• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.1682-1694
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• 2007

대형할인점, 편의점, 무점포영업 등 신업태의 확대, 소매업태 점포 간 경쟁심화로 전통 재래시장권은 소비자의 다양한 기호, 구매스타일 변화 및 신도시 상권이동에 따른 상권 위축 등 외부적 요인으로 인한 불리한 영업환경의 변화에 따라 쇠퇴일로에 처하고 있다. 이의 대처방안으로 정부는 "재래시장 및 상점가 육성을 위한 특별법" 제정 시행을 통한 재정 지원 및 경영지원을 법제화하였으며, 이에 맞추어 재래시장 점포주들은 상인회, 번영회를 결성하고 재래시장 경쟁력 향상에 매진하고 있으나 재래시장 활성화를 위해서는 미흡한 실정이다. 정부에서 지원하고 있는 사업을 바탕으로 재래시장 점포주들의 경영실태를 비교 분석함으로써 재래시장 점포주들의 경영 상태를 실증 조사분석하며 또한 정부지원 제도의 개선점과 추진 방향 수정으로 보다 좋은 정책 방향 모델을 제시하기 위하여 연구하고자한다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.140-151
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 소방관들이 화재현장에서 복귀 후 소방청사 내에서 2차적으로 노출된 화학적 유해물질의 실내공기질을 평가하였다. 서울시에 소재한 4개 소방서를 선정하였고, 그 중 2개 소방서는 실제 화재현장에서 소방활동 종료 귀소 후에, 다른 2개 소방서는 대조군으로 설정하여 출동과 상관없이 평소 수준의 실내공기질을 측정하였다. 소방안전지도 전산시스템을 이용하여 서울시에서 발생하는 모든 화재사고에 대하여 24시간 모니터링을 실시하였고 중급규모 이상의 사고에서 실험군이 출동하게 되는 경우 귀소 후 바로 실내공기질을 측정하였다. 11개 유해물질 항목(미세먼지, 포름알데히드, 휘발성유기화합물, PAH, VCM, 산류, 석면, CO, CO₂, NO₂, O₃)을 공정시험법에 따라 측정하였다. 유해물질 11종 중 3종이 국내·외 기준을 초과하였고 1종은 국외기준에 육박하는 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 총휘발성 유기화합물, 이산화탄소, 황산은 각 2.5배, 2.2배, 1.1배가 환경부 및 고용노동부 기준보다 높았다. 또한, 포름알데히드와 황산의 경우, 실험군보다 대조군에서 더 높게 측정되었다. 본 연구결과는 서울특별시 소방청사 내 실내공기질 개선 정책에 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Design & Manufacturing
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2023

The mold industry in Japan, an advanced country in the mold industry, is also at a point of great change. The main causes are the Ukraine crisis and the collapse of the global supply chain (parts supply chain) caused by COVID-19. In addition, the prices of overseas products are rising sharply due to rapid exchange rate fluctuations (decrease in the value of the yen). Until now, Japan's monotsukuri industry has been actively pursuing overseas expansion, riding the trend of globalization. However, the trend began to rapidly reverse, and now the monotsukuri industry that had expanded overseas is showing a tendency to return to Japan. Another factor of change is the change in the automobile industry, which is the most demanded product in the mold industry. As the automobile industry evolves from gasoline cars to electric cars, the number of parts that make up a car will drastically decrease. This trend is expected to increase the demand for small-scale production of a variety of products in the mold industry, and furthermore, it is expected that short delivery times will be required in parts development. As in Korea, the production population working in the mold industry is rapidly decreasing in Japan as well. Even if you add up the total population working in manufacturing in Japan, it only accounts for about 15%. Even in Japan, it is judged that it will be difficult to sustain the monotsukuri industry with this small production population. Therefore, since improvement in production efficiency cannot be expected with the same manual dexterity as before, the mold industry is also demanding the development of mold technology at a different level than before to increase productivity. In this paper, I would like to introduce new Japanese mold technology collected through attending the Intermold exhibition. This is an example of applying a dedicated pin (Gastos) to a mold to prevent an increase in internal pressure during plastic injection molding, and a deep drawing press molding technology with an inherent hydraulic function.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.225-270
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• 2008

