• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.279-287
• /
• 2006

본 연구는 변형 전분이 가래떡의 노화에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 규명하기 위해 실시하였다. 우선 변형전분이 가래떡의 노화에 미치는 영향을 Avrami equation으로 검토하였는데 그 결과 Avrami equation 지수 n값은 실험구 모두 1.03${\sim}$l.31범위로 나타났다. 이것은 변형 전분을 첨가한 가래떡 전분 입자의 결정화 즉시노화가 일어난다는 것을 의미하며 대조구(control)의Avrami equation 지수 n값이 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 노화속도상수 k는 대조구에 비해서 변형 전분을 첨가한 경우가 낮게 나타났으며 그 중 SHPP가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 이러한 경향은 노화 속도의 시간 상수 1/k값에서도 잘 나타나 있다. 시차주사열량기(DSC, differential scanning calorimeter)를 이용한 변형 전분의 가래떡에 대한 열적 특성 검토에서는 저장 기간에 따라 변형 전분을 사용한 경우 전분 입자의 호화 개시 온도가 조금씩 높아졌고 그 중 SHPP가 가장 완만하게 상승하였다. 떡의 최대 호화온도에서도 저장기간에 따라 SHPP는 거의 변하지 않고 SSOS, ASA는 약간 증가하였고 대조구는 더 많이 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 용융 enthalpy(${\Delta}$H)는 대조구(21.2${\rightarrow}$26.1${\rightarrow}$27.1)에 비해서 변형 전분을 첨가한 경우(SSOS: 21.1${\rightarrow}$23.7${\rightarrow}$24.1, ASA: 21.1${\rightarrow}$24.8${\rightarrow}$25.4)가 용융 enthalpy가 적은 것으로 나타났으며 특히 SHPP의 경우는 가장 적은 폭으로 증가하였다. 가래떡의 열 용융 신전성(열용융신전성(熱熔融伸剪性), Martindiameter)은 대조구, ASA, SSOS, SHPP 순으로 좋게 나타났으며 SHPP를 첨가한 것이 가장 좋은 용융 신전성을 나타내었다. 변형 전분을 첨가한 가래떡의 색깔과 관능적 조직감의 경우에는 L$^*$값은 저장 기간에 따라 SSOS와 SHPP의 경우에는 그 값이 많이 변하지 않고 안정한 편이었다. a$^*$값은 대조구(2.21${\rightarrow}$5.34 : 141.6%), ASA(2.01${\rightarrow}$4.22 : 110.0%), SSOS(2.78${\rightarrow}$4.87 : 75.2%), SHPP(2.12${\rightarrow}$3.40) : 60.4%)의 순이었다. 또 b$^*$값은 대조구(4.32${\rightarrow}$6.35 : 47.0%), ASA(4.66${\rightarrow}$5.73 : 23.0%), SSOS (4.90${\rightarrow}$5.89 : 20.2%), SHPP(4.89${\rightarrow}$5.12 : 4.7%) 순서로 SHPP가 가장 색깔 변화가 없었다. 관능적 조직감은 변형 전분을 사용한 경우 높게 나타나고 특히 SHPP는 가장 좋은 관능적 조직감을 유지하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.470-473
• /
• 2005

Starch was isolated from turnip (Brassica rapa L.), and to elucidate the structure-function relationship its structural and physical properties were characterized. Morphological structure of the starch was analyzed by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy). Most of the starch granules were spherical in shape with diameter ranging from 0.5-10mm. Apart from larger granules ($<10\;{\mu}m$) which dominated the population size of turnip starch, significant amount of small ($0.5-2\;{\mu}m$) and mid-size granules (${\sim}\;{\mu}m$) were also detected. It was revealed that presumably, erosion damages occurred due to the attack of amylase-type enzymes on the surface of some granules. Branch chain-length distribution was analyzed by HPAEC (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chromatography). The chain-length distribution of turnip starch revealed a peak at DP12 with obvious shoulder at DP18-21. The weight-average chain length ($CL_{avg}$) was 16.6, and a large proportion (11.8%) of very short chains (DP6-9) was also observed. The melting properties of starch were determined by DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimetry). The onset temperature ($T_o$) and the enthalpy change (${\Delta}H$) of starch gelatinization were $50.5^{\circ}C$ and 12.5 J/g, respectively. The ${\Delta}H$ of the retrograded turnip starch was 3.5 J/g, which indicates 28.2% of recrystallization. Larger proportion of short chains as well as smaller average chain-length can very well explain relatively lower degree of retrogradation in turnip starch.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.234-240
• /
• 2008

