• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.323-338
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• 2018

The aims of this study are to develop the STEAM program focused '3D printing for respiratory system' and to ascertain its influence on elementary student's science process skills, creative problem solving abilities and scientific interest. The developed STEAM program was applied to 5th grade students of O elementary school located in J city. As a result of applying the STEAM program, the experimental group of the STEAM program class improved significantly in creative problem solving abilities and scientific interest than the control group of the theoretical class. The result of learner satisfaction survey of the STEAM program was high. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in science process skills between the two groups. Therefore, the STEAM program class with the theme of '3D printing for respiratory system' could be meaningful works to encourage students' interest as well as their creative problem solving ability and scientific interest. In future, continuous and systematic studies on STEAM programs focused on 'structure and function of our body' are needed for elementary students' cognitive and affective developments.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.496-508
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• 2020

This study reviews studies on the core stabilization of respiratory muscle training for the elderly health. Previous research data and presenting basic literature data suggest that respiratory activation is an important mechanism for core strengthening via exercise interventions for the elderly. The review found that first, the mechanism of improving the respiratory muscles weakened by aging to address the loss of core function due to old age sarcopenia among the elderly results entails promoting the autonomic nervous system by focusing on the respiratory muscle activation pattern, the core muscle sensation mobilized for body centering. Second, nerve roots, intraperitoneal pressure, and deep muscles in the trunk of the body can be promoted while controlling respiratory stimulation with cognitive feedback. Effortful inspiration increases the activation of respiratory assistive muscles and effortless exhalation can improve the core muscle mobilization by involving abdominal muscles. Third, through respiratory muscle training, the elderly can increase their awareness of spinal centering and improve the ability to control the deep core muscles that must be mobilized for core stabilization. In conclusion, respiratory muscle training to increase the utilization of the trunk muscles seems to be a useful core stabilization exercise for the elderly with chronic tension and joint degeneration.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.245-252
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• 2010

Korea does not have a certain criteria on the respiratory ability and phonation of the normal aged, and also has no clear standard to examine the boundaries of geriatric diseases. This study analyzed the characteristics in respiration and phonation of the aged in normal healthy elderly from diverse angles with different variables. Thirty-three participants in total, seven males and eight females in the age group 55-64 participated in the study. Seven males and eleven females in the age group 65-74 were selected for the respiration and phonation experiments, and 10 different variables such as FVC, $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, MPT, MFR, Psub, f0, jitter, shimmer and NHR were comparatively analyzed for each group of different age and gender. To see the difference in respiration and phonation by age and gender, the study conducted a two-way ANOVA. First, from the result of the analysis on respiratory ability, FVC of male appeared to be significantly greater than female. In both age groups of 55-64 and 65-74, male displayed greater FVC than female did. Second, as for $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$/FVC, the age group of 55-64 showed greater values than the values measured in the age group of 65-74. Third, MFR showed a significant difference by gender. In both age groups, male showed significantly higher MFR than female. Fourth, for different gender, a significant difference in MFR was observed. In both age groups of 55-64 and 65-74, male exhibited higher MFR than female. This study has a clinical implication in that it analyzed the criteria on respiration and phonation in normal healthy elderly according to gender and age. The normal aged showed a difference in their respiratory and phonatory functions by age and gender, it was closely related to the decline of pulmonary function due to the physical aging and the weak respiration coming from weakness of respiratory muscles. Also, the physical differences in height, weight, and the muscles in laryngeal and respiratory system between males and females had an influence on the performance. These results from this study might be a helpful guideline for the clinical criterion in the future.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.9-16
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• 2011

Background : Smoking reduces the ability of the lungs to function. In particular, smoking reduces the vital capacity of the lungs, which is the amount of air the lungs can take in. This reduction in vital capacity has several important health effects. Purpose : The purpose of this study, therefore was to examine the effects of the respiratory muscle exercise on peak expiratory flow and respiratory muscle strength. Methods : For an experimental research design, it was employed 20 young healthy subjects and these subjects were assigned into two groups; a smoking group(n=10) and an non-smoking group(n=10). All groups were participated in respiratory muscle exercises twice a week for 5 weeks in same condition. For comparison between before and after for post treatment, it was analysed as paired t-test and ANCOVA. Results : The result of this study were as follows; In the case of smoking group, there were significant differences, from $427.77{\pm}76.61$ l/min to $526.66{\pm}58.52$ l/min of peak respiratory flow, from $94.33{\pm}22.07$ kg to $102.16{\pm}21.60$ kg of abdominal muscle strength between the before and the after of respiratory muscle strength exercises. In the case of nonsmoking group, there were significant differences, from $449.54{\pm}77.47$ l/min to $553.18{\pm}61.32$ l/min of peak respiratory flow, from $93.41{\pm}19.21$ kg to $101.58{\pm}18.92$ kg of abdominal muscle strength between the before and the after of respiratory muscle strength exercises. Conclusion : These results were suggested that the peak respiratory flow and muscle strength were improved after respiratory muscle strength exercises.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.57 no.11
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• pp.40.1-40.7
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• 2015