본 연구는 간단한 일반균형 중첩세대모형을 사용하여 공적연금의 거시경제적 영향에 대한 정성적(qualitative) 분석 결과를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이는 분석적인(analytical) 방법으로 균형을 찾고 그 성질을 탐구하는 것이 불가능하여 다양한 형태의 수치 분석적 기법을 동원하는 기존 선행연구들이 제시하고 있는 정량적(quantitative) 분석의 결과를 이론적으로 해석할 수 있는 기제를 마련한다는 차원에서 의미를 가지는 것으로 평가된다. 본 연구는 우선 논의의 단순화를 위해 확정급여(defined benefit)형 부과방식(pay-as-you-go) 공적연금체제하의 2세대 일반균형 중첩세대모형을 제시하고 이로부터 명시적인 균형해를 도출한다. 다음으로 본 연구에서는 공적연금의 존재 및 그로 인한 이전재원규모의 증감, 고령화를 비롯한 경제활동인구의 감소 등과 같은 상황이 경제의 자본 축적 및 자본의 기대수익률에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 더불어 기본모형의 신용제약 존재 여부, 그리고 확정기여(defined contribution)형 부과방식 혹은 적립방식(funded system) 공적연금의 도입에 따른 거시경제적 영향을 논의한다. 그 결과 공적연금의 도입 및 이전재원규모의 증가는 자본 축적에 부정적인 영향을 미친다는 사실을 확인하였다. 다음으로 고령화의 진전이 자본 축적에는 부정적인 결과를 초래하지만 자본의 기대 수익률에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 확정적인 결론을 내릴 수 없었음을 발견하였다. 다만, 위험자산, 즉 자본에 지급되는 위험 프리미엄이 고령화가 가속화되는 시기에는 커지는 반면 고령화의 진전이 더디어지는 시기에는 작아진다는 결과를 도출함으로써 고령화에 따른 자산시장 붕괴(meltdown) 현상의 발생가능성을 배제할 수는 없으나 부과방식 공적연금하에서는 그 가능성이 그리 크지 않을 수도 있음을 확인하였다. 한편, 확정급여형에 비하여 확정기여형의 공적연금이 시장에서 거래되는 위험자산인 자본 축적을 구축하는 경향이 더 크다는 사실을 확인하였는데, 이는 저축의 주체인 청년층이 확정기여형 공적연금의 수급권을 자본과 대체관계를 형성하는 대안적 위험자산으로 인식하기 때문인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.562-571
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• 2008

The principal objective of this study was to assess dietitian's awareness and performance with regard to food suppliers' selection guidelines and purchase guidelines for the receipt of safe food materials. A questionnaire was administered to 203 dietitians working at an elementary school in Gyeonggi North province, and 190 responses were ultimately returned. Excluding responses with incomplete answers and significant missing data, 161 responses(79.3%) were ultimately utilized for data analysis. We determined that meat/poulty and seafood were purchased mainly by manufacturer's branch(59.8% and 78.3%), and processed food and kimchi were generally purchased by producer's cooperatives(47.7% and 44.9%). 78.3% of the contracts were made via informal purchasing and the frequency of contracts was less than 3 times per year(53.4%). Market studies were conducted individually(54.7%), and by group(47.2%). Dietitian and parents volunteered(50.3%) or dietitians, and school and foodservice staffs(45.3%) participated - together in receiving and inspection. School contracted with $4{\sim}5$(39.1%) and $6{\sim}8$ food suppliers(29.8%). Dietitians(42.3%) or school councils(40.2%) evaluated food suppliers once per semester(60.2%). The majority of dietitians(96.3%) conducted sanitary education for food suppliers once per semester (68.3%). All 13 guidelines which were usually used to evaluate food suppliers were thought to be important(more than 4) based on a 5 scale(1: never important, 5: very important). Among them, 'sanitary storage status of food products(4.85)', 'have a chill car(4.83)' and 'proper control of refrigerator, freezer and storage room(4.81)' were the most crucial guidelines. As dietitians evaluated food supplier's-observances of 13 guidelines, 'have a chill car(4.89)', 'hold medical examination of employees(4.89)' and 'hold liability insurance for handling product(4.80)' were fulfilled relatively well. The guidelines for conducting education for their employees(4.45) and keeping their establishment and equipment sanitary(4.79) were important, but were not observed well(3.39 and 3.37). Additionally, the difference between the importance and the observance score of the 'HACCP certificate' were fairly significant(4.44 and 3.54). Dietitians tended to report that purchasing management related to the removal of foodborne illness factors(4.71), return confirmation(4.50) and purchase specification(4.32) were important. The difference between importance and performance was highest in the process of changing food suppliers when the contracts were violated more than three times. Dietitian's age, education work experience and employment type had no observable effects on how important they considered purchase management to be, but their work experience significantly affected performance in terms of the removal of foodborne illness factors(p<0.05). As supplier management is the most critical factor, it is clearly desirable to educate suppliers at specialized training centers and to supervise suppliers in accordance with the established sanitary guidelines.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제31권
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• pp.19.1-19.7
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• 2016

