• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.43-46
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• 2003

The economy of I.R.Iran is so related to oil that has had many environmental problems especially air pollution in urban areas in recent years. Statistics show that most of the time, the condition of air quality is in crisis level especially during fall and winter seasons. Rapid and high population growth has had large amount of fossil fuels consumption in all sectors including transportation, industry, agriculture, residential and commercial and public services and air pollution and healthy problems. Iran＇s abundance of fossil fuel resources has tended to discourage the country＇s incentive to shift to cleaner alternative energy sources for its energy needs that must be considered in future programming. These are discussed in this paper.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.334-345
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• 2016

This study conducted surveys on perception and utilization of Korean soybean paste targeting 493 women from their 20s to 60s residing in Daegu. Most subjects married (75.3%), were part of a nuclear family (84.8%), had more than a high school diploma (95.8%), had a career (47.9%), lived in an apartment (68.4%), had a total household income of 5 million won or more (38.1%), and had monthly food expenses more than 0.5 million won and less than 1 million won (42.2%). Regarding perception, 'rich nutrition' was the most commonly held perception in subjects in their 60s (4.4), followed by 'good taste' in subjects in their 40s (4.3). Regarding reasons for consumption 'healthy' was highest in subjects in their 60s (47.3%) and 40s (45.6%) and 'delicious' in subjects in their 20s (56.1%). Regarding how to make it, subjects in their 60s responded 'know for sure' (57.1%), while only 2% of 20s responded the same. Subjects in their 50s and 60s had a higher ratio of answering 'know' while 20s and 30s 'don't know', For preparation methods, subjects in their 20s (53.1%) and 30s (41.4%) answered 'buy at the market', subjects in their 40s (68.9%) 'get from family or relatives' and subjects in their 60s (47.3%) 'make by one's own'. For preservation method, subjects in their 20s and 30s answered 'preserve in refrigerator', the 60s tend to answer 'preserve in jangdokdae'. Buying at the market was most common in subjects in their 20s (36.1%) and 30s (28.5%) and the reason was 'convenient' (39.6%). The place of purchase was 'in large supermarket or department store' (78.5%). For the future consumption pattern, 'increase in consumption of commercialized product (44.0%)', subjects in their 60s answered 'keep making at home' while subjects in their 30s and 40s answered 'keep making at home or buying product half and half'. According to the above study results, women living in Daegu region were aware of excellence of traditional soybean paste. However, due to changes in residential circumstance and lack of knowledge about the recipe, they did not make. They receive soybean paste t from family, relatives or bought in the market, which indicates the continuous decrease in home-made soybean paste. Therefore, due to the expanding social participation of women, the product market is expected to increase. I think it is important to develop traditional commercial soybean paste in the traditional way to improve the traditional flavors.

• Journal of The Korea Institute of Healthcare Architecture
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2010

The study was initially designed to look into the soon-to-be senior citizens' preferences for the life after retirement in aging society. Its outcomes are to be contributed to grading up the quality of housing culture through examining the expected changes of housing types in the future. The increasing number of the soon-to-be senior citizens becomes leading subjects in information, culture and consumption areas. Therefore it is significant to present a model of housing types for those citizens by analyzing their preferred residence after retirement. To complete those objectives, a set of questionnaires concerning sex, age, district, education and income of those subjects in 40's-50's, who are expected to be more than 20 percent of national population by 2030, were collected and analyzed to find out their preferences over housing types, residential welfare facilities, and co-housing. The results show that the preferences over the residential welfare facilities and co-housing for those who are able to move for themselves are low, while the preferences over single-unit houses in the suburbs within 2 hours from a city are very high. Preferences for apartments in the urban areas are high for those with high income and education. In contrast preferences for life in their hometowns are high for those whose income and education are relatively low. Most of those with some difficulties in moving for themselves want to get help with welfare facilities for the elderly people. And the preferences of those who want to receive help from assistants are different from those preferring to get help from their offsprings, which tells a need for further study of the convertible housing types according to their family members.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of IIIuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.229-234
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• 2008

