• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.11b
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• pp.17-20
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• 2001

Nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices with reoxidized nitrided oxide(RONO) gate dielectrics were fabricated, and nitrogen distribution and bonding species which contribute to memory characteristics were analyzed. Also, memory characteristics of devices depending on the anneal temperatures were investigated. The devices were fabricated by retrograde twin well CMOS processes with $0.35{\mu}m$ Nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices with reoxidized nitrided oxide(RONO) gate dielectric were fabricated, and nitrogen distribution and bonding species which contributing memory characteristics were analyzed. Also, memory characteristics of devices according to anneal temperatures were investigated. The devices were fabricated by $0.35{\mu}m$ retrograde twin well CMOS processes. The processes could be simple by in-situ process of nitridation anneal and reoxidation. The nitrogen distribution and bonding state of gate dielectric were investigated by Dynamic Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(D-SIMS), Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry(ToF-SIMS), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy(XPS). Nitrogen concentrations are proportional to nitridation anneal temperatures and the more time was required to form the same reoxidized layer thickness. ToF-SIMS results show that SiON species are detected at the initial oxide interface and $Si_{2}NO$ species near the new $Si-SiO_{2}$ interface that formed after reoxidation. As the anneal temperatures increased, the device showed worse retention and degradation properties. These could be said that nitrogen concentration near initial interface is limited to a certain quantity, so excess nitrogen are redistributed near the $Si-SiO_{2}$ interface and contributed to electron trap generation.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1997.07d
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• pp.1292-1297
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• 1997

본 연구에서는 latch-up 개선책의 일환으로 개발중인 매립층을 갖는 retrograde well의 형성기술과 더불어 공정 단순화를 목적으로 개발된 BILLI (Buried Implanted Layer for Lateral Isolation) well 구조[1]에 대한 공정 유기 결함을 분석하고 그에 의한 소자 열화 특성을 분석 하였으며 그 개선책을 제시 하고자 하였다. 매립층 형성에 의한 유기결함은 접합 누설전류와 Gate oxide 신뢰성을 열화 시켰으나 이온주입 후 $1000^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도에서 10sec 정도의 RTP anneal에 의해 그 소자 특성이 개선되며 표면 결함이 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.62-65
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• 1999

A new method for arthroscopic resection of the inferior leaf for the horizontal tear in the anterior horn of the meniscus extending deep toward the capsule was developed. Resection of this tear is difficult-perhaps more so than any other meniscal tear. At arthroscopy, a small incision on the meniscotibial ligament of the anterior horn was made after the deep horizontal tear was carefully debrided. A retrograde punch was introduced through the incision and underneath the inferior leaf of the anterior meniscus. The inferior leaf of the anterior horn was resected by the punch without difficulty. This simple technique minimizes the risk of superior leaf injury and can be used for a horizontal tear in the anterior horn as well as the mid horn with sweeping motion of the retrograde punch.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1992

The quantitatively measured local myocardial perfusion rates with microspheres are used as an objective indicator of even distribution of cardioplegic solution, and the efficacy of the retrograde right atrial route of cardioplegia is evaluated in hearts with various levels of coronary arterial obstruction. After initial antegrade cardioplegia under the median sternotomy and aortic cannulation, 60 hearts from anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits are divided in random order as normal group [ligated left main coronary artery ; MA, MR] and diagonal group [ligated proximal diagonal artery ; LA, LR]. Half of each group [N=10] are perfused with antegrade cardioplegia[A] under the pressure of 100 cmH2O and the other half with retrograde right atrial route[R] under the pressure of 60 cmH2O[St. Thomas cardioplegic solution mixed with measured amount of microspheres]. The myocardium is subdivided into segments as A[atria], RV[right ventricle]. S[septum], LV[normally perfused left ventricular free wall], ROI[ischemic myocardium of left ventricular free wall]. LV and RQI are further divided into N[subendocardium] and P[subepicardium]. The resulting local myocardial perfusion rates and N /P of each group are compared with Wilcoxon rank sum test. The weight of the hearts is 5.94$\pm$0.66g, and there are no statistically significant dif-ferences[p>0.05, ANOVA] between six compared group. The mean flow rate[F: ml /g / min] of MR group is comparable with MA group[p>0.05], but in N and L group, there are significantly depressed F with right atrial route of cardioplegia, which means elevated perfusion resistance with this route. In spite of no significant differences in delivered doses of microsphere[DEL] between compared groups[p>0.05, ANOVA], there are significantly depressed REC and NF in hearts with right atrial cardioplegia which suggests increased requirement of cardioplegic solution with this route. The interventricular septum shows poor perfusion with right atrial route of cardioplegia without obstruction of supplying coronary arteries. But, with obstruction of coronary artery supplying septum as in M group, the flow rate is superior with right atrial route of infusion. The left ventricular free wall perfusion rates of every RQI with R route are superior to that of A route[p<0.05]. But, in LV segments, there are unfavorable effects of right atrial cardioplegia in L group, although the subendocardial perfusion is well maintained in N group. The LV free wall of left main group shows depressed perfusion rates with antegrade route as compared with RQI segments of diagonal group. But, by contraries, there are increased perfusion rates and superior N /P ratio with retrograde right atrial route. It implies more effective perfusion with right atrial route of cardioplegia in more proximal coronary arterial obstruction[i.e., M group as compared with L group]. As a conclusion, all region of ischemia have superior perfusion rates with right atrial car-dioplegia as compared with antegrade route, and especially excellent results can be obtained in hearts with more proximal obstruction of coronary arteries which would otherwise result in more severe ischemic damage. But, the depressed perfusion rates of the segments with normal coronary artery in hearts with coronary arterial obstruction may be a problem of concern with right atrial cardioplegia and needs solution.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 1999

