• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.387-393
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• 2001

This paper describes an advanced measuring method and precise evaluation of the ground resistance for the grounding system of energized substations and power equipments. A grounding system of substations consists of all interconnected grounding connections of grounded conductors, neutral ground wires, underground conductors of distribution lines, cable shields, grounding terminals of equipments, and etc. It is very difficult to measure the accurate ground resistance of the grounding terminals of equipments, and etc. It is very difficult to measure the accurate ground resistance of the grounding system of high voltage energized substations because of harmonic components caused by switched power supplies or overloads. The conventional fall-of-potential method may be subject to big error if stray ground currents and potentials are present. In this work, to improve the precision in measurements of the ground resistance by eliminating the effects of harmonic components and stray currents and potentials, the investigations of the ground resistance measurement by using a low pass filter in a model energized grounding system were conducted. The accuracy of ground resistance mesurements was evaluated as a function of the ratio of the test signal to noise (S/N). The errors due to the proposed ground resistance measurement method were decreased with increasing S/N and were less than 5[%] as S/N is 10. The proposed ground resistance measurement method appears to be considerably more accurate than the conventional fall-of -potential method. It is allows cancellation of the parasitic resistance of energized grounding systems, to employ the measurement method that allows cancellation of the parasitic effects due to other circulating ground currents and ground potential rises in practical situations.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2004

The scale model grounding systems to study the behavior of grounding system in uniform soils have been designed and fabricated. Constructional details and instrumentation have been discussed. To verify the accuracy of the results obtained from the experimental tests, they have been compared with computer calculation results. Also, in order to assess the effectiveness of bonding two grounding systems, grounding grid conductors which were downsized as a scale factor of 100:1 were analyzed by using the scale model method. A profile of GPR(Grounding Potential Rise) of each case was measured. The scale model grounding system presented in this paper can be valuable tool to analyze the ground potential profile and ground resistance of practical grounding system.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.303-306
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• 2016

Floating PV system is installed on the water such as artificial lake, reservoir, river for the purposes of zero energy town and/or large scale of PV station. There are electrical gains from cooling effect by water and reflection of water surface. Particularly, floating PV power station with high efficiency solar cell modules receives a lot of attention recently. Floating PV system is installed on the water, which means grounding method to the frame of solar cell and electrical box such as connector band and distribution panelboard should be applied in different way from grounding method of PV system on land. The grounding resistance should be 10[${\Omega}$] in case the voltage is over 400[V] in accordance with Korean Standard. The applicable parameters are the resistivity of water in various circumstances, depth of water, and length of electrode in order to meet 10[${\Omega}$] of grounding resistance. We calculated appropriate length of the electrode on the basis of theoretical equation of grounding resistance and analyzed the relation between each parameters through MATLAB simulation. This paper explains grounding system of floating PV power station and presents considerations on grounding design according to the resistivity of water.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• summer
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• pp.509-511
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• 2004

Grounding rods as a discharge path are normally used to ensure the safety of human beings and facilities from the over-voltages and the over·current. Each grounding mode class 1, class 2, class 3, special class 4- has prescribed ground resistance values which are kept by the utilities. However, in the distribution system, it is very difficult for grounding rods to obtain the prescribed ground resistance values because of the limits of installation space. Therefore, in this paper, the grounding effects of the grounding copper bands which are recently developed to use efficiently in small area and the grounding rods are compared by testing the ground resistance values, ground potential rise(GPR), and step voltage in various cases.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.54-60
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• 2011

