• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.19-32
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• 2019

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate the mediating effects of relationship fairness factors between franchisor's support services and performance(re-contract intention) in food service franchise. More specifically, fairness was measured into distributive, procedure, interaction, and information, franchisor's support service was divided into pre-start support services (initial support services) and post-start support services (continued support services), and performance (re-contract intent) was measured using 3 items such as re-contract, contract extension, and recommendation. Research design, data, and methodology - The population for the survey is the head of franchises in the metropolitan area (Seoul/Gyeonggi), which operates a restaurant franchise, and samples included a wide range of overseas/domestic brands and regions. The survey was conducted from August 1 to September 30, 2018 through the survey agency. The survey was conducted together with a telephone interview and a direct visit by the investigator. A total of 205 questionnaires were collected and retrieved, 4 questionaires containing missing information were excluded and 201 responses were used for analysis. Results - The results shows that franchisor's initial support services have significant positive effects on procedural, interpersonal, and informational relationship fairness, and continuous support services have significant positive effects on distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational relationship fairness. This study also shows that informational and procedural fairness have significant positive effects on performance(re-contract intention). Finally, continuous services a significant positive effect on performance(re-contract intention). Conclusions - The results show that franchisor make a manual, and should improve fairness through regular investigation whether support services was executed as promised in the manual after franchisee operation. In addition, information fairness and procedural fairness have been shown to increase performance(re-contract intention). These results mean that the franchisor's headquarters should provide product and service support for the merchant in accordance with the manual and management policy to reduce asymmetry in information and improve procedural fairness to enhance performance(re-contract intention).

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.19-44
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• 2023

Purpose - This study examines the relationships between leader-member exchange (LMX), perceived fit, organization-based self-esteem (OBSE), corporate citizenship, work engagement, and employees' negative word-of-mouth (NWOM). In particular, it analyzes the effect of the interaction between LMX and corporate citizenship on OBSE, and the effect of the interaction between perceived fit and corporate citizenship on OBSE. Finally, this study analyzes moderated mediation by legal/ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship, and work engagement in the LMX-NWOM relationship and the perceived fit-NWOM relationship, respectively. Design/methodology - The research data were collected through a questionnaire from 293 employees working at 117 restaurant companies in Korea. Findings - The results were as follows. First, both LMX and perceived fit were negatively related to employees' NWOM. Second, both LMX and perceived fit were positively related to OBSE. Third, OBSE was negatively related to employees' NWOM. Fourth, legal/ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship were found to attenuate the positive (+) relationship between perceived fit and OBSE, respectively. Fifth, it was found that work engagement weakened the negative (-) relationship between OBSE and NWOM. Finally, OBSE was found to have a partial mediating effect moderated by corporate citizenship (legal/ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship) and work engagement in the relationship between perceived fit and NWOM. Originality/value - This study makes a theoretical contribution by expanding the mechanisms associated with LMX and NWOM by revealing the mediating effect of OBSE in their relationship. Additionally, this study makes a theoretical contribution in that it demonstrates the importance of enhancing legal and ethical citizenship and philanthropic citizenship by revealing the moderating effect of corporate citizenship in the relationship between perceived fit and OBSEE. Finally, it makes a theoretical contribution by suggesting that the interaction between work engagement and OBSE is important in reducing employees' NWOM by revealing the moderating effect of work engagement.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-67
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• 2014

Looking at the case of countries or companies, the success and failure can be found a certain repetitive 'Pattern'. In this paper, global franchise company factors determine the success or failure of the Burger King on the market dynamism perspective, and looked to discuss its implications. The success or failure of a company in a country like pattern of the growth and erosion and stagnation and decline, and the pursuit of sustainable growth through relentless improvement reactivated. Burger King has more to strengthen brand equity oriented by the world's best restaurant through the development of aggressive marketing activities in the global market to regain its former glory.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.65-84
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to review the theories and cases of performance sharing in the franchise industry to present a method for more effective franchise performance-sharing. To that end, this study reviewed the theory on resource dependence and the theory on inequality to describe the performance-sharing between the franchisor and the franchisee and their relationship. It also looked at the cases of a week-in cooler system at 'Beer Market', the allocation of fees for alcoholic beverage sales to franchisees, the scholarship program of 'Onigiri and Ikyudon' and 'Bonsamo' which is a franchisees' committee for Bonjuk to introduce examples of performance-sharing. Through a theoretical review and case review, this study presents five types of methods for performance-sharing. First, 'the sharing of core competence by the franchise company; second, 'the establishment of a royalty culture'; third, 'scientific analysis of markets and establishment of a revenue forecast system'; fourth, 'reinforced financial support from the franchisor'; and lastly, 'the positive application of franchisees' committees'. Such methods are expected to provide a groundwork for mutual benefit and co-prosperity between franchisor and franchisee.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.223-241
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• 2014

