materials of education concrete and practical to be able to improve the expression ability and comprehension ability of the students, and can give lots of help to improve the ability of application that can answer quickly in trouble circumstances. The type of strategy in the course of set up the theory are (1) the form of concept definition, (2) the form of solution offer, (3) inductive form and deductive form, (4) the form of example offer. The type of strategy in the course of contradict are (1) the form of soliloquy, (2) the form of claim comparison, (3) the form of partial recognition. The type of strategy in the course of cross examination are (1) the form of question in return and contradict, (2) the form of partial consent contradict. We believe this study will improve the communication ability and negotiation ability and also make a great contribution to improve the leadership of 21-century type if this study will be used in the field of education.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.130-135
• /
• 2006

Objective : After ischemic stroke, partial recovery of function frequently occurs and may depend on the plasticity of axonal connections. Here, we examine whether blockade of the Nogo/NogoReceptor[NgR] pathway might enhance axonal sprouting and thereby recovery after focal brain infarction. Methods : Adult male Sprague Dawley rats weighing $250{\sim}350g$ were used. Left middle cerebral artery occlusion[MCAO] was induced with a intraluminal filament. An osmotic mini pump [Alzet 2ML4, Alza Scientific Products, Palo Alto, CA] for the infusion of NgR-Ecto[310]-Fc to block Nogo/NgR pathway was implanted 1 week after cerebral ischemia. Prior to induction of ischemia, all animals received training in the staircase and rotarod test. Two weeks after biotin dextran amine injection, animals were perfused transcardially with PBS, followed by 4% paraformadehyde/PBS solution. Brain and cervical spinal cord were dissected. Eight coronal sections spaced at 1mm intervals throughout the forebrain of each animal with cresyl violet acetate for determination of infarction size. Images of each section were digitized and the infarct area per section was measured with image analysis software. Results : Histological examination at 11 weeks post-MCAO demonstrates reproducible stroke lesions and no significant difference in the size of the stroke between the NgR[310]Ecto-Fc protein treated group and the control group. Behavioral recovery is significantly better and more rapid in the NgR-Ecto[310]-Fe treated group. Blockade of NgR enhances axonal sprouting from the uninjured cerebral cortex and improves the return of motor task performance. Conclusion : Pharmacological interruption of NgR allows a greater degree of axonal plasticity in response this is associated with improved functional recovery of complicated motor tasks.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.267-275
• /
• 2023

Background: Physical therapy (PT) plays an important role in the recovery of function following anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA). While several PT protocols have been published for these patients, there is no standardized protocol for aTSA rehabilitation. This lack of standardization may lead to confusion between patients and physicians, possibly resulting in suboptimal outcomes. This study examines how PT protocols provided by academic orthopedic surgery programs vary regarding therapeutic goals and activities following aTSA. Methods: PT protocols for aTSA available online from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education accredited orthopedic surgery programs were included for review. Each protocol was analyzed to evaluate it for differences in recommendation of length of immobilization, range of motion (ROM) goals, start time for and progression of therapeutic exercises, and timing for return to functional activity. Results: Of 175 accredited programs, 25 (14.2%) had protocols publicly available, programs (92%) recommended sling immobilization outside of therapy for an average of 4.4±2.0 weeks. Most protocols gave recommendations on starting active forward flexion (24 protocols, range 1-7 weeks), external rotation (22 protocols, range 1-7 weeks), and internal rotation (18 protocols, range 4-7 weeks). Full passive ROM was recommended at 10.8±5.7 weeks, and active ROM was 13.3±3.9 weeks, on average. ROM goals were inconsistent among protocols, with significant variations in recommended ROM and resistance exercise start times. Only 13 protocols (52%) gave recommendations on resuming recreational activities (mean, 17.4±4.4 weeks). Conclusions: Publicly available PT protocols for aTSA rehabilitation are highly variable. Level of evidence: IV.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.156-159
• /
• 2013

Background: Cardiac pacemakers are known to be susceptible to strong electromagnetic fields (EMFs). This in vivo study investigated occurrence of electromagnetic interference with pacemakers caused by common environmental sources of EMFs. Methods: Eleven volunteers with a pacemaker were exposed to EMFs produced by two mobile phone base stations, an electrically powered commuter train, and an overhead high voltage transmission lines. All the pacemakers were programmed in normal clinically selected settings with bipolar sensing and pacing configurations. Results: None of the pacemakers experienced interference in any of these exposure situations. However, often it is not clear whether or not strong EMFs exist in various work environments, and hence an individual risk assessment is needed. Conclusions: Modern pacemakers are well shielded against external EMFs, and workers with a pacemaker can most often return to their previous work after having a pacemaker implanted. However, an appropriate risk assessment is still necessary after the implantation of a pacemaker, a change of its generator, or major modification of its programming settings.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2004