This paper presents characteristics of frequency-dependent grounding impedance and transient grounding impedance for the carbon compound grounding electrode used in the installation of computerized electronic equipment and lightning protection system. The frequency-dependent grounding impedances were measured by applying sinusoidal currents in the frequency range from 100 [Hz] to 10[MHz], and the transient grounding impedances were examined by subjecting the impulse current with the front-time between 1~80[${\mu}s$]. As a result, the ground resistance of the carbon compound grounding electrode is less than that of another type grounding electrodes. The transient grounding impedance is relatively low and the conventional grounding impedance is rather lower than the ground resistance. The frequency-dependent grounding impedance of the carbon compound grounding electrode is capacitive and the grounding impedance is decreased with increasing the frequency of injected currents. Therefore in the case that the carbon compound grounding electrode is jointly used with large-scaled grounding electrodes, it is possible to reduce the high frequency grounding impedance of the integrated grounding electrode system.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1998.07c
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• pp.1188-1191
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• 1998

Detailed estimation of subsurface resistivity distribution and accurate estimation of actual fault current coming into the grounding system are indispensible to optimun grounding system design. Especially, it is essential for efficient grounding design to estimate subsurface resistivity distribution quantitatively and logically. Accurate estimation of subsurface resistivity distribution has an absolute influence on calculating touch voltage, step voltage and ground potential rise (GPR) which are related with grounding design standard for human safety. In this study, thirty-three electrical sounding surveys were made in Yongdam Power Station to obtain detailed subsurface resistivity distribution and the sounding data were interpreted quantitatively using multi-layered model. The results of the quantitative resistivity models were adopted practically to calculate grounding resistance values. Analytical asymptotic equations and CDEGS program were used in grounding resistance calculation and the results were compared and reviewed in the study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.211-217
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• 2016

Most nuclear power plants now utilize solid grounded low voltage systems. For safety and reliability reasons, the low voltage (LV) high resistance grounding (HRG) system is also increasingly used in the pulp and paper, petroleum and chemical, and semiconductor industries. Fault detection is easiest and fastest with a solidly grounded system. However, a solidly grounded system has many limitations such as severe fault damage, poor reliability on essential circuits, and electrical noise caused by the high magnitude of ground fault currents. This paper will briefly address the strengths and weaknesses of LV grounding systems. An example of a low voltage HRG system in the LV system of a nuclear power plant will be presented. The HRG system is highly recommended for LV systems of nuclear power plants if sufficient considerations are provided to prevent nuisance tripping of ground fault relays and to avoid the deterioration of system reliability.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.289-297
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• 2000

This paper presents a comparison on the resistance and characteristics of transient response of grounding systems under surge currents using frequency domain electromagnetic field analysis software package and field test. Analysis is done by computer model, based on electromagnetic field theory approach, that accurately takes into account frequency dependent characteristics of the system. The transient performance of three grounding systems is analyzed by comparison of frequency dependent impedance and the maximal transient GPR. A double exponential lighting surge current is injected at one corner of the grounding systems. The transient GPRs a rod grounding systems are higher than mesh or electrolytic grounding systems. Af field test, the results of resistance measurement and time-variant of ground resistance slightly reduce electorlytic grounding systems less than rod and mesh grounding systems.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.57-63
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• 2012

The basic purpose of grounding is for human safety and normal operation of system related to electrical shock hazard by faults of electrical equipments. A grounding electrode is defined as a conducting element that connects electrical systems and/or equipment to the earth. The lowest possible resistance connection to the earth is sought from the grounding electrode. The grounding electrode is the foundation of the electrical safety system. The resistance to ground of vertical electrodes buried in the two deference soil structures has been analyzed for a length of electrodes and soil parameters. The equation of ground resistance of vertical electrodes are Tagg's equation for uniform soil models, and modified equation of Dwight equation for two-layer soil model. In this paper, compared with results of two equations are calculated values of vertical electrode in uniform and two-layer soil models.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2008

This paper presents the transient and conventional grounding impedance behaviors of large grid grounding system associated with the injection point of impulse current The measurement methods consider two possible errors in the grounding-system impedances: (1) ground mutual resistance due to current flow through ground from the ground electrode to be measured to the current auxiliary, (2) ac mutual coupling between the current test lead and the potential test lead The test circuit was set to reduce the error factors. The transient grounding impedance depends on the rise time and injection point of impulse current It is effective that grounding conductor is connected to the center of the large grid grounding system.