The optimal conditions for the production of branched dextrin from com starch (CSBD) using branching enzyme (BE) were established by investigating the degree of retrogradation of the gelatinized starch. The physicochemical properties of CSBD prepared using the established process were evaluated. It was found that physicochemical properties of com starch were greatly modified by BE treatment. CSBD had a higher dextrose-equivalent value and water solubility than the corresponding control. On the other hand, the viscosities in gelatinized solution and amylose contents of CSBD were lower than those of the control. A high-performance size-exclusion chromatography/multiangle laser light scattering/retractive index (HPSEC/MALLS/RI) system showed that the average molecular weight of CSBD was lower than that of the control. The pasting viscosities of CSBD were stable during the entire temperature cycle. In general, the BE treatment resulted in the retrogradation during storage being lower for CSBD than for the control.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.619-624
• /
• 2002

To enhance the nutritional quality of the Soboru bread, a dietary fibers extracted from Kombu was added into wheat flour in the amounts of 0, 1, 3, and 5% and the quality of the baked products was characterized. The inherent water holding capacity of the added dietary fibers raised weight of the bread while specific volume and density values were decreased at the same time. Increasing the amount of dietary fiber resulted in the decreased setback time of the raw materials in amylogram. The lower textural hardness of the dietary fiber-enriched bread after one-day storage at room temperature could be attributed to the retarded retrogradation of the starch. Darkened surface of the bread as indicated by the Hunter colorimetric values and the accompanied change in flavor did not significantly influence the sensory evaluation of the products. Judging from texture, taste and overall acceptability of the product, recommended substitution level for the dietary fiber in Soboru bread was 3% or less. Increased intake of the dietary fibers, accompained with more use of seaweed, was expected through the suggested functional bread.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.96-100
• /
• 1997

식빵을 직접반죽법에 따라 제조하면서 원료의 혼합공정에 carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC)를 처리하여 제품의 품질수명을 연장시키는데 미치는 영향요인 중 노화도, 항균성 및 관능적 특성, 수분활성도를 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. CMC로 처리한 처리구 C-I과 C-II는 대조구 C-0에 비하여 노화가 지연되었으며, 특히 빵의 저장 중 부패의 원인이 되는 Aspergillus, Penicillium 등과 같은 곰팡이의 생육을 억제시켰다. 또한 평점법에 따라 관능검사를 실시한 결과 향, 이취, 전체적인 기호도는 저장기간동안 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 조직감은 C-0와 C-II 처리구 간에는 5%수준에서 유의적인 차이를 보였다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.157-164
• /
• 2011

The influence of sodium salts and chlorides at various concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.50, and 1.00%) on the reheating behavior of retrograded rice starch and cooked rice was investigated. The degree of gelatinization of the all retrograded rice starch gels and the cooked rice containing sodium salts and chlorides increased after reheating compared to the starches without salt. Gelatinization also showed an increasing trend as the concentration of sodium salts and chlorides increased. The increase of gelatinization after reheating the samples containing sodium salts and chlorides was greater than 38.0%. The reheated retrograded rice starch and cooked rice containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the lowest set back value and retrogradation rate constant. Among all the samples, the cooked sample containing $Na_3PO_4$ showed the highest increment of gelatinization after reheating. Also, this same sample showed the lowest retrogradation degree.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.185-194
• /
• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the physicochemical, sensory evaluation of Backsulgi changed with germinated brown rice flour(GBRF) at different ratio. Moisture content decreased gently during storage and the decrease was less in GBRF-added groups than the control group. The color L value decreased significantly by with increasing the GBRF, wherease the redness(a) and yellowness(b) were both increased. As the result of measurement with texture analyzer, hardness, gumminess, chewiness, adhesiveness and fracturability of Backsulgi tended to decrease in proportion to the amount of GBRF in the formula. The thermal properties of Backsulgi were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). Onset temperature and peak temperature of gelatinizatino in thermal characteristics showed low in case of addition of GBRF into Backsulgi. All samples changed with GBRF had low values in change of melting enthalphy. In the sensory evaluation, Backsulgi with GBRF were superior in flavor, cohesiveness, hardness, chewiness and moistureness than that of control. And Backsulgi with 20% GBRF showed the highest score in overall acceptability. Therefore we concluded that the addition of GBRF on Backsulgi improve the sensory characteristics as well as delay the retrogradation.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제16권6호
• /
• pp.902-909
• /
• 2007