Recently detection of early gastric cancer (EGC) has been increasing and the treatment strategies for gastric cancer have been changing. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical outcomes between laparoscopically assisted (LADG) and hand-assisted laparoscopic gastrectomy (HALDG) and open distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer. This review is directed toward providing gastric surgeons with recent advances in the treatment of EGC. We investigated the English language literature for the past 12 years through computer searches which focused on : 1) Patient demographics, 2) Operation time, 3) Intra-operative blood loss, 4) Depth of invasion, 5) CBC, 6)Weight loss, 7) Analgesic requirement, 8)Time NPO, 9) Length of hospital stay, 10) Tumor stage, 11) Lymph node (LN) dissection, 12) Position of LN resected, 13) Complications. Improved operative techniques and surgical instrumentation have facilitated the development of minimally invasive gastric cancer surgery. The short-term benefits of laparoscopic gastrectomy included less surgical trauma, less pain, rapid return of gastrointestinal function, and shorter hospital stay, with no change in operative outcome. Laparoscopic gastrectomy was better accepted by the patients as a good procedure and promptly brought the patients back to their previous lifestyle and activities of daily living. But the advantages of HALDG for gastric cancer, extended lymph node dissection and intracorporeal anastomosis are feasible and easier with the presence of the internal hand. The hand-assisted laparoscopic (HALDG) method reported the best results in lymph node dissection.This method is an alternative to total laparoscopic radical gastrectomy. LADG and HALDG, when compared with conventional open gastrectomy, have several advantages. When performed by a skilled surgeon, LADG and HALDG are safe and useful techniques for patients with early-stage gastric cancer. Their appropriateness for gastric cancer surgery require further study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.9
• /
• pp.1263-1266
• /
• 2002

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of some production factors on commercial production of Etawah Crossbred Goats (ECG) of Inpres Desa Tertinggal member groups (AKIDT) at Krasak, Pandansari, Brajan, and Kragilan villages in Boyolali regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The study was from February to April 2000. Eighty respondents of AKIDT were selected by simple random sampling and the data were analyzed using Cobb Douglas Production Function. The results showed that ECG production simultaneously were highly significant (p<0.01) influenced by amount of feed consumed (kg TDN/year, $x_1$), number of does of ECG (Animal Unit/year, $x_2$), number of kids and does/ barn/year (Animal Unit/year, $x_3$), labor use (man-days/year, $x_4$) and work capital (US$/year, $x_5$) with $R^2= 0.6568$. In addition, ECG production was partially influenced by $x_2$, $x_3$ and $x_5$ (p<0.01) and $x_1$ (p<0.05), but not significant (p>0.05) by $x_4$. Technically, production factors of $x_1$, $x_2$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$ had reached technique efficiency (0$x_1$, $x_3$, $x_4$, $x_5$ did not showed efficiency (Ep<1) and $x_2$ was not efficient yet.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.138-148
• /
• 2012

A stochastic reliability analysis model has been developed for evaluating the time-dependent stability performance of armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters subjected to the multiple loads of arbitrary magnitudes which could be occurred randomly. The initial structural capacities and the damage rates of armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters could be estimated as a function of the incident wave height with a given return period by using the modified Hudson's formula and Melby's formula. The structural stability performances of armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters could be analyzed in detail through the lifetime reliability investigations according to the limit states such as the serviceability or ultimate limit state and the conditions of multiple loads. Finally, repair intervals for the structural management of armor units of rubble-mound breakwaters could quantitatively be evaluated by a new approach suggested in this paper that has been based on the target probability for repair and the accumulated probabilities of failure obtained from the present stochastic reliability analysis model.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.123-129
• /
• 2002

This research is aiming to specify the requirement of the investment such as initial cost, running cost earning rate to make effective investment considering the purpose of remodeling and economical value of store building enough to meet the initial purpose of remodeling. The review of earning rate for economical evaluation was performed by the on-site auditing on the structure and function of the building and applying the assessment simulation program, which is to find the possible business model to identify the requirement of building owner through case study. After the research, the following results are obtained. First, it is important that many aspects should be carefully analysis and the best method should be selected as characteristics of remodeling can tie defer each other in their implementations. Second, though the remodeling of exist buildings to promote the functions has been applied. no suitable assessment tool has bee developed for deriding the level of remodeling in the view of economical efficiency so far. Third, the economical benefit was evaluated by analysing annual earning rate which is applied by investment items and recovery period for the investment. More specific data base should be established to apply the suggested economic accession in business enough to forecast the future circumstances. More researches should be promoted on this area continuously as well as the integrated economic evaluation of remodeling on existing building.