• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권8호
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• pp.1305-1318
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• 2007

On a global scale agriculture and in particular enteric fermentation in ruminants is reported to produce about one fourth (21 to 25%) of the total anthropogenic emissions of methane ($CH_4$). Methane is produced during the anaerobic fermentation of hydrolyzed dietary carbohydrates in the rumen and represents an energy loss to the host besides contributing to emissions of greenhouse gases into the environment. However, there appears to be uncertainty in the $CH_4$ estimation from livestock due to the limited availability of data to document the variability at the farm level and also due to the significant impact of diet on the enteric $CH_4$ production. The methane mitigation strategies require robust prediction of emissions from rumen. There are many methods available which would be suitable for measuring $CH_4$ produced from the various stages of animal production. However, several factors need to be considered in order to select the most appropriate technique like the cost, level of accuracy required and the scale and design of the experiments to be undertaken. Selection of any technique depends on the accuracy as each one has its advantages and disadvantages. Screening of mitigation strategies may be evaluated using individual animal before large-scale trials on groups of animals are carried out. In this review various methods for the estimation of methane production from ruminants as well as for the determination of methane production potential of ruminant feeds are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods starting from respiration chamber, ventilated hood, facemask, sulphur hexafluoride ($SF_6$) tracer technique, prediction equations and meteorological methods to in vitro methods are detailed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.672-676
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a blend of essential oils (BEO) on enteric methane emission and growth performance of buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Methods: Twenty one growing male buffaloes (average body weight of $279{\pm}9.3kg$) were divided in to three groups. The animals of all the three groups were fed on a ration consisting of wheat straw and concentrate mixture targeting 500 g daily live weight gain. The three dietary groups were; Group 1, control without additive; Group 2 and 3, supplemented with BEO at 0.15 and 0.30 mL/kg of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Results: During six months feeding trial, the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients (organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fibre, and acid detergent fibre) were similar in all the groups. The average body weight gain was tended to improve (p = 0.084) in Group 2 and Group 3 as compared to control animals. Feeding of BEO did not affect feed conversion efficiency of the animals. The calves of all the three groups were in positive nitrogen balance with no difference in nitrogen metabolism. During respiration chamber studies the methane production (L/kg DMI and L/kg digestible dry matter intake was significantly (p<0.001) lower in Group 2 and Group 3 as compared to control animals. Conclusion: The results indicated that the BEO tested in the present study have shown potential to reduce enteric methane production without compromising the nutrient utilization and animal performance and could be further explored for its use as feed additive to mitigate enteric methane production in livestock.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.293-298
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• 1991

A study was conducted to determine the effect of environmental temperature and level of food intake on plasma concentration of thyroid hormones. Three dairy heifers were used in an experiment which consisted of three levels of chamber temperature (10, 20 and $30^{\circ}C$) and three levels of food intake (100, 75 and 50% of recommended requirements). The analysis showed significant effects of environmental temperature on plasma triiodothyronine concentration, rectal temperature, respiration rate and heart rate but not on heat production. The range of plasma triiodothyronine was 2.51~1.79 ng/ml when the environmental temperature varied from 10 to $30^{\circ}C$. Effects of feed intake level were significant for heart rate and heal production. Heat production decreased from 25.9 to $20.0kJ/kg^{0.75}{\cdot}h$ when the TDN intake decreased from 66.3 to $35.1g/kg^{0.75}{\cdot}d$. There was no interactive effect of environmental temperature and feed intake level. Plasma triiodothyronine concentration decreased under high environmental temperature without any changes in heat production. The effects of environmental temperature and feed intake level on the physiological function of thyroid gland, as indicated by the relative circulating rate of thyroid hormones, were found to be clear.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the effect of fermented spent coffee ground (FSCG) on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Methods: Fermentation of spent coffee ground (SCG) was conducted using Lactobacillus plantrum. Fermentation was performed at moisture content of 70% and temperature of $39^{\circ}C$ with anaerobic air tension for 48 h. Four adult rams (initial body weight = $56.8{\pm}0.4kg$) were housed in a respiration-metabolism chamber and the treatments were: i) control (Basal diet; 0% SCG or FSCG), ii) 10% level of SCG, iii) 10% level of FSCG, and iv) 20% level of FSCG in $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Each dietary experiment period lasted for 18-d with a 14-d of adaptation period and a 4-d of sample collection period. Results: In SCG fermentation experimental result, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) concentration of FSCG (64.5% of total N) was lower than that of non-fermented SCG (78.8% of total N). Digestibility of dry matter and organic matter was similar among treatment groups. Although crude protein (CP) digestibility of the control was greater than FSCG groups (p<0.05), the 10% FSCG group showed greater CP digestibility and nitrogen retention than non-fermented 10% SCG group (p<0.05). Body weight gain and average daily gain were linearly decreased with increasing FSCG feeding level (p<0.05). When the feeding level of FSCG was increased, water intake was linearly increased (p<0.05). With an increasing FSCG level, dry matter intake did not differ among groups, although the gain to feed ratio tended to decrease with increasing level of FSCG (p<0.10). Conclusion: Microbial fermentation of SCG can improve protein digestibility, thereby increasing CP digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep. Fermentation using microorganisms in feed ingredients with low digestibility could have a positive effect on improving the quality of raw feed.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.648-657
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• 2015

Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in the continuous production and environmental conservation in arable soils. In particular, the decomposition of organic matter in soil might promote soil organic matter and fertility due to the mineralization of N. In this study, to evaluate the effect of organic matter amendment on the C mineralization and N dynamic, $CO_2-C$ flux, extractable N and $N_2O$ emission were determined using closed chamber for 4 weeks at 10, 15, $20^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature after the mixture of $2Mgha^{-1}$ rice straw compost and rye in sandy loam and clay loam. Regardless of soil texture, decomposition rates of rice straw compost and rye at $10{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ of incubation temperature ranged from 0.9 to 3.8% and 8.8 to 20.3%, respectively. Rye application in soil increased $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ content as well as the $N_2O$ emission compared to the rice straw compost. After incubation for 4 weeks, total C content in two soils was higher in rice straw compost than in rye application. In conclusion, application of rice straw compost and rye to soil was able to improve the soil organic matter and fertility. However, organic matter including the recalcitrant compounds like rice straw compost would be effective on the management of soil organic matter and the reduction of greenhouse gases in soil.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.1308-1314
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• 1999

버섯의 MAP 효과를 $CaCl_2$ 및 chitosan 코팅과 더불어 행하여 이들이 저장중 미치는 품질 변화 효과에 대하여 관찰하였다. 포장 필름으로서는 PD941, PD961 및 기존의 램을 사용하였으며 대조구로는 물 세척 구를 선정하였다. 포장 내부의 공기조성을 살펴본 결과 모두 $1{\sim}3$일 사이에 최고의 $CO_2$ 농도에 도달하였으며 이후부터는 필름의 투과성에 따라 감소되었으며 랩 포장구를 제외하고 코팅제의 종류에 상관없이 일정한 값을 보였다. $O_2$ 농도 역시 급격하게 감소되었으며 OTR에 의하여 외부에서 내부로 유입되어 다시 증가되는 경향을 보였으며 크게 코팅제에 따른 차이는 보이지 많았다. 호흡률에 있어서 저장하기 전의 무 처리구와 대조구(물 세척구) 및 코팅 처리구는 $155{\sim}175\;mgCO_2/kg/hr$로 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 랩 포장구$(143{\sim}181\;mgCO_2/kg/hr)$와 PD941$(142{\sim}169\;mgCO_2/kg/hr)$ 포장구 역시 6일 저장 후에도 시료구 간의 유의성을 발견할 수 없었다. PD961 포장구의 호흡률은 $CaCl_2(245\;mgCO_2/kg/hr)$, 키토산$(226\;mgCO_2/kg/hr)$, 물 세척구$(192\;mgCO_2/kg/hr)$로 놀게 나타났으며, 이는 PD961 포장용 적내의 낮은 산소 농도로 6일 저장후에도 신선도가 유지되어 호흡이 왕성하기 때문으로 사료된다. 숙도는 코팅과 포장필름의 가스투과도에 의하여 좌우되는 것으로 사료된다. 같은 포장재 처리 시료구 간의 비교를 해봤을 때 랩, PD941은 물 세척구는 모두 3.9, $CaCl_2$ 처리구는 각각 3.6, 4.4로 모두 숙도가 진행되어진 반면 키토산 처리구는 2.9, 2.5 이들보다 낮은 값을 유지하고 있었다. PD961 포장 처리구는 최종 숙도가 1.25로 초기와 큰 차이가 나지 많았다 따라서 버섯에 있어서 외형의 보존효과는 코팅효과도 가능하나 포장재의 선택이 더 중요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 키토산 코팅처리구는 포장재 전반적으로 대조구나 $CaCl_2$처리 시료구에 비하여 낮은 L 값을 보였다. 이와 마찬가지로 ${\Delta}E$ 값도 다른 시료구에 비하여 높은 값을 보여 키토산 코팅 처리는 버섯의 색도에 좋지 않은 영향을 미치는 것으로 보인다. 중량 감소는 램 포장구에서 많이 일어났으며 PD961은 10% 이하의 중량감소율을 보인다. 본 실험 결과로 보아 버섯 저장에 가장 중요한 영향을 미치는 요인은 포장 재질과 코팅제의 선택이라고 사료된다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.210-218
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• 2018

