• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1199-1208
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• 2005

Abatement of greenhouse gas emitted from ruminants and promotion of biogas energy from animal effluent were comprehensively examined in each anaerobic fermentation reactor and animal experiments. Moreover, the energy conversion efficiency of biomass energy to power generation were evaluated with a gas engine generator or proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). To mitigate safely rumen methanogenesis with nutritional manipulation the suppressing effects of some strains of lactic acid bacteria and yeast, bacteriocin, $\beta$1-4 galactooligosaccharide, plant extracts (Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponarea), L-cysteine and/or nitrate on rumen methane emission were compared with antibiotics. For in vitro trials, cumulative methane production was evaluated using the continuous fermented gas qualification system inoculated with the strained rumen fluid from rumen fistulated Holstein cows. For in vivo, four sequential ventilated head cages equipped with a fully automated gas analyzing system were used to examine the manipulating effects of $\beta$1-4 galactooligosaccharide, lactic acid bacteria (Leuconostoc mesenteroides subsp. mesenteroides), yeast (Trichosporon serticeum), nisin and Yucca schidigera and/or nitrate on rumen methanogenesis. Furthermore, biogas energy recycled from animal effluent was evaluated with anaerobic bioreactors. Utilization of recycled energy as fuel for a co-generator and fuel cell was tested in the thermophilic biogas plant system. From the results of in vitro and in vivo trials, nitrate was shown to be a strong methane suppressor, although nitrate per se is hazardous. L-cysteine could remove this risk. $\beta$1-4 galactooligosaccharide, Candida kefyr, nisin, Yucca schidigera and Quillaja saponarea are thought to possibly control methanogenesis in the rumen. It is possible to simulate the available energy recycled through animal effluent from feed energy resources by making total energy balance sheets of the process from feed energy to recycled energy.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.60-69
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• 2020

Purpose: Cavity growth process monitoring is to periodically monitor changes in common size and topography for general and observational grades to predict the rate of common growth. The purpose of this study is to establish a systematic cavity management plan by evaluating the general and observational class community in a non-destructive method. Method: Using GPR exploration equipment, the acquired surface image and the surrounding status image are analyzed in the GPR probe radargram in depth, profile, and cross section of the location. The exact location is selected using the distance and surrounding markings shown on the road surface of the initial detection cavity, and the test cavity is analyzed by calling the radar at the corresponding location. Result: As a result of monitoring tests conducted at a cavity 30 sites of general and observation grade, nine sites have been recovered. Changes in scale were seen in 21 cavity locations, and changes in size and grade occurred in 13 locations. Conclusion: The under road cavity is caused by various causes such as damage to the burial site, poor construction, soil leakage caused by groundwater leakage, waste and ground vibration. Among them, indirect factors could infer the effects of groundwater and localized rainfall.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.305-313
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• 2006

The primary goal of the wound healing is rapid wound closure. Recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have greatly expanded our understanding of the biologic processes involved in wound repair and tissue regeneration. This study was conducted to develop a new sponge type of biomaterial to be used for either wound dressing or scaffold for tissue engineering. We designed to make a comparative study of the wound healing effect of silk fibroin/hyaluronic acid (SF/HA) blend sponge in full-thickness dermal injury model of rat. Two full-thickness excisions were made on the back of the experimental animals. The excised wound was covered with either the silk fibroin (SF), hyaluronic acid (HA) or SF/HA (7 : 3 or 5 : 5 ratio) blend sponge. On the postoperative days of 3, 7, 10 and 14, the wound area was calculated by image analysis software. Simultaneously, the tissues were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and Masson's trichrome methods to measure the area of regenerated epithelium and collagen deposition. In addition, we evaluated the degree of the epithelial cell proliferation using immunohistochemistry for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). We found that the half healing time ($HT_{50}$) of SF/HA blend sponge treated groups were significantly decreased as compared with either those of SF or HA treatment group. Furthermore, SF/HA blend sponges significantly increased the size of epithelialization and collagen deposition as well as the number of PCNA positive cells on epidermal basement membrane as compared with those of control treatment. Especially, the 5 : 5 ratio group of SF/HA among all treatment groups was most effective on wound healing rate and histological studies. These results suggest that SF/HA blend sponges could accelerate the wound healing process through the increase of epithelialization, collagen deposition and basal cell proliferation in full thickness skin injury.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.191-208
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• 2002