Background: Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) in the alveolar macrophages (AM) by selective synthetic $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands, improves the ability of the cells to resolve inflammation. In birds, respiratory macrophages are known as free avian respiratory macrophages (FARM) and show distinct functional differences from AM. The effects of treating FARM with $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands are unclear. Methods: FARM were harvested by lavage of chicken respiratory tract and their morphology assessed at microscopic level. The effects of $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonists on the FARM in vitro viability, phagocytic capacity and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-${\alpha}$) production were assessed. Results: FARM had eccentric nucleus and plasma membrane ruffled with filopodial extensions. Ultrastructurally, numerous vesicular bodies presumed to be lysosomes were present. FARM treated with troglitazone, a selective $PPAR{\gamma}$ agonist, had similar in vitro viability with untreated FARM. However, treated FARM co-cultured with polystyrene particles, internalized more particles with a mean volume density of 41 % compared to that of untreated FARM of 21 %. Further, treated FARM significantly decreased LPS-induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production in a dose dependent manner. Conclusion: Results from this study show that $PPAR{\gamma}$ synthetic ligands enhance phagocytic ability of FARM. Further the ligands attenuate production of proinflammatory cytokines in the FARM, suggesting potential therapeutic application of $PPAR{\gamma}$ ligands in the management of respiratory inflammatory disorders in the poultry industry.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.38-58
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• 2004

The regain of independent ambulatory ability is a important goal in the rehabilitation program of hemiplegic patient. Not only the function of lower extremity muscles, but also trunk muscles which stabilize extremities and pelvis, are important factors in normal gait. Therefor, it is necessary to develop an effective program which can improve muscle strength and symmetric activity of trunk muscles. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of trunk muscle strengthening by forceful respiratory exercise on the gait asymmetry ratio in hemiplegic patient. 45 Hemiplegic patients due to stroke was randomized in 3 groups, forceful expiratory training(FET), forceful inspiratory training(FIT) and control group. In the experimental groups, ordinary physical therapy with forceful expiratory training and forceful inspiratory training for 20 minutes duration 3 times per week for 6 weeks were respectively performed. In the control group, only ordinary physical therapy was done. Before and after experiments, temporal-spatial gait parameters was measured in all patients. The data of 28 patients who carried out the whole experimental course were statistically analysed. The results of these experiment are as follows : 1. In comparison of difference of single support time asymmetry ratio among 3 groups, the FET group was significantly decreased than the control group (p<.05). 2. In comparison of difference of step length asymmetry ratio among 3 groups, the FIT group was significantly decreased than the control group (p<.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that the forced respiratory exercise program for 6 weeks can be improve the gait asymmetry ratio in hemiplegic patients. Therefore, the forced respiratory exercise is useful to improve the walking ability in hemiplegic patients. Since this study dealt only with the patients who could walk more than 3 meters in distance on floor independently, the further study for evaluating the influence of the forceful respiratory exercise on patients with acute stage stroke and also the development in various methods of use are expected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.255-264
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analysis effects of resistive exercise on cardiopulmonary fitness and cerebral artery blood flow velocity. Methods : Ten healthy university students had done resistive exercise without aerobic exercise over one year participated resistive exercise group and ten general university students, then were calculated oxygen consumption ($VO_2$) and respiratory exchange rate($VO_2/VCO_2$). After a week, they were measured Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography(TCD) at moderate exercise(HRmax 50%), maximal exercise (HRmax 100%) for taking cerebral blood flow velocity. Results : In the comparison between groups, resistive exercise group showed significant higher oxygen consumption and lower respiratory exchange than controls(p<0.05). In resistive exercise group, oxygen consumption was significant negative correlation with cerebral artery pulsatory index(p<0.05). but, oxygen consumption was significant positive correlation with systolic blood flow velocity in controls(p<0.05). Conclusions : After considering all the factors, important value in resistive exercise is regular participation and help us increasing contingency response ability.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the forced vital capacity and sway area of respiratory muscles taping with threshold inspiratory muscles training for 1 week. Methods: Nineteen stroke patients were divided into two groups: experimental group (respiratory muscles taping with threshold inspiratory muscles training, n=10) and control group (threshold inspiratory muscles training, n=9). Forced vital capacity tests were performed using a spirometer. The instrument records the forced vital capacity (FVC). COP excursion test was performed using Zebris. The instrument records the sway area. All tests were measured before and after intervention. Results: The experimental group and control group showed significant increase in FVC (p<0.05). The sway area showed a significant decrease only in the experimental group (p<0.05). The FVC and sway area was no significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: Threshold inspiratory muscles training is an effective intervention for improving FVC. Threshold inspiratory muscles training with respiratory taping is an effective intervention for improving FVC and sway area. Threshold inspiratory muscles training with respiratory taping can improve balance ability.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.2191-2208
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• 2022

Motion blur in PET (Positron emission tomography) images induced by respiratory motion will reduce the quality of imaging. Although exiting methods have positive performance for respiratory motion correction in medical practice, there are still many aspects that can be improved. In this paper, an improved 3D unsupervised framework, Res-Voxel based on U-Net network was proposed for the motion correction. The Res-Voxel with multiple residual structure may improve the ability of predicting deformation field, and use a smaller convolution kernel to reduce the parameters of the model and decrease the amount of computation required. The proposed is tested on the simulated PET imaging data and the clinical data. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed achieved Dice indices 93.81%, 81.75% and 75.10% on the simulated geometric phantom data, voxel phantom data and the clinical data respectively. It is demonstrated that the proposed method can improve the registration and correction performance of PET image.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.216-226
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• 2022

In this study, we selected and trained 9 people in the diaphragm training group and 9 people in the power-breath training group among elderly people aged 65 or older living in the community, and investigated the effect of combined training using respiratory equipment on lung function, balance, and life satisfaction. We conducted the elderly to do combined exercises, twice a week for a total of 6 weeks, that include the breathing training by diaphragm, the breathing training using Power-breath equipment, and the training using a theraband. We evaluated the changes in the lung function, the balance, and the life satisfaction before and after the intervention for our study subjects.As a result of our measurement, lung function, balance, and life satisfaction showed significant changes in the experimental group that performed the combined training using Power-breath equipment. As a result of the study, we confirmed that the elderly in the community had a positive effect on the life satisfaction by improving lung function and balance ability after conducting a combined training using respiratory equipment.