• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.68-77
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• 2013

Change in the Global Climate causes flood, drought, heavy snow, and rainfall patterns in the Korean Peninsula. A variety of alternatives related to climate change are considered. The foreign researchers are interested in Low Impact Development(LID); the utilization of water resources and eco friendly development, over 10 years ago. The research and development of related technology has been advanced to apply LID techniques in order to develop several projects in the country. However, sharing of technology or system that can be used easily in the private sector is insufficient. The performance of the elements of LID Technology has not been fully agreed. LID elements of this technology are easy to apply to Apartment complex. The elements are classified technology. The infiltration of elements performs the functions of apartment complex landscaping space technology applied to the target. The water cycle simulation(SWMM 5.0) and technology the implementation of the effectiveness is also verified. For this purpose, three different places in apartment complex to target by SWMM5.0 U.S. EPA conducted utilizing simulated rainfall and applying LID techniques before and after the simulated water cycle (infiltration, surface evaporation, and surface runoff) were conducted. The importance of green space in the LID techniques of quantitative and qualitative storm water control as well as the role of Apartment Housing is to promote Amenity. Remember that the physical limitations of apartment complex and smooth water circulation system for the application of LID integrated management techniques should be applied. To this end, landscapes, architecture, civil engineering, environmental experts for technical consilience between the Low Impact Development efforts are required.

• Clean Technology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 2021

In order to develop a novel system named "thermal medium and gas circulation type pyrolysis system," this study was conducted to obtain basic data for process simulation before performing the pyrolysis experiment. Polypropylene (PP) was chosen as model material in the basic pyrolysis experiment instead of waste plastic and fluidized sand (hereinafter referred to as "sand"), and it was used as a heat transfer material in the "thermal medium and gas circulation type pyrolysis system." Ni was impregnated as an active catalyst on the sand to promote catalytic pyrolysis. The basic physical properties of PP were analyzed using a thermogravimetric analyzer, and pyrolysis was performed at 600 ℃ in an N₂ atmosphere to produce liquid oil. The distribution of the carbon number of the liquid oil generated through the catalytic pyrolysis reaction was analyzed using GC/MS. We investigated the effects of varying the pyrolysis space velocity and catalyst amount on the yield of liquid oil and the carbon number distribution of the liquid oil. Using Ni/sand, the yield of liquid oil was increased except with the pyrolysis condition of 10 wt% Ni/sand at a space velocity of 30,000 h^-1, and the composition of C₆ ~ C₁₂ hydrocarbons increased. With increases in the space velocity, higher yields of liquid oil were obtained, but the composition of C₆ ~ C₁₂ hydrocarbons was reduced. With 1 wt% Ni/sand, the oil yield obtained was greater than that obtained with 10 wt% Ni/sand. In summary, when 1 wt% Ni/sand was used at a space velocity of 10,000 h^-1, the oil yield was 60.99 wt% and the composition of C₆ ~ C₁₂ hydrocarbons was highest at 42.06 area%.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

A magnetotelluric (MT) survey has been performed to delineate deeply extended fracture systems at the geothermal field in Seokmo Island, Korea. To assist interpretation of the MT data, geological surveying and well logging of existing wells were also performed. The surface geology of the island shows Cretaceous and Jurassic granite in the north and Precambrian schist in the south. The geothermal regime has been found along the boundary between the schist and Cretaceous granite. Because of the deep circulation along the fracture system, geothermal gradient of the target area exceeds $45^{\circ}C/km$, which is much higher than the average geothermal gradient in Korea. 2D and 3D inversions of MT data clearly showed a very conductive anomaly, which is interpreted as a fracture system bearing saline water that extends at least down to 1.5 km depth and is inclined eastwards. After drilling down to the depth of 1280 m, more than 4000 tons/day of geothermal water overflowed with temperature higher than $70^{\circ}C$. This water showed very similar chemical composition and temperature to those from another existing well, so that they can be considered to have the same origin; i.e. from the same fracture system. A new geothermal project for combined heat and power generation was launched in 2009 in Seokmo Island, based on the survey. Additional geophysical investigations including MT surveys to cover a wider area, seismic reflection surveys, borehole surveys, and well logging of more than 20 existing boreholes will be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2005

