• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Breath-Counting Meditation according to Personal Characteristics through the changes of Vital Signs (V/S) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Methods: 41 adults were classified according to gender and A-type behavior, then each group was compared for the changes on V/S and HRV through Breath-Counting Meditation of 10 minutes. Results: 1) Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were both significantly decreased in females, and the respiration level decreased significantly in both the male and female groups. 2) Respiration level decreased significantly in both the A-type and Non-A-type groups. 3) LF decreased significantly in both the male and female groups. HF increased significantly in both the male and female groups. 4) TP, LF and LF/HF increased significantly and HF decreased significantly in the Non-A-type group. Conclusions: Breath-Counting Meditation has respiratory effects for all groups and HRV of male, female and Non-A-type groups.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 2017

Purpose: Breathing can be controlled either unconsciously or consciously. In Asian countries, various conscious breathing-control techniques have been practiced for many years to promote health and wellbeing. However, the exact mechanism underlying these techniques has not yet been established. The purpose of this study is to explore the physiological mechanism explaining how conscious breathing control could affect the autonomic nervous system, brain activity, and mental changes. Methods: The coupling phenomenon among breathing rhythm, heart rate variability, and brain waves was explored theoretically based on the research hypothesis and a review of the literature. Results: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia is a well-known phenomenon in which heart rate changes to become synchronized with breathing: inhalation increases heart rate and exhalation decreases it. HRV BFB training depends on conscious breathing control. During coherent sinusoidal heart rate changes, brain ${\alpha}$ waves could be enhanced. An increase in ${\alpha}$ waves was also found and the synchronicity between heart beat rhythm and brain wave became strengthened during meditation. Conclusion: In addition to the effect of emotion on breathing patterns, conscious breathing could change heart beat rhythms and brainwaves, and subsequently affect emotional status.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical research of Cold-Heat of pattern identification(PI) focused on quantitative indicators for general people in Korea, through the review of OASIS, KISS, DBpia, NDSL database. Ten clinical researches were analyzed in this study. These research gradually started from 2004 to 2009 but there was no research after 2010. Diagnosis of Cold-Heat PI all was done through a questionnaire, 7 or most researches had not used the intervention methods. Quantitative indicators related to the Cold-Heat PI mentioned in the selected 10 researches are seven, these indicators include heart rate variability(HRV), electroencephalogram, Yangdorak, respiratory index, electrogastrography, acoustic analysis index, western health test index. Related to the HRV were 3 researches, but correlation of significant indicators was a few levels(R=0.026-0.090). So far, studies regarding at the quantitative indicators of the prior the Cold-Heat PI were few, and the results of the study showed that low statistical precision, a lack of biological basis. Refer to the current state, in the future, we expect that research of quantitative indicators of scientific evidence-based through calculated and precise research concerning Cold-Heat PI be regarded as important in Korean Medicine.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.311-314
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• 2005

To evaluate the acute effects of fine particles on pulmonary function, a longitudinal study was conducted. This study was carried out for the schoolchildren(3rd and 4th grades) living in Inner-Mongolia, China. 113 Chinese children were asked to record their daily levels of peak expiratory flow rate(PEPR) using portable peak flow meter(mini-Wright) for 40 days and 3 time everyday(12 April 2004 to 21 May 2004). The atmospheric concentration of fine particles in study area was also determined everyday during same period. The relationship between dailypeak expiratory flow rate(PEFR) and fine particle levels was analyzed using a mixed linear regression models including gender, age, height, the presence of respiratory symptoms, and daily average relative humidity as extraneous variables. The analysis showed that the increase of fine particle concentrations was negatively associated with the variability in PEPR. The IQR(inter-quartile range) increments of $PM_{10}$ or $PM_{2.5}(66.0{\mu}g/m^3$ and $118.9{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively) were also shown to be related with 1.422L/min(95% Confidence intervals: 0.270 ${\sim}$ 2.574) and 1.214L1min(95% Cl: 0.010 ${\sim}$ 2.418) decline in PEFR.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.962-966
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• 2020

Monitoring the mutation dynamics of human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in understanding its infectivity, virulence and pathogenicity for development of a vaccine. In an "age of mobility," the pandemic highlights the importance and vulnerability of regionalization and labor market interdependence in Southeast Asia. We intend to characterize the genetic variability of viral populations within the region to provide preliminary information for regional surveillance in the future. By analyzing 142 complete genomes from South East Asian (SEA) countries, we identified three central variants distinguished by nucleotide and amino acid changes.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.576-590
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• 2023

Machine learning is widely used in various academic fields, and recently it has been actively applied in the medical research. In the medical field, machine learning is used in a variety of ways, such as speeding up diagnosis, discovering new biomarkers, or discovering latent traits of a disease. In the respiratory field, a relative regional air volume change (RRAVC) map based on quantitative inspiratory and expiratory computed tomography (CT) imaging can be used as a useful functional imaging biomarker for characterizing regional ventilation. In this study, we seek to predict RRAVC using various regular machine learning models such as extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and multi-layer perceptron (MLP). We experimentally show that MLP performs best, followed by XGBoost. We also propose several relative coordinate systems to minimize intersubjective variability. We confirm a significant experimental performance improvement when we apply a subject's relative proportion coordinates over conventional absolute coordinates.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

