• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.10-19
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• 1984

The $3{\times}3{\times}30$ ($cm^3$) sized lumbers of Populus alba-grandulosa L. were treated with four fire-retardant solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate and aluminium chloride for 1, 15, 30, and 60 minutes and 1, 3, and 7 days. Thereafter they were air-dried and burned at high temperature about $1,800^{\circ}C$ and for short time of five minutes. This study estimated the relationship between absorbed chemical amounts and rate of weight loss or residual bending strength of these burned lumbers. The results were as follows: 1) In absorption amount of fire-retardant chemicals, diammonium phosphate showed the largest, aluminium chloride the smallest, but monoammonium phosphate and ammonium sulfate showed similar level. 2) The absorption amount of chemicals was decreased with the increase of specific gravity in the same species except aluminium chloride. 3) The rate of weight loss was decreased as the absorption amount of chemicals increased, especially monoammonium phosphate was most effective. 4) The MOR value of the residual bending strength was increased as the absorption amount of chemicals increased and especially monoammonium phosphate showed the most efficient effect. 5) Aluminium chloride showed more striking increase of MOR value of residual bending strength with the increase of absorption amount than any other chemical, therefore its MOR value was similar to the maximum MOR value of the most effective monoammonium phosphate. 6) The correlation between weight loss and MOR value of the residual bending strength was negative and aluminium chloride showed the most striking negative relation, but the others showed similar trends. 7) The correlation between work to proportional limit and absorption amount of chemicals was positive and the degree of increase in work to proportional limit was most in aluminium chloride, and the next, in monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate in turn. 8) The correlation between work to maximum load and absorption amount of chemicals showed positive and diammonium phosphate revealed the best result and aluminium chloride showed better results than other two chemicals.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.73-77
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• 1984

The surface residual stresses in 1mm thick nickel electrodeposits obtained from four types of nickel sulphamate baths at 40 to 60$^{\circ}C$ and 5 to 25 amps./$dm^2$ were measured by a X-ray method. An increase in nickel chloride concentration in the bath tends to increase tensile residual stresses in the deposits. Addition of no chloride or little chloride in the baths gave rise to little residual stresses or even compressive stresses in the deposits. The residual stresses in most specimens did not exceed 80 MPa and showed minimum in the specimens obtained at 50$^{\circ}C$.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.233-236
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• 2001

원료 의약품의 경우 정제된 최총제품 내려 잔류용매 제거는 매우 중요하다. 일반적인 진공건조 방법에 의한 제품생산시 case hardening 효과 때문에 잔류용매획 제거가 상당히 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 초임제 이산화탄소를 아용하여 정제된 paclitaxel 내의 methylene chloride와 methanol 의 잔류용매를 효과적으로 제거하였다. 초임계 이산화탄소를 이용하여 $40^{circ}C$, 80 bar에서 30분간 조업하였율 경우 최초 최종제품 내 잔류 용매인 methylene chloride 와 methanol이 각각 5,869 ppm과 2,135 ppm에서 468 ppm과 403 ppm으로 줄어 ICH 규정치를 충분히 만족시킬 수 있다. 이러한 연구 결과는 초임계 유체의 새로운 응용 분야를 개척하고 많은 원료 의약품의 잔류용매 제거에 효과적으로 사용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.109-126
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• 1996

이 연구에서 사용된 화학제는 NaCl이다. NaCl과 모래-벤토나이트 혼합물이 각기 다른 혼합률로 배합되어 삼축 압축 시험을 하였다(5, 10, 15%). 탄성계수와 점착력, 그리고 내부 마찰각이 구속 응력과 NaCl의 함수로 얻었다. 이로부터 구한 강도 정수를 근거로 하여 응력-변형률-강도의 거동 특성을 화학액의 농도함수로 residual flow procedure(REP)에 연결하였다. RFP와 함께 유한요소법을 이용한 사면안정 해석 프로그램을 개발하여 안전율을 구하였으며 강도정수를 화학용액의 농도함수로 요소방정식에 넣어구한 안전율을 비교하였다. 이로써 화학용액이 흙제방의 안정성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.83-93
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• 2021