In the process of a hydrology circulation, evapotranspiration is considered a very important factor to build a plan for the development of water resources and to operate water resources system. This study purposes to estimate daily potential evapotranspiration quantity in consideration of energy factors of the surface by using spatial information such as Landsat TM (ETM+) data, DEM and Landcover. Kyounan-cheon, Han River is selected as a target area, and landcover is divided by vegetation and non-vegetation covered area. Penman-Monteith equation which considers leaf-area index is used to estimate potential evapotranspiration quantity of vegetation covered area. The combination method (energy burget and aerodynamic method) is used in non-vegetation covered area. Among the input data for estimating potential evapotranspiration, NDVI, SR and Albedo is formed by Landsat, TM and ETM+ from 1986 through 2002. ground heat flux is estimated by using NDVI distribution map, LAI distribution map is drawn by using SR distribution map. The result of estimation shows that the average potential evapotranspiration in the whole basin is about 1.8-3.2mm/day per each cell. THe results of estimating potential evapotranspiration quantity by each landcover are as follows; water surface 3.6-4.9mm/day, city 1.4-3.1mm/day, bareland 1.4-3.5mm/day, grassland 1.7-3.7mm/day, forest 1.7-3.0mm/day and farmland 1.8-3.6mm/day. The potential evapotranspiration quantity is underestimated in comparison with observed evaporation data by evaporation pan, but it is considered that it has physical propriety.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.399-411
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• 2007

Korean organic farming has been well developed over the last two decades. It demonstrates that the number of certificated farm for organic agriculture and products have been drastically increased in recent year. However, the organic farmers have thought that organic farming rely only on organic fertilizer and they don't keep organic farming principle in which organic farmer should enhance biological activity and crop rotation. This study was to compare nutrient input, recommendation, cropping system and organic product circulation between the early $20^{th}$ century and beginning of the $21^{st}$ century. The population of Korea has increased 7.3 times more than that of a century ago but cultivated land has been decreased during 100 years. The rice production in 2002 was 4.2 times higher than that of production in 1912. The input of N, P and K in 1907 on the basis of King's suggestion was 95.6kg/ha, 15.9kg/ha and 3.0kg/ha, respectively. Nitrogen came from excreta (40%), green manure (55%) and compost (5%) in the early 20th century. On the other hand, organic farmer input organic resources such as wood chip (30.1%), compost (27.8%), rice straw (14%) and others (25%) these days. In terms of nutrient balance calculated nutrient and absorption by plants, organic rice farmer apply excessive nitrogen and phosphorus to the soil. They was used to put $7{\sim}10$ times more nitrogen than that of a century ago. Nutrient recommendation was similar in N and P between early 20th century and early $21^{st}$ century. Farmers in both century did not rotate crops in the field. Today, organic farmers engaged in more continuous cultivation than in early 20th century. Farmers in the early $20^{th}$ century produced locally, consumed locally the agricultural products, but organic farmers in the $21^{st}$ century produce the organic product in the local farmland and consumed in the large city and also a lot of foreign organic products have been imported in recent year.

• Water for future
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.45-54
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• 1994

Basic theory of fractal dimension is introduced and performed for the generated time series using the water balance model. The water balance equation over a large area is analyzed at seasonal time scales. In the generation and modification of mesoscale circulation local recycling of precipitation and dynamic effects of soil moisture are explicitly included. Time delay is incorporated in the analysis. Depending on the parameter values, the system showed different senarios in the evolution such as fixed point, limit cycle, and chaotic types of behavior. The stochastic behavior of the generated time series is due to deterministic chaos which arises from a nonlinear dynamic system with a limited number of equations whose trajectories are highly sensitive to initial conditions. The presence of noise arose from the characterization of the incoming precipitation, destroys the organized structure of the attractor. The existence of the attractor although noise is present is very important to the short-term prediction of the evolution. The implications of this nonlinear dynamics are important for the interpretation and modeling of hydrologic records and phenomena.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.31 no.5B
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• pp.439-447
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• 2011