Long-term exposure to loud noise affects performance since it changes arousal level, distracts attention, and also is able to evoke subjective stress accompanied by negative emotional states. The purpose of the study was to analyze dynamics of subjective and physiological variables during a relatively long-lasting (30 min) exposure to white noise (85 dB[A]). Physiological signals were recorded on 15 college students during 30 min of intense auditory stimulation. Autonomic variables, namely skin conductance level , non-specific SCR number, inter-best intervals in ECG, heart rate variability index (HF/LF ratio of HRV), skin temperature, as well as respiration rate were analyzed on 5 min epoch basis. Psychological assessment (subjective rating of stress level) was also repeated every 5 min. Statistical analysis was employed to trace the time course of the dynamics of subjective and autonomic physiological variables and their relationships. Results showed that the intense noise evoked subjective stress as well as associated autonomic nervous system responses. However it was shown that physiological variables endured specific changes in the process of exposure to the loud white noise. Discussed were probable psychophysiological mechanisms mediating reactivity to long-term auditory stimulation of high intensity, namely short-term activation, followed by transient adaptation (with relatively stable autonomic balance) and then a subsequent wave of arousal due to tonic sympathetic dominance.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 2023

Objectives : Biofeedback is a useful non-pharmacological treatment for panic disorder (PD), but no studies have identified physiological markers related to the treatment response. This study investigated predictors of the treatment response for biofeedback in patients with PD. Methods : A retrospective study based on the electronic medical records of 372 adult patients with PD was performed. Patients received biofeedback treatment at least once, and physiological markers including heart rate, heart rate variability, respiratory rate, skin conductance, skin temperature, and electromyography were collected before the treatment began. The patients were classified as responders or non-responders based on the change in Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) score. Results : The response rate to biofeedback treatment was 30.4%. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a higher CGI-S score at baseline and fewer benzodiazepine prescriptions were associated with a better response to biofeedback treatment. According to subgroup analyses, the baseline CGI-S score, dose of benzodiazepines, and skin conductance are candidate predictors of the response to biofeedback treatment in men, while only baseline disease severity was associated with the treatment response in women. Conclusions : The present results suggest that skin conductance may be target marker and predictor for biofeedback in male patients with PD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.81-87
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• 2000

Beat-to-beat changes in heart period (heart period variability, HPV) are mediated by fluctuations in autonomic activity. Spectral analysis is used to quantify such fluctuations in the range of 0.15-0.40 Hz (high frequency, HF), which are influenced primarily by parasympathetic factors. These fluctuations are often referred to as RSA (respiratory sinus arrhythmia), the physiological phenomenon extracted by spectral analysis and other methods including histograms of heart rate ( HR), deviations of HR etc. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia indexing with peak-to-valley method suggested by Grossman et at., (1981) yields a simple range statistic and is quantified on breath-by-breath basis, thus being quite sensitive and less dependent on recording time as compared to spectral analysis. It is strongly recommended to use at least 1 min epoch to asses HF component of HPV and at least 2 min fer low frequency (LF) of HPV and even 5 min far valid clinical assessment. Peak-to-valley statistic is limited to RSA index only, but has its pragmatic advantages. Most important is possibility of its application far relatively small epoch analysis. We used short periods (20,30, 40 sec only) and off-line analysis of RSA using ECG and respiration curve this method of assessment and proved that this method is more practically effective. The RSA index was not so far dependent on respiration pattern differences and reflected actual vagal control of HR and were accompanied by low HR under some high stress conditions and in an aversive affective visual stimulation experiments. Another factor that might modulate cardiac chronotropic response is the interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs on sino-atrial (SA) node level, because responses to vagal influences are known to be proportional to ongoing sympathetic activity, that is so called accentuated antagonism. Since sympathetic outflow (increment of influences on SA) under negative emotions or stress was high in almost all physiological responses, vagal effects on HR could be therefore potentiated, leading to masking of output cardiac response seen in HPV, In the case of moderate sympathetic activation, on the other hand, autonomic interactions in cardiac control appear to be minimal. Thus RSA index appears to be an effective alternative method to assess and measure spectral HPV.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2011

Background: When patients with chronic respiratory symptoms have a normal spirometry result, it is not always easy to consider bronchial asthma as the preferential diagnosis. Forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of vital capacity ($FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$) is known as a useful diagnostic value of small airway diseases. However, it is not commonly used, because of its high individual variability. We evaluated the pattern of bronchodilator responsiveness (BDR) and the correlation between $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$ and BDR in patients with suspicious asthma and normal spirometry. Methods: Among patients with suspicious bronchial asthma, 440 adult patients with a normal spirometry result (forced expiratory volume in one second [$FEV_1$]/forced vital capacity [FVC] ${\geq}70%$ & $FEV_1%$ predicted ${\geq}80%$) were enrolled. We divided this group into a positive BDR group (n=43) and negative BDR group (n=397), based on the result of BDR. A comparison was carried out of spirometric parameters with % change of $FEV_1$ after bronchodilator (${\Delta}FEV_1%$). Results: Among the 440 patients with normal spirometry, $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted were negatively correlated with ${\Delta}FEV_1%$ (r=-0.22, p<0.01), and BDR was positive in 43 patients (9.78%). The means of $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted were $64.0{\pm}14.5%$ in the BDR (+) group and $72.9{\pm}20.8%$ in the BDR (-) group (p<0.01). The negative correlation between $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted and ${\Delta}FEV_1%$ was stronger in the BDR (+) group (r=-0.38, p=0.01) than in the BDR (-) group (r=-0.17, p<0.01). In the ROC curve analysis, $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}$ at 75% of predicted value had 88.3% sensitivity and 40.3% specificity for detecting a positive BDR. Conclusion: BDR (+) was not rare in patients with suspicious asthma and normal spirometry. In these patients, $FEF_{25{\sim}75%}%$ predicted was well correlated with BDR.