The lower extremity injuries are extremely increasing with the development of industrial & transportational technology. For the lower extremity injuries that result from high-energy forces, particularly those in which soft tissue and large segments of bone have been destroyed and there is some degree of vascular compromise, the problems in reconstruction are major and more complex. In such cases local muscle coverage is probably unsuccessful, because adjacent muscles are destroyed much more than one can initially expect. Reconstruction of the lower extremity has been planned by dividing the lower leg into three parts traditionally The flaps available in each of the three parts are gastrocnemius flap for proximal one third, soleus flap for middle one third and free flap transfer for lower one third. Microvascular surgery can provide the necessary soft tissue coverage from the remote donnor area by free flap transfer into the defect. Correct selection of the appropriate recipient vessels is difficult and remains the most important factor in successful free flap transfer. Vascular anastomosis to recipient vessels distal to the zone of injury has been advocated and retrograde flow flaps are well established in island flaps. Retrograde flow anastomosis could not interrupt the major blood vessels which were essential for survival of the distal limb, the compromise of fracture or wound healing might be prevented. During 5 years, from March 1993 to Feb. 1998, we have done 68 free flap transfers in 61 patients to reconstruct the lower extremity. From analysis of the cases, we concluded that for the reconstruction of the lower extremity, free flap transfer yields a more esthetic and functional results.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.254-263
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• 2022

Objective: This study reports the effects of Korean medicine therapy for fatigue and anorexia after endoscopicretrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for common bile duct stone with cholangitis. Methods: A 76-year-old woman was admitted for fatigue and anorexia after ERCP and she was treated with Hyansayangyi-tang-gami as well as acupuncture, moxibustion, and cupping therapies. Symptoms were evaluated using a numericrating scale (NRS), and liver function was examined through laboratory test. Results: After 19 days of treatment, the patient's fatigue improved from NRS 7 to NRS 4, and her anorexia score also improved, from NRS 9 to NRS 1~2. Liver function also increased. Conclusion: This study suggests that Korean medicine can be used for managing fatigue and anorexia following ERCP.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.77-84
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• 2016

Pancreatic cancer, the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States, has a very poor prognosis. Cholangiocarcinoma originates from either intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile duct, and its incidence is gradually increasing worldwide. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with brush cytology has a high false-negative rate for the diagnosis of biliary malignancy. Recently, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has emerged as the potential modality to detect pancreatic cancer. EUS-guided fine needle aspiration for cytologic analysis made it possible to overcome the obstacle in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions in the pancreatobiliary lesion, and it has been well established as a safe and effective procedure. Herein, the clinical application of EUS in the diagnosis of pancreatobiliary cancer was reviewed.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.153-156
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• 2015

A 47-year-old man was referred to the operating room to treat a dentigenous cyst of the mandibular bone. Initial assessment of the airway was considered normal. However, after the induction of anesthesia, we could not intubate the patient due to severe distortion of the glottis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and video laryngoscopy were not effective. Intubation using a retrograde wire technique was successful. After the conclusion of surgery, the patient recovered without any complications. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging of the patient's neck showed a $6{\times}4{\times}8.6cm$ heterogeneous T2 hyperintense, T1 isointense well-enhancing mass in the prestyloid parapharyngeal space. The patient was scheduled for excision of the mass. We planned awake intubation with fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The procedure was successful and the patient recovered without complications. Anesthetic induction can decrease the muscle tone of the airway and increase airway distortion. Therefore, careful airway assessment is necessary.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07b
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• pp.1003-1006
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 sub-micron 소자에서 SCE(Short Channel Effect) 억제를 위한 Halo 와 SSR(Super Steep Retrograde Well) 적용에 따른 analog 특성의 열화를 석하고 이를 개선하기 위해 Twist 이온주입과 In, Sb Halo 를 채택하였다. Analog 특성은 CMOS 의 amplifier 과 Comparator 로의 사용을 고려해 Drain Rout과 Early voltage를 이용해 나타내었으며 Digital 성능을 함께 고려하였다. 실험결과 NMOS 의 경우 45 twist Halo 조건에서, PMOS의 경우 As보다 Sb를 Halo 로 적용하는 경우 더 우수한 analog 특성을 나타내었다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1999.06a
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• pp.946-949
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• 1999

In this research we have developed a reliable, effective and feasible HEI(High-Energy Ion Implantation) process 3D-simulation tool, and then by using it we can predict and analyze the effect of HEI process on characteristics of the standard CMOS device. high-energy ion implantation above 200 keV is inevitable process to form retrograde well and buried layer to prevent leakage current, to conduct field implant for field isolation, and to perform after-gate implantation. The feasible analysis tool is a product of the HEI process modeling verified by comparison of the SIMS experiments with the simulation results. Especially, in this paper, we present the predicting capability of HEI-induced impurity and damage profiles compared with the published SIMS data in order to acquire the reliability of our results ranging from few keV to several MeV for phosphorus and boron implantation.