In May 2012, the collaboration of Hana Bank, top financial service company, and SK Planet, top telecommunication service provider, introduced a new credit card that was filled with all-in-one benefits into the market. Leveraging strong infrastructure of two companies, each top in its own industries, the awareness and preference of 'Club SK Card' brand rapidly increased to about 25% in less than one year. Moreover, this new card was enthroned in the most sold credit card of year 2012, accounting for a market share of 7.2% in the credit card market and more than 80% in the mobile credit card market. To make these results possible, 'Club SK Card' marketing team developed an effective marketing communication strategy which followed the 6M model. The mission of the marketing communication strategy was simple and clear. It was to deliver the card's inherent strengths on consumer benefits that come from the support of subsidiary and affiliated companies of SK Planet. According to OK Cashbag data, the marketing communication team selected the appropriate target consumers and approached them directly, inducing actual purchase behavior. The target consumers received straightforward messages about 'Club SK Card' and were led to join in the new membership at their most frequently visited supermarket or franchise restaurant. The straightforward communication message embedded in an eye-catching commercial ad with a hook song accompanied with a dance was delivered via public media. The ad became so popular that many other television programs quoted or made parodies of the ad. Courtesy of the commercial ad, the brand name disseminated rapidly and widely among the public. In October 2012, an ingenious planning and persistent implementation of the communication strategy results 'Club SK Card' to be ranked top in brand awareness as well as advertising preference tests.

• Journal of the FoodService Safety
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2024

"Dangol" is a native Korean word originating from 18 century folklore. Dangol is often used as a keyword and term in consumer marketing and foodservice industry research. However, a variety of other terms have also been used to express the concept of Dangol, including loyalty, brand loyalty, Choongsung, Choongsung level, loyal customer, Dangol customer, Dangol intention, and store loyalty. Due to a lack of clear conceptualizations of Dangol, terms such as Dangol, Choongsung, and loyalty are often mixed in their use, even in a single study. This study confirmed whether Dangol is being used interchangeably with loyalty in domestic literature by applying an integrated literature review of studies found on Google Scholar. Of the studies that have been published since 1990, 219 studies were analyzed. The first analysis yielded eight research keywords related to Dangol. Dangol intention, Dangol doctor, and Dangol faith were the most commonly used at 18.2%, followed by Dangol customer and Dangol relationship at 13.6%. The second analysis yielded nine research keywords related to loyalty. Out of the 99 cases, loyalty program occurred most frequently at 46%, followed by loyalty at 20%. The third analysis yielded 22 research keywords related to Choongsung in total. Customer Choongsung was most frequent at 28%, followed by trademark Choongsung at 14%. Finally, the results of the content analysis on Dangol was summarized as "designated relationship for business transaction and the relationship between the seller", "the customer when a single transactional relationship is established continuously".

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.193-209
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• 2011

The fast expansion of super supermarket(SSM) in Korean retail industries has attracted serious social attentions and some types of regulations to slow down its growth are prepared. However, the regulations are hardly justified because they attempt to establish entry barriers which are not recommendable economic policy. Accordingly, the regulations should be justified at least on the basis of social and political causes. The study interprets the social and political causes as the effects of entry of SSM on trading ares where SSM is located. The study is distinguished from the past studies which focused only on intertype and intratype competition between retailers Another goal of the study is to complement the weakness of past studies and provide additional information to settle the issues. More closely, the study investigates the relationships between the changes in sales of convenience stores, which may be a surrogate measure of the viability of a local economy, and the changes in the composition of business types within 500m radius of a SSM. Further, the study investigates the effects of the establishment of SSM and the retail sales index on the sales of convenience stores. The study analyzed the panel data and adopts Swamy's random coefficient models. The results show that the effects of the establishment of SSM on the sales of convenience stores are not statistically significant. The relationship between the change in the portion of restaurants among the local business and the change in the sales of convenience stores is positive. On the other hand the relationship between the change in the portion of retailers in the composition of local businesses and the change in the sales of convenience stores is negative. In conclusion, even though any negative effects of the establishments of SSM on local economies are expected, as long as other types business especially restaurant businesses fill the space left by retailers, the net effect on the local economy may not be signification or even positive.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-22
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• 2021