Background: Soil respiration (Rs) is a major factor of the absorption and accumulation of carbon through photosynthesis in the ecosystem carbon cycle. This directly affects the amount of net ecosystem productivity, which affects the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem. Understanding the characteristics of Rs is indispensable to scientifically understand the carbon cycle of ecosystems. It is very important to study Rs characteristics through analysis of environmental factors closely related to Rs. Rs is affected by various environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, litter supply, organic matter content, dominant plant species, and soil disturbance. This study was conducted to analyze the effects of micro-topographical differences on Rs in forest vegetation by measuring the Rs on the ridge and southern slope sites of the broadly established Quercus mongolica forest in the central Korean area. Method: Rs, Ts, and soil moisture data were collected at the southern slope and ridge of the Q. mongolica forest in the Mt. Jeombong area in order to investigate the effects of topographical differences on Rs. Rs was collected by the closed chamber method, and data collection was performed from May 2011 to October 2013, except Winter seasons from November to April or May. For collecting the raw data of Rs in the field, acrylic collars were placed at the ridge and southern slope of the forest. The accumulated surface litter and the soil organic matter content (SOMC) were measured to a 5 cm depth. Based on these data, the Rs characteristics of the slope and ridge were analyzed. Results: Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation pattern in both the ridge and southern slope sites. In addition, Rs showed a distinct seasonal variation with high and low Ts changes. The average Rs measurements for the two sites, except for the Winter periods that were not measured, were $550.1\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the ridge site and $289.4\;mg\;CO_2m^{-2}h^{-1}$ at the southern slope, a difference of 52.6%. There was no significant difference in the Rs difference between slopes except for the first half of 2013, and both sites showed a tendency to increase exponentially as Ts increased. In addition, although the correlation is low, the difference in Rs between sites tended to increase as Ts increased. SMC showed a large fluctuation at the southern slope site relative to the ridge site, as while it was very low in 2013, it was high in 2011 and 2012. The accumulated litter of the soil surface and the SOMC at the depth range of 0~5 cm were $874g\;m^{-2}$ and 23.3% at the ridge site, and $396g\;m^{-2}$ and 19.9% at the southern slope site. Conclusions: In this study, Rs was measured for the ridge and southern slope sites, which have two different results where the surface litter layer is disturbed by strong winds. The southern slope site shows that the litter layer formed in autumn due to strong winds almost disappeared, and while in the ridge site, it became thick due to the transfer of litter from the southern slope site. The mean Rs was about two times higher in the ridge site compared to that in the southern slope site. The Rs difference seems to be due to the difference in the amount of litter accumulated on the soil surface. As a result, the litter layer supplied to the soil surface is disturbed due to the micro-topographical difference, as the slope and the change of the community structure due to the plant season cause heterogeneity of the litter layer development, which in turn affects SMC and Rs. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce and understand these micro-topographical features and mechanisms when quantifying and analyzing the Rs of an ecosystem.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.864-870
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• 2010