A large portion of the Korean population has been exposed to toxic humidifier disinfectants (HDs), and considering that the majority of the victims are infants, the magnitude of the damage is expected to be considerably larger than what has currently been revealed. The current victims are voicing problems caused by various diseases, including but not limited to lung, upper respiratory tract, cardiovascular, kidney, musculoskeletal, eye, and skin diseases, etc. However, there has been difficulty in gaining validation for these health problems and identifying causal relationships due to lack of evidence proving that toxic HD is the specific causes of extrapulmonary diseases such as allergic rhinitis. Furthermore, the victims and bereaved families of the HD case have not received any support for psychological distress such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, feelings of injustice, and anger caused by the trauma. In addition, because the underlying mechanisms of the toxic materials within the HDs such as polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate, poly(oxyalkylene guanidine) hydrochloride, chloromethylisothiazolinone /methylisothiazolinone have yet to be determined, the demand for information regarding the HD issue is growing. The victims of the HD cases require support that goes beyond financial aid for medical costs and living expenses. There is a desperate need for government-led integrated support centers that provide individualized support through health screenings; in other words, we need an integrated facility that provides the appropriate social support to allow the victims to recover their physical and mental health, so as to well prepare them to return to a normal life. The implementation of such a plan requires not only the close cooperation between those departments already directly involved such as the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Health and Welfare, but also active support on a national scale from pan-governmental consultative bodies.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.15-68
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• 1983

From the economic point of view the fishing port is the complex of installations on land, organized to serve the fishing fleet and its cargo, and is the main link in the production chain of all components of the fishing industry, with the aim of achieving the planned targets with the minimum cost. Fishing port investment decisions have had significant impact on the development aims of Korean fisheries. Fishing port investments in Korea are made mostly by public or semipublic port authorities. Such investments should be judged not purely on the basis of financial profitability but rather on the extent to which they serve the development aims of the fishing industry. This makes the economic appraisal process more complex and presents certain problems in correctly quantifying the economic costs and benefits of the fishing port projects. This study concentrates more on the theoretical economic appraisal models than on the purely financial aspects of fishing port investments and points out the difference between the two approaches. In the result, there is clearly an element of judgment as to whether or not a shadow price needs to be used in estimating economic benefits and costs. From this viewpoint, some attempts are made to provide definitions of the possible economic benefits and costs, and methods for estimating and evaluating them in Part III and IV. Especially queueing theory is applied in the calculation of economic benefits. When a project is contemplated and analysis shows it to Lave a positive NPV, one question that arises is whether it should be implemented now or delayed. In this paper, the first year rate of return method is regarded as a more concise way of solving the timing of investment, At the end of Part IV, risk analysis of fishing port investments is considered. It can be handled in a number of ways, ranging from informal judgment to complex statistical analyses involving large-scale computer models, This paper recommends that evaluators of fishing port investments use the sensitivity analysis indicating exactly how much NPV will change in response to a given change in an input variable, other things held constant. Decisions regarding the amount of capacity to provide must be made in fishing port investments. Providing too much service would involve excessive capital costs. On the other hand, not providing enough service capacity would cause the waiting line of fishing vessels to become excessively long at times. Therefore, in Part V, the optimal number of berths and berth productivity in fishing port are defined as follows: Minimize E(TC) ＝ E(WC)＋E(SC) The minimum of this function is the solution and that is the optimal number of berth and berth productivity in fishing port.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.128-148
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• 2019