Aspect Based Sentiment Analysis (ABSA), which analyzes sentiment based on aspects that appear in the text, is drawing attention because it can be used in various business industries. ABSA is a study that analyzes sentiment by aspects for multiple aspects that a text has. It is being studied in various forms depending on the purpose, such as analyzing all targets or just aspects and sentiments. Here, the aspect refers to the property of a target, and the target refers to the text that causes the sentiment. For example, for restaurant reviews, you could set the aspect into food taste, food price, quality of service, mood of the restaurant, etc. Also, if there is a review that says, "The pasta was delicious, but the salad was not," the words "steak" and "salad," which are directly mentioned in the sentence, become the "target." So far, in ABSA, most studies have analyzed sentiment only based on aspects or targets. However, even with the same aspects or targets, sentiment analysis may be inaccurate. Instances would be when aspects or sentiment are divided or when sentiment exists without a target. For example, sentences like, "Pizza and the salad were good, but the steak was disappointing." Although the aspect of this sentence is limited to "food," conflicting sentiments coexist. In addition, in the case of sentences such as "Shrimp was delicious, but the price was extravagant," although the target here is "shrimp," there are opposite sentiments coexisting that are dependent on the aspect. Finally, in sentences like "The food arrived too late and is cold now." there is no target (NULL), but it transmits a negative sentiment toward the aspect "service." Like this, failure to consider both aspects and targets - when sentiment or aspect is divided or when sentiment exists without a target - creates a dual dependency problem. To address this problem, this research analyzes sentiment by considering both aspects and targets (Target-Aspect-Sentiment Detection, hereby TASD). This study detected the limitations of existing research in the field of TASD: local contexts are not fully captured, and the number of epochs and batch size dramatically lowers the F1-score. The current model excels in spotting overall context and relations between each word. However, it struggles with phrases in the local context and is relatively slow when learning. Therefore, this study tries to improve the model's performance. To achieve the objective of this research, we additionally used auxiliary loss in aspect-sentiment classification by constructing CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) layers parallel to existing models. If existing models have analyzed aspect-sentiment through BERT encoding, Pooler, and Linear layers, this research added CNN layer-adaptive average pooling to existing models, and learning was progressed by adding additional loss values for aspect-sentiment to existing loss. In other words, when learning, the auxiliary loss, computed through CNN layers, allowed the local context to be captured more fitted. After learning, the model is designed to do aspect-sentiment analysis through the existing method. To evaluate the performance of this model, two datasets, SemEval-2015 task 12 and SemEval-2016 task 5, were used and the f1-score increased compared to the existing models. When the batch was 8 and epoch was 5, the difference was largest between the F1-score of existing models and this study with 29 and 45, respectively. Even when batch and epoch were adjusted, the F1-scores were higher than the existing models. It can be said that even when the batch and epoch numbers were small, they can be learned effectively compared to the existing models. Therefore, it can be useful in situations where resources are limited. Through this study, aspect-based sentiments can be more accurately analyzed. Through various uses in business, such as development or establishing marketing strategies, both consumers and sellers will be able to make efficient decisions. In addition, it is believed that the model can be fully learned and utilized by small businesses, those that do not have much data, given that they use a pre-training model and recorded a relatively high F1-score even with limited resources.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.493-513
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• 2014