Granular maize starch was treated with Thermus scotoductus 4-${\alpha}$-glucanotransferase (${\alpha}$-GTase), and its physicochemical properties were determined. The gelatinization and pasting temperatures of ${\alpha}$-GTase-modified starch were decreased by higher enzyme concentrations. ${\alpha}$-GTase treatment lowered the peak, setback, and [mal viscosity of the starch. At a higher level of enzyme treatment, the melting peak of the amylose-lipid complex was undetectable on the DSC thermogram. Also, ${\alpha}$-GTase-modified starch showed a slower retrogradation rate. The enzyme treatment changed the dynamic rheological properties of the starch, leading to decreases in its elastic (G') and viscous (G") moduli. ${\alpha}$-GTase-modified starch showed more liquid-like characteristics, whereas normal maize starch was more elastic and solid-like. Gel permeation chromatography of modified starch showed that amylose was degraded, and a low molecular-weight fraction with $M_w$ of $1.1{\times}10^5$ was produced. Branch chain-length (BCL) distribution of modified starch showed increases in BCL (DP>20), which could result from the glucans degraded from amylose molecules transferred to the branch chains of amylopectin by inter-/intra-molecular transglycosylation of ${\alpha}$-GTase. These new physicochemical functionalities of the modified starch produced by ${\alpha}$-GTase treatment are applicable to starch-based products in various industries.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
• /
• 제8권3호
• /
• pp.333-341
• /
• 1992

The physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of 'BACKSULGIES', which was added with potato peel, guar gum or polydextrose, were investigated. The maximum acceptable addition ratio of dietary fiber to 'BACKSULGI' was 10%. And optimal addition ratio was 3% for all samples. The water binding capacity was affected by dietary fiber sources and incubation conditions (temperature and time). The Guar gum had me highest value of water binding capacity. The solubility was highly related with water binding capacity and me swelling power was increased with temperature increment. The degree of gelatinization was not significantly different with dietary fiber sources. But me values of gelatinization of 'BACKSULGIES' added with dietary fibers were significantly higher than mose of 'BACKSULGI' with no dietary fiber. Generally hardness and brittleness incresed along with storage time. But me hardness of 'BACKSULGIES' added with dietary fibers was significantly lower man those of 'BACKSULGI' with no dietary fiber. The retardation effect of dietary fibers for retrogradation of 'BACKSULGIES' was also proved by time constant determination of Avrami equation. Sernsory evaluation revealed that me addition of dietary fibers did not reduce the organoreptic quality. Therefore potato peel 3%, guar gum 3%, polydextrose 3% were optimum addition ratio which could be accepted as conventional 'BACKSULGI'. As me results of this study, it was proved mat the additions of dietary fibers to 'BACKSULGI' had the retardation effect of retrogradation.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제26권2호
• /
• pp.45-49
• /
• 2008

We studied the feasibility of monitoring and controlling the manufacturing process of an infant formula with rice starch by testing in-process samples using rheology. We used DSC to first determine the gelatinization temperature of the rice starch, a key ingredient of this product. With this characteristic temperature and the process design known, rheological measurements were conducted on the in-process samples for detecting the presence and extent of gelatinization and retrogradation of rice starch; in-process samples were collected from the carbohydrate tank, after the homogenizer, and the finished product tank. The correlation between the rheological measurements on these samples and manufacturing performance proved that rheology is a very sensitive tool for monitoring the structural development of this infant formula during main process, and their influence on sterilization efficiency. We observed that the lower degree of gelatinization during main process, a shorter residence time in the finished product tank, and using caustic flush rather than clean-in-place additively lead to higher sterilization efficiency. These findings can be utilized for a rational design and analysis of the manufacturing process for infant formulas containing rice starch.