Massive environmental monitoring has been conducted continuously since the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power accident in March of 2011 by different monitoring methods that have different features together with migration studies of radiocesium in diverse environments. These results have clarified the characteristics of radiological environments and their temporal change around the Fukushima site. At three months after the accident, multiple radionuclides including radiostrontium and plutonium were detected in many locations; and it was confirmed that radiocesium was most important from the viewpoint of long-term exposure. Radiation levels around the Fukushima site have decreased greatly over time. The decreasing trend was found to change variously according to local conditions. The air dose rates in environments related to human living have decreased faster than expected from radioactive decay by a factor of 2-3 on average; those in pure forest have decreased more closely to physical decay. The main causes of air dose rate reduction were judged to be radioactive decay, movement of radiocesium in vertical and horizontal directions, and decontamination. Land-use categories and human activities have significantly affected the reduction tendency. Difference in the air dose rate reduction trends can be explained qualitatively according to the knowledge obtained in radiocesium migration studies; whereas, the quantitative explanation for individual sites is an important future challenge. The ecological half-lives of air dose rates have been evaluated by several researchers, and a short-term half-life within 1 year was commonly observed in the studies. An empirical model for predicting air dose rate distribution was developed based on statistical analysis of an extensive car-borne survey dataset, which enabled the prediction with confidence intervals. Different types of contamination maps were integrated to better quantify the spatial data. The obtained data were used for extended studies such as for identifying the main reactor that caused the contamination of arbitrary regions and developing standard procedures for environmental measurement and sampling. Annual external exposure doses for residents who intended to return to their homes were estimated as within a few millisieverts. Different forms of environmental data and knowledge have been provided for wide spectrum of people. Diverse aspects of lessons learned from the Fukushima accident, including practical ones, must be passed on to future generations.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.188-206
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• 2010