In this study, defluoridation efficiency by aluminium sulphate (alum) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) were compared for recommended Nalgonda dose (100%) and 80% of this dose in both batch and continuous modes. The residual turbidity was found to be higher in case of alum as compared to PACl with 80% dose representing lesser efficient settling of suspensions, which primarily comprise alumino-fluoro complexes that result in high residual aluminium in the treated water and this was confirmed by TEM and Zeta analysis. Moreover, the application of PACl also resulted in much lesser addition to the TDS and also required lesser lime for pH compensation due to its lower acidity. Hence this reduced dose was recommended for defluoridation. It was also observed that in case of alum, residual aluminium in treated water was 0.88 mg/L (100% dose) & 0.72 mg/L (80% dose) and in case of PACl, it was 0.52 mg/L(100% dose) & 0.41 mg/L(80% dose). After subsequent microfiltration, residual aluminium was 0.28 & 0.21 mg/L for 100% & 80% dose respectively and in case of alum and in case of PACl, it was 0.16 & 0.11 for 100% & 80% dose respectively, which conform to the Al standards(<0.2 mg/L).

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.163-176
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• 1995

Triphenyl Tetrazolium Chloride(TCC) reduction test is simple and sensitive to some residual antibiotics (especially to penicillin) in milk, but comparatively insensible to sulfo-namides. The volumn of sample is also large. Thus this study was undertaken to increase the detectable level of sulfonamides in raw milk. In this study, we used small transparent plastic hole and pulp disc instead of 10m1 test tube and made test medium in which was added 0.08%TTC, 0.3% agar, 10% skim milk, approximately $10^6$ CFU/ml streptococcus thermophilus and 5ppm Trimethoprim to enhance the sensitivity for sulfonamides The results of TCC reduction test by disc plate method were summarized as follows : 1. sensitivity to residual sulfonamides were much higher than official TCC reduction test. Detectable limites of sulfamethazine, sulfamerazine, sulfathiazole, sulfachloropy-ridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamononethoxine, sulfadiazine and sulfaquinoxaline were 0.1-0.5ppm levels. 2. Detectable limites to some antibiotics were simillar or good than that of official method as 0.005-0.1ppm to three ${\beta}$ -lactams, 0.25-0.5ppm to one macrolide, 2-10ppm to three aminoglycosides, 0.2-0.5ppm to three tetracycline, 0.1-0.5ppm to chloramphenicol. 3. Only 0.1ml of milk was needed to test and the test medium could be stored appnoximatly 7days in the refrigerator. So test procedure was convenient than offcial method. 4. These results suggest that disc plate method is more useful to detect bacterial growth inhibition substances including sulfonamides in raw milk.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.163-170
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• 2011

첨가제 농도, 전류밀도, 도금용액 pH가 Ni 박막의 잔류응력, 표면형상, 미세조직에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 chloride 도금용액으로부터 나노결정립 Ni 박막이 제조되었다. Ni 박막에서 잔류응력은 첨가제인 saccharin의 농도가 증가함에 따라 인장응력모드(약 150 MPa)로부터 압축응력모드(약 -100 MPa)로의 천이가 관찰되었다. Ni 박막의 미세구조는 도금용액 내에 saccharin의 유무에 따라 변화되었다. Saccharin이 첨가되지 않은 도금용액으로부터 전기도금된 Ni 박막은 주로 FCC(111) 과 FCC(200) 상들로 구성되어 있다. 그러나 Saccharin이 첨가된 도금용액으로부터 전기도금된 Ni 박막은 FCC(111), FCC(200), FCC (311) 상[때로는 FCC (220)]들로 구성되어 있다. 전류밀도는 Ni 박막의 잔류응력에 영향을 미치는 것으로 관찰되었다. $2.5\sim2.5{\mu}10mA{\cdot}cm^{-2}$의 전류밀도에서 가장 낮은 압축응력 값(약 -100 MPa)을 나타내었다. 도금용액의 pH 도 역시 Ni 박막의 잔류응력에 영향을 미쳤다. 한편, 도금용액에 saccharin의 첨가는 Ni 박막의 결정립 크기에 영향을 나타내었다. Saccharin이 첨가되지 않은 경우 Ni 박막의 결정립 크기가 약 60 nm로 측정되었으며, saccharin 함량이 0.0005 M 이상 첨가된 경우 Ni 박막의 결정립 크기가 24~38 nm로 측정되었다. Ni 박막의 표면 형상은 saccharin이 첨가됨에 따라 nodular 형상으로부터 매끄러운 (smooth) 형상으로 변화되었다.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.387-392
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• 2020