본 연구는 실내 관엽식물들의 실내 이산화탄소 제거능을 규명하기 위해서 수행되었다. 본 실험에서는 5종의 관엽식물인 헤데라($Hedera$ $helix$ L.), 벤자민 고무나무($Ficus$ $benjamina$ L.), 파키라($Pachira$ $aquatica$), 테이블 야자($Chamaedorea$ $elegans$), 인도 고무나무($Ficus$ $elastica$)를 사용하였다. 피트모스 배지와 하이드로볼 배지에 이식된 식물을 각각 밀폐 동화상에 넣고, 이산화탄소 500ppm 또는 1,000ppm을 주입하고, 광도는 50과 $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ 두 수준으로 하여, 주간과 야간의 이산화탄소 변화량을 1시간 동안 측정하였다. 또한, 측정된 이산화탄소의 변화량을 광합성 속도(${\mu}molCO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$)로 산출하였다. 주간에 모든 품종의 식물들이 밀폐 동화상 안의 이산화탄소를 흡수하였다. 파키라($Pachira$ $aquatica$)와 인도 고무나무($Ficus$ $elastica$)가 이산화탄소 제거에 효과적이었다. 초기 주입된 이산화탄소 농도가 500ppm일 때보다 1000ppm일때, 광도가 $50{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$일 때보다 $200{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$일 때 이산화탄소 흡수량이 크며, 광합성률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 식물별로 광합성률을 비교해 보면, 파키라($Pachira$ $aquatica$), 헤데라($Hedera$ $helix$ L.), 인도 고무나무($Ficus$ $elastica$)와 같이 엽면적이 넓은 식물들이 상대적으로 엽면적이 작은 테이블 야자($Chamaedorea$ $elegans$)와 벤자민 고무나무($Ficus$ $benjamina$ L.)와 같은 식물들보다 높은 광합성률을 나타내었다. 또한 모든 품종에서 주간에 흡수된 이산화탄소량에 비해 야간에 식물의 호흡에 의해서 방출되는 이산화탄소량은 매우 적은 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 배지 종류에 따라 이산화탄소 흡수량과 광합성률에서 차이는 크게 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로, 이 실험을 통해서 관엽식물을 이용하여 실내 오염물질인 이산화탄소를 제거할 수 있으며, 주간에 식물이 광합성 잘 할 수 있는 환경을 조성해 주거나, 부피가 크고 실내와 같은 저광 조건에서 활발한 광합성이 가능한 식물을 선택함으로써 이산화탄소 제거를 극대화시킬 수 있을 것이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.1044-1049
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate whether the presence of light or different colors of light would influence the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens. Eight 8-week-old broiler chickens were adapted to a respiration chamber (Length, 28.5 cm; Height, 38.5 cm; Width, 44.0 cm) for one week prior to the initiation of the experiment. In experiment 1, energy expenditure and behavior of the chickens were analyzed in the presence or absence of light for four days. Chickens were exposed to 6 cycles of 2 h light/2 h dark period per day. In experiment 2, the broiler chickens that had been used in experiment 1 were used to evaluate the effect of 4 different wavelength light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens. The LEDs used in this study had the following wavelength bands; white (control), red (618 to 635 nm), green (515 to 530 nm) and blue (450 to 470 nm). The chickens were randomly exposed to a 2-h LED light in a random and sequential order per day for 3 days. Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production of the chickens were recorded using an open-circuit calorimeter system, and energy expenditure was calculated based on the collected data. The behavior of the chickens was analyzed based on following categories i.e., resting, standing, and pecking, and closed-circuit television was used to record these behavioral postures. The analysis of data from experiment 1 showed that the energy expenditure was higher (p<0.001) in chickens under light condition compared with those under dark condition. The chickens spent more time with pecking during a light period, but they frequently exhibited resting during a dark period. Experiment 2 showed that there was no significant difference in terms of energy expenditure and behavior based on the color of light (white, red, green, and blue) to which the chickens were exposed. In conclusion, the energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens were found to be strongly affected by the presence of light. On the other hand, there was no discernible difference in their energy expenditure and behavior of broiler chickens exposed to the different LED lights.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.1443-1450
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• 2003

Crossbred (Bos taurus${\times}$Bos indicus) calves were used from birth till 14 weeks of age to evaluate three sources of protein that differed in ruminal degradability viz. groundnut cake alone (HD) or in combination with cottonseed meal (MD) and meat and bone meal (LD), when fed along with two sources of non-structural carbohydrates viz. raw (R) and thermally processed (P) maize. Twenty four new born calves were arranged in six groups in a $3{\times}2$ factorial design and fed on whole milk up to 56 d of age. All the different calves received calf startes along with green oats (Avena sativa) from 14 d of age onwards free-choice. A metabolism trial of 6d starters duration, conducted after 90 d of experimental feeding, revealed greater (p<0.05) digestibility of DM, OM, total carbohydrates, NDF and ADF in calves fed on the P diets than on the R diets promoting greater (p<0.05) metabolizable energy intake. The digestibility of NDF was higher (p<0.01) on LD diets where as calves on MD diets exhibited significantly lower digestibility of ADF (p<0.01). The retention of nitrogen per unit metabolic body size was significantly (p<0.05) higher on the LD-P diet than on the diet HD-P which, in turn, was higher (p<0.05) than that of HD-R. Nitrogen retention as percentage of intake was significantly greater (p<0.05) on LD-P than on LD-R diets (52.2 vs. 36.4%). Also, P fed calves utilized nitrogen more efficiently than the R fed as shown by retention of significantly greater proportions of intake (47.4 vs. 40.9%) and absorbed (65.8 vs. 59.5%) nitrogen. Calorimetric evaluation of the diets through open-circuit respiration chamber revealed that the dietary treatments had no impact on methane production by calves. The intake of DE and ME was improved (p<0.01) because of maize processing resulting in greater (p<0.01) retention of energy. The protein degradability exerted no influence on the partitioning or retention of energy. A significant interaction between cereal and protein types was evident with respect to retention of both nitrogen (p<0.01) and energy (p<0.05). In conclusion, no discernible trend in the influence of cereal processing was apparent on the dietary protein degradability, but the positive effect of cereal processing on energy retention diminished with the increase in dietary undegradability.