In the area of new millennium of twenty first century, one of the urgent and critical research issues in commerce area is the regenerating of new business opportunities from the high value added perspectives. With this motivation, in this paper, we create new on-line e-businesses with the speed of lightning their affiliated supply, finance and business communities - which are involved in more and more tightly connected, open trading - we find that we need to deal with hundreds of business collaborative partners, millions of buyers and sellers while we have to face incompatible IT systems. Challenges of new business opportunities linking multi-enterprise data and processes cost effectively, reliably and securely in real time remains an open area in e-business. This challenge we shall describe as the problem of synchronization of multiple enterprise collaborative e-business opportunities (production related), value (finance related), business (operations related) in new business opportunity and infrastructure integrated all together over the off-line and online basis. It brings a new e-commerce opportunities infrastructure into this profitable challenge: by extracting and tracking new business information, new trends in the events of e-business processes. The transformation of the traditional commerce into this type of electronic based commerce can be interpreted as new Cultural Revolution. The revolution will be a new paradigm crossing over the geographical, and organizational zone, restructuring enterprise business process infrastructure.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.845-853
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• 2017

The main reason for urban traffic problems is the increasing in the use of private cars. In order to solve this problem, strong traffic demand management policies such as the collection of congestion tolls and the crackdown on freight vehicles are emerging. Now, however, it is necessary to seek ways for users to make changes in traffic behavior through direct communication between public agencies and passenger car users. As a technique to make this possible, mobility management, which aims to use rational passenger cars by inducing behavior change through individual consciousness change, has recently been proved to be effective in overseas. Therefore, this study concluded that the introduction of MM, which emphasizes individual voluntary behavior change, is necessary at present. In order to investigate the ways of inducing voluntary changes in traffic behavior of passenger car users, a questionnaire survey was conducted on traffic experts and the priorities of voluntary traffic behavior change measures were calculated using AHP. As a result of the analysis, it was shown that "to actively appeal to change the traffic behavior by using the mass media" was the top priority. The next priority were in order of company education for the change of traffic behavior, education for the school, and small-scale workshops.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.545-553
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• 2009

Digital Elevation Models (DEM) is widely used in establishing the topographic profile in nation spatial information. Aerial Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) system is one of the well-known means to produce DEM. The system has fast data acquisition procedures and less weather-dependent restrictions compared to photogrammetric approaches. In this regards, LiDAR has been widely utilized and accepted in the process of nation spatial information generation due to its sufficient positional accuracy. However, the investigation of the accuracy of aerial LiDAR data over the area of forestation with various kinds of vegetations has been barely implemented in Korea. Hence, this research focuses on the investigation of the accuracy of aerial LiDAR data over the area of forestation and the evaluation of the acquired accuracy according to the characteristics of the vegetations. The study areas include land with shrubs and its adjacent forest area with mixed tree species. The spots for the investigation have been selected to be well-distributed over the whole study areas and their coordinates are surveyed by Global Positioning Systems (GPS). Then, the surveyed information and aerial LiDAR data have been compared with each other and the result accuracy has been evaluated. Conclusively, it is recommended that LiDAR data collection to be conducted after defoliation period, especially over the areas with broadleaf trees due to the possibility of significant outliers.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2008

Increase of $CO_2$ by using fossil fuels makes mainly global warming and the international efforts to reduce the $CO_2$ emission is being promoted. Absorption process using aqueous alkanolamine solution to remove acid components in the mixed gases has been used commercially. This method was used to remove $CO_2$ in the flue gas in recent years. $CO_2$ Absorption characteristics of several aqueous alkanolamine solutions such as MEA, DEA and AMP was studied by measuring vapor-liquid-equilibrium(VLE) and absorption velocity in this study. VLE measuring equipment, shell and reactor type, was used to acquire VLE data, equilibrium $CO_2$ pressure(${P_{CO_2}}^*$) and time at each pulse gas input. We also acquired the $CO_2$ absorption velocity by measuring the time to arrive the VLE at $40{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ and first gas input. The $CO_2$ absorption capacity of MEA 10wt% solution was higher than two alkanolamine solutions at $40^{\circ}C$ and the equilibrium $CO_2$ loading was 0.5. Absorption capacity was excellent as follows; AMP>DEA>MEA. But absorption velocity was fast as follows; MEA>AMP>DEA. Though good absorbent was considered by many variables, absorption velocity and capacity was more important factor.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.235-247
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• 2002