With the development of related technologies, Location-Based Services (LBS) are growing fast and being used in many ways. Past LBS studies have focused on adoption of LBS because of the fact that LBS users have privacy concerns regarding revealing their location information. Meanwhile, the number of LBS users and revenues from LBS are growing rapidly because users can get some benefits by revealing their location information. Little research has been done on how LBS affects consumers' information search behavior in product purchase. The purpose of this paper is examining the effect of LBS information filtering on buyers' uncertainty and their information search behavior. When consumers purchase a product, they try to reduce uncertainty by searching information. Generally, there are two types of uncertainties - knowledge uncertainty and choice uncertainty. Knowledge uncertainty refers to the lack of information on what kinds of alternatives are available in the market and/or their important attributes. Therefore, consumers having knowledge uncertainty will have difficulties in identifying what alternatives exist in the market to fulfil their needs. Choice uncertainty refers to the lack of information about consumers' own preferences and which alternative will fit in their needs. Therefore, consumers with choice uncertainty have difficulties selecting best product among available alternatives.. According to economics of information theory, consumers narrow the scope of information search when knowledge uncertainty is high. It is because consumers' information search cost is high when their knowledge uncertainty is high. If people do not know available alternatives and their attributes, it takes time and cognitive efforts for them to acquire information about available alternatives. Therefore, they will reduce search breadth. For people with high knowledge uncertainty, the information about products and their attributes is new and of high value for them. Therefore, they will conduct searches more in-depth because they have incentive to acquire more information. When people have high choice uncertainty, people tend to search information about more alternatives. It is because increased search breadth will improve their chances to find better alternative for them. On the other hand, since human's cognitive capacity is limited, the increased search breadth (more alternatives) will reduce the depth of information search for each alternative. Consumers with high choice uncertainty will spend less time and effort for each alternative because considering more alternatives will increase their utility. LBS provides users with the capability to screen alternatives based on the distance from them, which reduces information search costs. Therefore, it is expected that LBS will help users consider more alternatives even when they have high knowledge uncertainty. LBS provides distance information, which helps users choose alternatives appropriate for them. Therefore, users will perceive lower choice uncertainty when they use LBS. In order to test the hypotheses, we selected 80 students and assigned them to one of the two experiment groups. One group was asked to use LBS to search surrounding restaurants and the other group was asked to not use LBS to search nearby restaurants. The experimental tasks and measures items were validated in a pilot experiment. The final measurement items are shown in Appendix A. Each subject was asked to read one of the two scenarios - with or without LBS - and use a smartphone application to pick a restaurant. All behaviors on smartphone were recorded using a recording application. Search breadth was measured by the number of restaurants clicked by each subject. Search depths was measured by two metrics - the average number of sub-level pages each subject visited and the average time spent on each restaurant. The hypotheses were tested using SPSS and PLS. The results show that knowledge uncertainty reduces search breadth (H1a). However, there was no significant correlation between knowledge uncertainty and search depth (H1b). Choice uncertainty significantly reduces search depth (H2b), but no significant relationship was found between choice uncertainty and search breadth (H2a). LBS information filtering significantly reduces the buyers' choice uncertainty (H4) and reduces the negative relationship between knowledge uncertainty and search breadth (H3). This research provides some important implications for service providers. Service providers should use different strategies based on their service properties. For those service providers who are not well-known to consumers (high knowledge uncertainty) should encourage their customers to use LBS. This is because LBS would increase buyers' consideration sets when the knowledge uncertainty is high. Therefore, less known services have chances to be included in consumers' consideration sets with LBS. On the other hand, LBS information filtering decrease choice uncertainty and the near service providers are more likely to be selected than without LBS. Hence, service providers should analyze geographically approximate competitors' strength and try to reduce the gap so that they can have chances to be included in the consideration set.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.183-198
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• 2014

This study aims to suggest useful information for tteokbokki franchise businesses to enter foreign markets by market testing and surveying preferences of foreign consumers with various kinds of tteokbokki. For this research, a survey was conducted from July 16 to August 20, 2012, targeting the people who live in Beijing, Tokyo, Singapore. The data was collected and analyzed using SPSS for Windows Version 18.0. The relationship between the general details of consumers and the results of the market test were analyzed using canonical correlation analysis. Research results and utilization plans are expected to use for improving the image of the country and ripple effects on exporting agricultural and fishery products, along with the effect of increasing spread of overseas personnel export and domestic Korean overseas supply of cultural content. Nurturing restaurant franchise business, creating jobs, and contributing to the increase in the income of the rural economy are also expected. Fermented tteokbokki franchise business should create new added value. The development of fermented tteokbokki will build a new culture of consumption, expand consumption, academic cooperation and joint technology development, and activate employment linked. Consequently, it is necessary to understand eating habits of local consumers from a variety of perspectives such as texture, taste, and colors of sauce when globalizing Korean food.