It is a main concern for sustainable development in water resources management to evaluate adaptation capability of water resources structures under the future climate conditions. This study introduced the Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) to represent the change of release and storage of reservoirs in the Han River basin corresponding to various inflows. Defining the adaptation capability of reservoirs as the change of maximum and/or minimum of storage corresponding to the change of inflow, the study showed that Gangdong Dam has the worst adaptation capability on the variation of inflow, while Soyanggang Dam has the best capability. This study also constructed an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for the more accurate and efficient simulation of the adaptation capability of the Soyanggang Dam. Nine Inflow scenarios were generated using historical data from frequency analysis and synthetic data from two general circulation models with different climate change scenarios. The ANFIS showed significantly different consequences of the release and reservoir storage upon inflow scenarios of Soyanggang Dam, whilst it provides stable reservoir operations despite the variability of rainfall pattern.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.76-90
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• 2004

There had been substantial demand for record management system with which to efficiently control the information circulation processes, involving accumulation of recorded materials, classification of information resources, and users access to them. It converged to a collaboration of Australian federation, and Sydney Records Centre and finally induced Australian Standard Records Management, commonly known as AS 4390. AS 4390 served later as a model for International Standard of Record Management. This paper introduces the current undertaking of Recordkeeping system development in Australia, which stems from the line of AS 4390 by analysing exhibited research approaches. The analysis includes the definition, regime of Recordkeeping system, design and implementing of guidelines of Recordkeeping System and information on metadata projects. It also highlights the necessity for standardization, as is the prime factor in promoting inter-linking of Tabularium on New Southwales State, CRS(Commonwealth Record Series), database system of Canberra National Archives and Australian Government Locator Service. From year 2005, as dictates, any record management system, serving public agency will be required to adapt Professional Archives Management System, which, by far, will enhance the inter-compatibility. In its application, the government need Thesaurus to eliminate possible redundancy in use of terminology and to promote correct usage of words.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 2008

In coastal region, eutrophication, Do deficit and red tide are frequently occurred by influx of fresh water. When the fresh water containing pollutants is discharged into the sea, the surrounding water is contaminated by dispersion of freshwater flowing into coastal waters. The prediction and analysis about the dispersion process of the discharged fresh water should be conducted. A modeling system using GUI was developed to simulate hydrodynamic flow and fresh water dispersion in coastal waters and to analyze the results efficiently. The modeling module of the system includes a tide model using a finite element method and a fresh water dispersion model using a particle-tracking method. This system was applied to predict the tidal currents and fresh water dispersion in Mokpo coastal zone. To verify accuracy of the hydrodynamic model, the simulation results were compared with observed sea level and time variations of tidal currents showing a good agreement. The fresh water dispersion was verified with observed salinity distribution. The dispersion model also was verified with analytic solutions with advection-diffusion problems in 1-dimensional and 2-dimensional simple domain. The system is operated on GUI environment, to ease the model handling such as inputting data and displaying results. Therefore, anyone can use the system conveniently and observe easily and accurately the simulation results by using graphic functions included in the system. This system can be used widely to decrease the environmental disaster induced by inflow of fresh water into coastal waters.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.12
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• pp.1141-1155
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• 2013

A number of studies have been performed to analyze climate change impacts of water resources system. In this study, a coordinated dam operation is compared with an existing operation strategy for coping with projected future runoff scenarios. GCMs (Global Circulation Models) and the LARS-WG downscaling method was used to project future climate scenarios. The water balance model called abcd was employed to estimate future runoff scenarios. The existing dam operation comes from the national dam construction guideline, which is called the "level-operation method." The alternative coordinated dam operation are constructed as a linear programming using New York City rule for refill and drawdown seasons. The results of annual total inflow in future is projected to decrease to 72.81% for Andong dam basin and 65.65% for Imha dam basin. As a result of applying future runoff scenarios into the dam operation model, the reliability of coordinated dam operation, 62.22%, is higher than the reliability of single dam operation, 46.55%. Especially, the difference gets larger as the reliability is low because of lack of water. Therefore, the coordinated operation in the Andong & Imha dams are identified as more appropriate alternative than the existing single operation to respond to water-level change caused by climate change.