• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.169-186
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• 2005

This paper has focused on the geographical patterns of migrations and the influence of housing value(apartment) per pyung on the migrations within the one city(Seoul) for 1995$\sim$2003. The migration flows which are composed of the origin, the destination and the number of migrants, are examined at the administrative gu and dong level. As most migrations occur among adjacent gus and dongs, short-distance migration is prominent But there is a tendency for the short-distance migrations to occur between specific regions. Since the economic crisis of 1997 out of which Korea was rescued by IMF, differentiation of housing price is so evident that residental relocation is selective among dongs. It seems that the differentiation of housing price has begun to facilitate the relocation of households. Certain social groups are excluded from high-quality residences, as they cannot afford the high price. The number of migrants between dongs is closely related to the variation of the housing value per pyung within dongs. The short-distance migration may reflect this phenomena simultaneously. It seems that the intra-urban migrations in Seoul play a important role to produce and reinforce the residential segregation.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.323-337
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• 2006

This thesis aims to study Change of the Land Use in Yanji city since the reformation and opening of China in the Connection with Urbanization Process. This study is based on Landsat image and maps and data related to topography, urban planning basic, the cadastral map were employed. Softwares such as Arcview3.3, ArcGis8.0 were used. The result of the research is as follows. It clearly appears that there have decreased in the ratio of agricultural areas since the increase in other urban usage of land. There has greatly increased in residential, commercial and industrial areas. Such as the capitalist and market economic city the highest point of city land price emerged in downtown of the old city center. In addition spatial pattern of land price is unusually quite different from the western city in its pattern of land price surface declining tendency between the highest land price and the lowest land price. The land price surface shows irregular patterns with increase of distance from downtown due to various urban developments. According to the land price distribution map, it is possible to guess spatial development of the city that the north-eastern part of Yanji was developed prior to south-western area. The center of the city, or downtown expanded to eastward, and the city expanded to south-westward out skirt. Along the main road, Xin-xing areas developed toward east and west ward.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.13-26
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• 1975

Seven aspects of attitude toward marriage in Korea are examined to better understand present and future marriage patterns. Also, various facets of current marriage practice are compared with attitudes. The study comprises three groups of roughly 600 women each, selected by random sampling from a rural, an urban, and a semi-urban area. A carefully designed and pretested questionnaire was checked for reliability by a reinterview in a 15% subsample. The great majority of Korean women support traditional attitudes that one must or should marry. The small group who recommend that one should not marry are mostly the very young or the never married, whose attitudes still may change. However, there are important and probably predictive shifts in favor of more individual decision, especially among the better educated, the young, and the more urban. Traditional reasons for marriage such as "custom" and procreation are ranked first by a majority, but there is a large shift to more contemporary or liberal desire for companionship and love, also primarily among the better educated, the urban, the young, and the never married. The traditional attitude that parents should have the sole or major role in mate selection is still held by a bare majority; the educated, urban, young, and never married are more liberal. Only 6% opt for each of the two extremes: That the parent alone or the respondent alone should decide. The remainder prefer one of the two middle-of-the-road positions where parent and child together decide. The proportions of respondents who classed specified criteria as moat important for selecting a husband, arranging the criteria in order from traditional to contemporary were: Lineage, etc., 23%; personal attributes, 40%; health and education, 27%; and love, 10%. The changing attitudes are suggested by the fact that love was ranked first by only 3% of the poorly educated rural poulation versus 23% of urban college level and 31% of the urban never married. There has been a substantial rise in the ideal age of marriage over the past twelve or more years, but there also is evidence that the ideal age is at or near a ceiling. Knowledge about legal age of marriage is minimal; the implications of this for proposed legislation are discussed. Three-fifthes to four-fifths of all respondents married husbands of the same religious, residential, and economic backgrounds as themselves. Almost all of them married men of the same or higher educational level. These evidences of traditional influences in mate selection are contrasted with the low priority given some of those items in earlier questions on reasons for marriage and criterion for selecting husband. Contrary to the expressed attitudes as to who should select the husband, we find that marriages of the study sample were stated to be arranged by parents alone in 62%; and in another 23%, the parents made the decision but asked the respondent's views. Such arrangements were most frequent among the rural, the less educated, and the older respondents and less common in the urban and more educated. The implications of these and related findings are discussed.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-143
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• 1998