국내 유통 중인 건조 목이 8건(국내산 3건, 중국산 5건)을 수집하여 잔류농약 321종, 중금속 7종, 방사능 3종의 유해물질 잔류성분을 조사하였다. 잔류농약 검사결과 국내산 3건에서는 검출되지 않았으나, 중국산 5건 중 4건에서 Chlorpyrifos, Isoprocarb, Mepiquat chloride, Carbendazim이 검출되었다. 농산물 농약 잔류허용기준에 의하면 목이는 Mepiquat chloride(0.5 mg/kg 이하)만 기준치가 설정되어 있다. 또한 중금속 검사결과는 모든 건조 목이에서 미량의 중금속이 검출되었으나, 기준치 이하로 낮게 나타났다. 다만 국내산 시료 1건에서 납 함량이 기준치(0.3 mg/kg)보다 높게 나타나 정확한 원인 규명을 위해서는 톱밥배지, 지하수, 보관·유통 과정에 대한 추가적인 조사가 필요할 것으로 보여진다. 방사능 조사결과에서는 모든 건조 목이에서 방사능 농도가 MDA값 이하로 불검출 수준으로 나타났다. 국내산과 중국산의 평균 방사능 농도는 요오드(131I)와 세슘(134Cs)은 비슷한 수준으로 나타났으며, 세슘(137Cs)은 국내산보다 중국산에서 다소 높게 나타났다. 방사성 세슘(137Cs)은 버섯류에 잘 농축되는 것으로 알려져 있는데 이번 조사에서는 국내 유통 중인 건조 목이는 방사능에 안전하게 나타났다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권7호
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• pp.1866-1870
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• 2019

Residual salt separation is an essential step in pyroprocessing because its reaction products, as prepared by electrochemical unit processes, contain frozen residual electrolyte species, which are generally composed of alkali-metal chloride salts (e.g., LiCl, KCl). In this study, a simple technique that utilizes high-temperature gas flux as a driving force to melt and push out the residual salt in the reaction products was developed. This technique is simple as it only requires the use of a heating gun in combination with a gas injection system. Consequently, $LiNO_3-ZrO_2$ and $LiCl-ZrO_2$ mixtures were successfully separated by the high-temperature gas injection (separation efficiency > 93%), thereby demonstrating the viability of this simple technique for residual salt separation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.15-24
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• 1984

The $3{\times}3{\times}30\;cm^3$ sized specimens of Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii) and western hemlock(Tsuga heterophylla) in this study were soaked in four fire-retardant solutions of ammonium sulfate, monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and aluminium chloride for 1, 24, 72, 168, and 336 hours. Subsequently they were air-dried and burned at high temperature of ca. $1,800^{\circ}C$ and for short time of 5 minutes. This study estimated the relationship between the adsorbed chemicals and the residual weight ratio or residual bending strength of these partly burned lumbers. The results were as follows; 1) In average amount of chemical adsorption, diammonium phosphate showed the largest and aluminium chloride the smallest regardless of species but monoammonium phosphate was larger in Douglas-fir than that of western hemlock. 2) The amount of chemical adsorption was larger in western hemlock than Douglas-fir on the whole. 3) The amount of chemical adsorption was increased with the increase of soaking time but the rate of increase began to decrease at 200hrs. 4) Residual weight ratios showed no difference between species but showed differences among the chemicals treated i.e. monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, ammonium sulfate and aluminium chloride in turn from the largest to the smallest. 5) MOR values showed linear increase with the increase of residual weight ratios but showed no difference in species and chemicals respectively. 6) In the relationship between amount of chemical adsorption and MOR, only diammonium phosphate showed the curve of secondary degree with significance in Douglas-fir. 7) The MOE value of burned Douglas-fir lumber increased and showed significance of 99% as the adsorbed chemical amount increased, but among the chemicals only monoammonium phosphate showed significance. The MOE value of burned western hemlock lumber didn't show significance. 8) In only Douglas-fir, the correlation between adsorbed chemical amount and work to proportional limit showed significance in only monoammonium phosphate. And in both Douglas-fir and western hemlock, the correlation between adsorbed chemicals and work to maximum load showed significance in monoammonium phosphate.