The new millennium has started with several innovations driven by fast evolution of the technologies in energy sector. A strong impulse towards the diffusion of new economical efficient technologies regulatory incentives related to energy production from renewable source and a small scale building trigeneration and to promotion of more sustainable environmental-friendly generation solutions, the evolution of electricity markets, more and more binding local emission constraints, and the need for improving the security of supply to reduce the energy system vulnerability. The 24 percentage energy quantify of total energy consumption consumes in commercial buildings and residential houses and the 30% portion of total $CO_2$ emissions covers also in the commercial buildings and residential houses sector. To cope with efficiently this energy sinuation in building sector, Building microgrid or building tooling, heating & power(BCHP) system has been interested in recent day due to meeting thermal and electric energy requirements efficiently and with appropriate energy quality. A multi agent system is a collective of intelligent agents that communicate with each other and work cooperatively to achieve common goals. Also, it is to medicate and coordinate communication between Control Areas and Security Coordinators for teal-time control of the BCHP system and the power pid. In this new circumstance, it is very important to integrate the power and energy delivery system and the information system(communication, networks, and intelligent equipment) that controls it. Therefore, development of smart control modules with open communication protocol and seamlessly interchange the data and information between control network and data network including extranet and intranet give a great meanings. We designed and developed the TCP/IP-CAN IED agent modules and ModBus./LonTalk/(TCP/IP) IED agent ones to configure the multi-agent system based smart energy network of commercial buildings and also intelligent algorithms for inverter fault diagnostics which ran be operated in control level or agent level network.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-46
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• 2012

The building envelope is important specially for saving energy consumption of residential buildings. but Apartment houses in Korea commonly have inside insulation system which have constantly arisen thermal bridges, the risk of heat loss, as a necessity. This study aims to evaluate integrated insulation performance according to the different shapes of external walls, adjacent to windows. The thermal performance analysis was carried out by Equivalent U-value and using the three-dimensional heat transfer computer simulation (TRISCO-RADCON), under nine different cases of comparing among three each of different bases(current standard model, 30percent energy saving model and 60percent energy saving model). The heating and the cooling load were also compared between two cases (standard U-value and Equivalent U-value) of three each of different bases, using the Building energy simulation which is based on DOE-2.1 analysis. As results, it turns out that if the Equivalent U-value is considered on the envelope analysis, the heat flow loss will be increasing more than the standard U-value, and if heat insulation property of the residential building reinforced rather than current, the rate of influences on the thermal bridges would be extremely expanded. In addition, it is shown that annual heating loads of the apartment house with applied Equivalent U-value substantially increased by more than 15 percent compared to those with the existing U-value, but annual cooling loads were negligibly affected.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.662-674
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the patterns of fast food intake in residential areas and its relation to eating habits among 551 6th grade students (286 male students and 265 female students) from elementary schools located in Gangnam-gu, Dongjak-gu and Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. The results of this study were as follows. 1) There were significant differences in the preference for fast food among districts (p<0.05) and children from Seongbuk-gu showed a greater preference for fast food than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. In terms of preferences for particular types of fast food, children from Seongbuk-gu liked hamburgers more than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu so that there were significant differences among districts (p<0.05). With regards to the frequency of intake of the various types of fast food, there were differences in hamburger, pizza and chicken among three districts (p<0.05) and children from Seongbuk-gu ate fast food 1 to significant 2 times more often than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. 2) There were significant differences in the regularity of mealtimes between districts (p<0.05), with children from Seongbuk-gu showing more irregularity in their mealtimes than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. There were significant differences in the frequency of snack intake (p<0.05), and children from Seongbuk-gu tended to take a snack 1 to 2 times more often than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. 3) In the frequency of fast food intake in accordance with obesity, there were significant differences between the obesity index (p<0.05). In particular, children who were underweight had a tendency to eat more fast food. There were significant differences between the frequency of fast food intake depending on children's pocket money (p<0.05), and children who took fast food more than twice a week tended to have more pocket money. According to these results, we report there are partly different trends in the consumption of fast food and food habits among the districts in Seoul. Therefore we suggest that different interventions be implemented within the different districts to reduce reliance on fast food restaurants and to address the perceptions of healthy eating as well as time and convenience barriers.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.183-191
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• 2021

Non-intrusive load monitoring is a technology that can be used for predicting and classifying the type of appliances through real-time monitoring of user power consumption, and it has recently got interested as a means of energy-saving. In this paper, we propose a system for classifying appliances from user consumption data by combining GAF(Gramian angular field) technique that can be used for converting one-dimensional data to the two-dimensional matrix with convolutional neural networks. We use REDD(residential energy disaggregation dataset) that is the public appliances power data and confirm the classification accuracy of the GASF(Gramian angular summation field) and GADF(Gramian angular difference field). Simulation results show that both models showed 94% accuracy on appliances with binary-state(on/off) and that GASF showed 93.5% accuracy that is 3% higher than GADF on appliances with multi-state. In later studies, we plan to increase the dataset and optimize the model to improve accuracy and speed.