Married women who follow occupations have remarkably increased. Economic-activies married women[EAMW] have experienced a great degree of role confilcts as the results of that they should play the role of wage workers and do duty as household affairs as well as raise children. To understand problems of EAMW and to make alterniative plans for EAMW, the daily life actives of EAMW should be examined. This study attempts to understand the daily life activites of EAMW. To obtain the goal this research generalizes the daily life actives of EAMW. classifies the patterns the activites, and analyzes the activites in the micro-level. The acivites of EAMW mainly consist of formal business and household affairs. The spatial bounds of activities are influenced by weekdays and holidays. During the weekday their activities are mainly found around residences and/or work places; while, during the weekend, they are discovered around residences and/or around residences or relatives who take care of their children. EAMW move longer distance rather than a full-time housewife; however, the activites of EAMW are residential orientation like those of full-time housewives. The role conflicts of EAMW are mainly from social cultural structure, the distance between workplace and residence, and the location of public service institutes.

• 한국노년학
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.271-290
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• 2018

The study aims to analyze the effects of socio-economic deprivation on suicidal ideation. The analysis data were used as a guide for Korea Welfare Panel Study 9. the frequency analysis, mean difference analysis, correlation analysis, and logistic regression were performed by SPSS programs. The results of analysis are as follows. First, The results of frequency analysis by deprivation type showed a high frequency of deprivation in the following order. Experience of not receiving a public pension, experience of being able to work but unemployed, experience of not being able to eat a balanced diet due to financial difficulties, and experience where you had nothing to eat but no more money to buy. Second, the average difference analysis shows that when a person does not have a spouse, the lower the academic background and the income level, the higher the likelihood of suicide. Third, regression analysis shows that the following deprivation patterns have a statistically significant effect on older adults' thoughts of suicide. Experience in which the respondents or their family could not go to hospital because they had no money, experience that move house because is back rent more than 2 months or can not pay rent, experience that they could not afford to buy food and eat well-balanced meals, experience of failing to pay your bills on time, experience of being able to work but not having a job, and experience in which financial difficulties left them short of food and no money to live. Based on such research results, some policy measures, such as the expanding management of medical care benefits cases, the improvement of elderly housing, residential conditions and the diet survey for the elderly, and the expansion of measures to support elderly people's tax rates, were proposed.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.247-257
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• 2019

Objectives: The Korea Ministry of Environment regulates concentrations of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) through Atmosphere Environmental Standards to protect public health from HAPs. However, simply determining the exceedance of HAP concentrations has several limitations and more comprehensive assessment is required. In addition, integrated risk assessment is needed considering exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoor as well as indoor environments. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk by sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk for Koreans. Methods: In this study, we calculated time-weighted average exposure concentrations for benzene and $PM_{10}$ among preschool-age children, students, housewifes, workers, and the elderly using residential time and concentrations for indoor (house, school or workplace, other), outdoor, and transport by the meta-analysis method. The risk assessments were conducted by excess cancer risk and disease death risk using 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool-age children, students, housewifes, workers, and the elderly spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in their house, workplace, or school, respectively. The more than 99% excess cancer risk for benzene exceed 1.0E-06 in all sub-populations and lifetime. The acute disease death risk for $PM_{10}$ for housewifes and workers for lifetime were 3.35E-04 and 3.18E-04, and chronic disease death risks were 2.84E-03 and 2.70E-03, respectively. Conclusions: The risk of benzene and $PM_{10}$ by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewifes and workers were assessed. Benzene showed risky results for this study. All disease death risks of $PM_{10}$ were higher than 1.0E-04 and showed different risks by sub-population. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment to benzene and $PM_{10}$.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.113-125
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• 2019