For an efficient indexing and retrieval of digital video data, research on video caption extraction and recognition is required. This paper proposes methods for extracting artificial captions from video data and enhancing their image quality for an accurate Hangul and English character recognition. In the proposed methods, we first find locations of beginning and ending frames of the same caption contents and combine those multiple frames in each group by logical operation to remove background noises. During this process an evaluation is performed for detecting the integrated results with different caption images. After the multiple video frames are integrated, four different image enhancement techniques are applied to the image: resolution enhancement, contrast enhancement, stroke-based binarization, and morphological smoothing operations. By applying these operations to the video frames we can even improve the image quality of phonemes with complex strokes. Finding the beginning and ending locations of the frames with the same caption contents can be effectively used for the digital video indexing and browsing. We have tested the proposed methods with the video caption images containing both Hangul and English characters from cinema, and obtained the improved results of the character recognition.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.193-202
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• 2004

Distraction osteogenesis(DO) is defined as a gradual mechanical process of mechanical stretching two vascularized bone surface apart with a critical rate and rhythm such that new bone forms within the expanding gap, reliably bridges the gap, and ultimately remodels to normal structure. DO has become a mainstay in bone tissue engineering and has significantly improved our armamentarium for reconstructive craniomaxillofacial procedures. But the molecular and biological mechanisms that regulate the formation of new bone during distraction osteogenesis are not completely understood. BMPs are potent osteoinductive agents. Our hypothesis was that BMPs, especially BMP-2 and BMP-4, might play an importent role in the signaling pathways that link the mechanical forces created by distraction to biological responses and in promting new bone formation. Using a rabbit's mandible, we investigated the expression of BMP-2, -4 at different time points during distraction osteogenesis. The purpose of this study is to research the pattern of expression of BMP-2, -4 in new bone formation during distraction osteogenesis of the rabbit mandible. The experimental group was applied gradual distraction (0.7mm a day by twice a day, 4.9mm in total, for 7 days) and the control group was carried out osteotomy alone. They were examined clinically, histologically, and by RT-PCR analysis. On 3 days after osteotomy, the high level of expression of BMP-2, -4 was detected. But, the expression of BMP-4 was decreased during latency period. As distraction was started, its expression was increased and maintained till postoperative 28days. In control group, the expression of BMP-4was remarkably decreased till postoperative 14 days. On the other hand, the expression of BMP-2 was no difference between experimental group and control group. The expression of BMP-4 was maintanined at high level during the entire experimental period in both group. These findings suggested that excellent bone formation during distraction osteogenesis is associated with enhanced expression of BMP-4 genes by mechanical tension stress.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.197-206
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• 1983

The slightly hyperstoichiometric uranium dioxide, i.e. U $O_{2.005}$ and U $O_{2.01}$ within a range of the requirement for the use of a nuclear fuel, were sintered directly in an atmosphere of $CO_2$/CO mixture without any succeeding reduction process. The kinetics of sintering in the late stage were investigated for various O/U ratios. A sintering diagram, which show the relation of Temperature-Time-Density-Grain size, was established for each O/U ratio. Only by controlling the oxygen partial pressure in the sintering atmosphere, U $O_2$ pellet could be sintered very easily at low temperature 1050$^{\circ}$～120$0^{\circ}C$ with a density above 95% T.D. and average grain size above 7${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$. It was found that the rate of grain growth follows D=(Kt)$^{1}$4/ in the late stage of sintering. And the activation energies for grain growth in the final sintering stage were found to be 75, 64 and 62kca1/mo1 for U $O_{2.005}$, U $O_{2.01}$ and U $O_{2.10}$, respectively. Although no significant differences are obtained between the activation energies for different O/U ratios, the sinterability is enhanced considerably with increasing the oxygen partial pressure in the sintering atmosphere.tmosphere.