본 연구는 대형 조선업계를 중심으로 한 효율성과 생산성을 분석하였다. 효율성 분석을 위해 DEA 기법과 생산성 분석을 위한 Malmquist 생산지수 분석방법을 이용하여 2004년부터 2009년 6년간의 효율성과 생산성의 변화를 살펴보았다. 분석한 주요 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 효율성 분석결과, 우리나라 대형 조선업계에서 연구기간동안 가장 효율적인 기업은 현대미포로 나타났으며, 가장 비효율적인 기업은 현대중공업 그리고 최근 들어 한진중공업의 효율성이 갑자기 급락하고 있는 것을 알 수 있다. 둘째, 규모수익(RTS; Return to Scale)면에서 살펴보면, 규모수익체감(DRS)은 늘고 있고, 규모수익체증(IRS)은 줄어들고 있다. 각 DMU 들의 정책적 대안은 규모수익 체감(DRS)인 경우, 투자 축소를, 규모수익체증(IRS)인 경우는 투자확대를 요구한다. 특히, 현대중공업의 경우, 2004-2009년 전 기간을 통해 규모수익이 감소되고 있으며, 이는 기술효율성보다 규모의 비효율이 더 크다는 것은 규모를 축소해야함을 의미한다. 셋째, 초효율성은 현대삼호가 가장 높은 효율성(1.7859)을 보이고, 그 다음으로 현대미포(1.0077)가 높게 나타나고 있다. 초효율성 분석에 의하면, 2004년 76.74%에서 2009년 76.35%로 하락추세를 보이고 있다. 넷째, DEA/Window분석 결과에서도 전 기간동안 효율성은 약간 하락하였다. 그 중 현대미포가 가장 높은 효율성을 보였으며, 현대중공업이 가장 낮은 효율성을 보였다. 표준편차와 LDP에서는 현대중공업이 가장 안정적이었으며, 가장 불안정한 조선소는 현대삼호로 나타났다. 다섯째, Malmquist 생산지수를 통한 분석에서 생산성 또한 하향 추세를 보이고 있다. 이러한 생산성 하향은 기술효율성 하락(0.997)과 기술퇴보(0.989)가 원인이다. 전반적인 하락의 원인은 삼성과 한진의 생산성이 1이하 인 것 때문이다. 그러나 두 기업을 제외한 각 DMU별 생산성은 약간씩 상승을 보이고 있다. 이는 각 DMU별로 기술효율성 향상을 위한 노력 때문이다. 여섯째, 7개 대형조선소들의 경영효율성과 생산성을 함께 고려해 볼 때, 현대삼호의 경우 효율성의 상승률(0.6866에서 0.9707)과 생산성(1.047)이 가장 높게 나타났다. 이처럼 국내 대형조선소들의 효율성과 생산성은 각 기업별 노력이 중요하지만, 글로벌 금융위기로 인한 글로벌 조선산업의 환경악화, 중국의 조선산업에 대한 지원강화 등의 국내외 환경에 좌우된다 하겠다. 특히 대형조선소들은 해양구조물 등 고부가가치 영역의 차별화와 선종 전문화를 통해 경쟁력을 높이고자 노력하고 있다. 이러한 고부가가치 영역에 대한 차별화, 관련 혹은 비관련 다각화, 그리고 선종 전문화를 통한 경쟁력 제고 노력은 중장기적 관점에서 글로벌 포지션을 강화해 갈 수 있는 바람직한 전략이다. 이처럼 조선산업의 발전을 위해서는 해당기업들의 기업내부 효율성 제고를 위한 노력은 물론 국가차원의 정책적 지원과 배려가 필요하다.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.55-66
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• 2003

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluated results of arthroscopic treatment of the traumatic recurrent unidirectional posterior subluxation. Materials and Methods: We treated twenty-seven patients who had traumatic recurrent unidirectional posterior subluxation of the shoulder by arthroscopic labral repair and posterior capsular shift and prospectively evaluated for a mean of thirty-nine months (range,24 to 85 months). Patients who had posteroinferior instability, multidirectional instability, atraumatic onset, or revision cases were excluded. There were twenty-five male and two female patients with the mean age of twenty-one years (range, 14 to 33 years). All patients were involved in sports activity. All had a significant traumatic event prior to the onset of the instability. Stability, motion, three objective measurement (UCLA, ASES, and Rowe scores) and two subjective measurements (pain and function visual analogue scale) were evaluated. Results: The most common finding in magnetic resonance image-arthrogram was separation of the posteroinferior labrum without displacement in 9 patients, In arthroscopic examination, all patients had one or more lesions in the posterior inferior labrum and capsule. The most common finding was incomplete stripping of the posterior inferior labrum (18 patients). The posteroinferior capsule subjectively appeared to be stretched in twenty-two patients. At follow-up, all patients had improved shoulder function and scores(p < 0.01). All patients had stable shoulder by subjectivel and objectivel measurements, except one patient who had recurrent subluxation. All but one patient with postoperative recurrence were able to return to their prior sports activity with little or no limitation. Twenty-four patients were graded as having more than 90％ of shoulder function. Their were twenty-one excellent, five good, and one fair UCLA. scores. Pain sore improved from 4.5 to 0.2 point(p : 0.0001). Mean loss internal rotation was one vertebral level. None had operative complications. Conclusion: In conclusion, treatment outcomes of the traumatic unidirectional recurrent posterior subluxation are consistently reliable with respect to the stability, pain relief, and functional restoration by the arthroscopic posterior capsular shift procedure.