Objectives: Although the risk assessments for nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) and ozone ($O_3$) have been extensively studied, most of the existing risk assessments were limited mainly to indoor environments such as workplaces, schools, and multi-use facilities. Therefore, integrated risk assessment is needed to consider exposure in all microenvironments, including outdoors. The purpose of this study was to assess the differences in risk among sub-population groups according to time-activity patterns and reported concentrations, as well as the lifetime risk of Koreans. Methods: In this study, we estimated time-weighted average exposure concentrations of $NO_2$ and $O_3$ for preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors using residential time and indoor concentrations (house, school or workplace, other), outdoors, and transport by meta-analysis method. The risk for $NO_2$ and $O_3$ were assessed by hazard quotient using reference concentrations 30 and 60 ppb, respectively. The risk assessments were conducted through 1,000,000 Monte-Carlo simulations for probabilistic analysis. Results: Preschool children, students, housewives, workers, and seniors spent 91.9, 86.0, 79.8, 82.2, and 77.3% of their day in a house, school, or workplace, respectively. The risk assessment for the lifetime of a housewife and a worker showed that 33.8 and 28.4% of hazard quotients of $NO_2$ exceed 1, respectively, and more than 99% of hazard quotient of $O_3$ were less than 1. Conclusions: The risk of $NO_2$ and $O_3$ by sub-population group and for the lifetime of housewives and workers were assessed. The risk for $NO_2$ was higher than for $O_3$ and showed a different risk by sub-population group. Both $NO_2$ and $O_3$ showed a higher risk for housewives than for workers. This study can be used as a basis for lifetime exposure and risk assessment for $NO_2$ and $O_3$.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 2019

Urban sprawl has been criticized due to its negative effects, including the encroachment of farmland and open spaces, the increase in traffic congestion and air pollution, the decline of central city, the decrease in social capital, and the unfairness of tax burdens on infrastructure and public services. This study measures urban sprawl in the capital region of South Korea where the characteristics of urban sprawl have been known to be different from those identified in the U.S. metropolitan areas. In particular, the study examines whether the capital region has experienced the decline of the central city with an expansion of low density residential development in suburban areas. Three measurements, the sprawl index with population density, the ratio of changes in urbanized areas to changes in population, and the population density gradient, were employed to measure urban sprawl, and GIS mapping and descriptive analysis were used to examine the central city decline and the characteristics of development patterns in suburban areas. The results show that the capital region of South Korea is moving to the American style sprawled development with the decline of the central city and an increase of single detached homes in suburban areas, implying that policy makers need to develop growth management strategies to prevent urban sprawl and its negative effects that many U.S. metropolitan areas have suffered from.

• The Journal of Bigdata
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.59-70
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• 2018

In order to provide stable district heat supplying service to the certain limited residential area, it is the most important to forecast the short-term future demand more accurately and produce and supply heat in efficient way. However, it is very difficult to develop a universal heat demand forecasting model that can be applied to general situations because the factors affecting the heat consumption are very diverse and the consumption patterns are changed according to individual consumers and regional characteristics. In particular, considering all of the various variables that can affect heat demand does not help improve performance in terms of accuracy and versatility. Therefore, this study aims to develop a demand forecasting model using deep learning based on only limited information that can be acquired in real time. A demand forecasting model was developed by learning the artificial neural network of the Tensorflow using past data consisting only of the outdoor temperature of the area and date as input variables. The performance of the proposed model was evaluated by comparing the accuracy of demand predicted with the previous regression model. The proposed heat demand forecasting model in this research showed that it is possible to enhance the accuracy using only limited variables which can be secured in real time. For the demand forecasting in a certain region, the proposed model can be customized by adding some features which can reflect the regional characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.457-467
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• 2021

This paper aims to analyze changes in urban space use due to social distancing measures for COVID-19 using de facto population data in Seoul during daytime, which is estimated by Seoul Metropolitan Government and telecommunication company of KT using public big data and LTE signal data. The result of kernel density estimation and spatial autocorrelation analysis shows that the distribution patterns of de facto population in 2019 and 2020 were generally similar. This is a result of showing that the government's social distancing measures enabled a certain level of normal activities while suppressing the spread of COVID-19. However, analyzing de facto population subtracting 2019 from 2020 showed different results at the micro level. De facto population decreased in commercial areas but increased in residential areas. This means that COVID-19 social distancing measures had spatially uneven effect. The results of analyzing the effect of regional, land use, economic, educational, and accessibility characteristics on the changes of de facto population using spatial regression analysis are as follows. The higher the density of commercial facilities, the more businesses subject to regulations and schools and universities that require non-face-to-face classes, the more de facto population decreased. Conversely, it was found that de facto population increased in areas with many houses and parks due to telecommuting.