• 한국노년학
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.905-926
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• 2016

Although the concept of the elderly varies depending on scholars and laws, as consumption expenditure is deeply associated with income due to the nature of this study, 55 years old was set as the low limit standard for the elderly according to Prohibition of Discrimination on Age in Employment and Employment Promotion for the Aged Act and the elderly households were limited to single-elderly person household and an elderly couple family household for this study. It is considered consumption characteristics as a significant analysis subject in terms of social welfare because it could be understood as an expressed need which was a reflection of desire. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the consumption characteristics of the elderly households by stereotyping the consumption pattern of the elderly households, and find the determining factors for consumption patterns and thus contribute to the establishment of related policies through the expressed needs of the elderly households. K-means of cluster analysis was performed by putting the consumption expenditure of the elderly households to investigate inherent structural type of consumption pattern of the elderly households, which were the investigation subjects. As a result, four groups were stereotyped and named as below: 'health care-centered type', 'saving-centered type', 'livelihood-centered type', and 'food expenses-centered type' Binary Logistic Regression analysis was used to identify the factors that influence the decision of consumption pattern of the elderly households. The result of study showed that the elderly households faced all different needs and problems and thus there is a need for various approach plans to solve this situation. In particular, although the elderly have been viewed as economically poor people so far, the study showed that there were also kind of prepared households through saving. Overall, livelihoodcentered type accounted for the highest portion and, as a factor that influenced this, marital state and household income played an important role. Therefore, it is considered that more active efforts to increase the income of the elderly households are needed. In addition, age, owning of house and subjective health state were found to also have significant influence. Through these results of the study, the elderly's own improvement of awareness on health, presentation of overall standard for health state of the elderly, securement of the elderly's access to cultural life, and financial management coordination for improvement of quality of life, development and dissemination of jobs suitable for the elderly, and dissemination of communal life household, which is a cooperation residential type, were presented as institutional task in the conclusion.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.226-237
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• 2019

Purpose: This study investigated the characteristics of adult patients who had fallen from a height and presented to an emergency room (ER) according to gender and intentionality, with the goal of reducing the harm caused by these injuries. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of fall-from-height patients aged ≥19 years from the in-depth surveillance study of injured patients visiting ERs conducted under the supervision of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 2011 to 2016. Patterns were analyzed according to gender and intentionality. Results: There were 29,838 men (68.5%) and 13,734 women (31.5%), with mean ages of 50.3±15.7 years and 57.2±19.9 years, respectively. The most common height of the fall was ≥1 m to 4 m in men (n=15,863; 53.2%) and <1 m in women (n=7,293; 53.1%). The most common location where the fall occurred was the workplace for men (n=10,500 male; 35.2%) and residential facilities for women (n=7,755; 56.5%). Most falls from height were unintentional (n=41,765; 97.1% vs. n=1,264; 2.9% for intentional falls). Suicide was the most frequent reason for intentional falls, and the age group of 19-30 years predominated in this category (n=377; 29.9%). For intentional falls, the most common interval before presentation to the ER was 0-6 hours (n=370; 29.3%) and the most common height was ≥4 m (n=872; 69.0%). Conclusions: Among men, falls from height most often occurred from ≥1 m to 4 m, at the workplace, and during the course of paid work, whereas among women, they were most common from <1 m, in residential facilities, and during daily activities. Intentional falls most often occurred with the purpose of suicide, in the age group of 19-30 years, with an interval of 0-6 hours until treatment, from ≥4 m, and in residential facilities. Alcohol consumption was more common in intentional falls.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.463-476
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• 2016

Objectives: Environmental, social and personal factors influence eating patterns. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between unhealthy food outlets within a residential area and obesity using nationally representative Korean survey data and data from the Census on Establishments. Methods: Data on the food intakes and socioeconomic variables of a total of 9,978 adults aged ${\geq}19$ years were obtained from the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Geographic locations of restaurants were obtained from the 2013 Census on Establishments in Korea. Administrative area was categorized into tertiles of count of unhealthy food outlets based on the distribution of number of unhealthy food outlets among all urban (Dong) and rural (Eup or Myun) administrative districts in Korea. Multilevel logistic regressions model were used to assess the association between the number of unhealthy food outlets and obesity. Results: People living in the district with the highest count of unhealthy food outlets had higher intakes of fat (45.8 vs. 44.4 g/day), sodium (4,142.6 vs. 3,949.8 mg/day), and vitamin A (753.7 vs. $631.6 {\mu}gRE/day$) compared to those living in the district with the lowest count of unhealthy food outlets. A higher count of unhealthy food outlets was positively associated with frequent consumption of instant noodles, pizza, hamburgers and sandwiches, sweets and sour pork or pork cutlets, fried chicken, snacks, and cookies. Higher exposure to unhealthy food outlets was associated with increased odds of obesity (1st vs. 3rd tertile; OR 1.689; 95% CI 1.098-2.599). Conclusions: A high count of unhealthy food outlets within a residential area is positively associated with the prevalence of obesity in Korea. The results suggest that food environmental factors affects the health outcomes and interventions aiming to restrict the availability of unhealthy food outlets in local neighborhoods may be a useful obesity prevention strategy.