• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2002

This study were performed to investigate the effect of Bisphenol A(BPA) administration on semen characteristic and body or organ weight in mice. In BPA administration for 15 days or 30 days, sperm concentration and viability were lower in group treated with BPA than in control group. The proportion of sperm abnormality were significantly(P＜0.05) increased in groups administrated with BPA for 15 or 30 days than in control group. The administration of BPA in mice didn't affect the body and reproductive organ weight such as testis, epididymis, vasicular gland and coagulatin gland. The spleen weight were significantly affect, but liver and kidney weight were not affect in BPA administration groups for 15 days or 30 days This studies indicate that the short or long term BPA administration in mice were noxious effects on the semen characteristics and organ weight, but didn't affect body weight and reproductive organs.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.167-173
• /
• 2005

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a monomer used in the manufacture of a multitude of chemical products, including epoxy resins and polycarbonate. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of BPA administration on reproductive characteristics and blood hematological and chemical values in offspring of pregnant dams treated with BPA. BPA was administrated to pregnant mice by intraperitoneally injection with 0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg B.W. for 5 times at 3 days interval on gestation days 1-16. There were no treatment-related effects of BPA on reproductive organ weight in male offsprings at 45 days-of-age, but body weight was the lowest in 5.0mg BPA group when compared to other groups (P<0.05). No differences in semen characteristics (sperm concentration, viability, motility and abnormality) were observed between the control and BPA treatment groups. The WBC, HB, HT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, albumin, BUN and total protein of blood hematological and chemical values in male offsprings were not difference for any treatment groups, but RBC value in BPA groups was significantly increased comparing to the control group (P<0.05). The PLT value was slightly higher in 5.0mg BPA groups than in any other group, but not significantly difference among the experimental groups. In female offsprings, the effects of BPA didn't affect to the body and ovary weight, but the uterus weight in 5.0mg BPA group was slightly heavier than that of control group (P>0.05). No statically significant difference in blood hematological values in female offsprings were observed between the control group and BPA groups, but the concentration of albumin and BUN were significantly higher in 0.5mg BPA group when compared to control and other BPA treatment groups (P<0.05). The histological evaluation of testis and ovary in growing offspring at 45 days-of-age was not difference between the control group and BPA groups, but endometriosis of the uterus in female offspring was dramatically increased in 0.5 and 5.0mg BPA groups. These founding suggest that low concentration of BPA might not have a important role on reproductive ability or blood metabolite in offspring of pregnant dams treated with BPA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
• /
• 2004.06a
• /
• pp.185-187
• /
• 2004

The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen exposed during lactational periods. But the dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver, spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP could be found. Estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ expression by BPA and BBP in the uterus(dam, F1 female) and testis(F1 male) were studied. There was no significant different $ER{\alpha}$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. But $ER{\alpha}$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. F1 male showed distinct $ER{\alpha}$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic $ER{\alpha}$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.282-287
• /
• 2000

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] crops, grown in a rice soybean rotation, can suffer when grown in soil with excessive moisture. The objective of this work were to determine the reduction in growth and yield, responses of vegetative and reproductive growth of soybean to excessive soil moisture achieved by prolonged irrigation. Responses of different cultivars were determined at growth stages from V6 to R8 to clarify the sensitive growth stages or characteristics to excessive soil moisture. Cultivar differences in response to excessive soil moisture condition were conspicuous in seed dry weight and harvest index (HI) but not in the response of seed number or pod number per plant. The timing of irrigation causing the condition of excessive soil moisture influenced the vegetative or reproductive traits. Soybean plants were more affected by irrigation commencing at the pre-flowering than at the post-flowering stage. Post-flowering irrigation did not reduce growth of vegetative organs significantly; in fact the growth of stems and leaves was facilitated by the prolonged irrigation commencing at flowering. Differences between cultivar response to prolonged irrigation were assumed to relate to the reduced amount of assimilates translocated to the reproductive organ.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.77-81
• /
• 2001

Kamijadowhan (KMD), an oriental herbal medicine used for anti-angiogenic effect, was extracted with 80% ethanol from mixture of source materials and lyophilized. KMD was orally administered to plugpositive pregnant rats from gestational days 12 to 20, dividing into three groups including vehicle-treated control, 0.5 g/kg or 3 g/kg KMD-treated groups. Dam weight during gestation and post-gestation, weight of pre- and post-weaning offsprings in male and female, and reproductive and developmental endpoints including incisor eruption, eye opening and testes descent were measured. No significant alterations in development of physical landmarks in offspring, maternal weight gain during gestation and post-gestation, and offspring weight were observed in KMD-treated group. The measurement of organ weight at post-gestational days 21 was not changed in dams. In 0.5 g/kg KMD-treated rats, kidney weights in male and female offsprings were significantly increased, and the body weight in male offspring was also increased. Liver and brain weights were not changed. Taken together, these data suggest that KMD may not significantly cross the placenta and produce no reproductive and developmental toxicity at maternally non-toxic dosages.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 1987

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the antiestrogens, LY-117018 and tamoxifen on reproductive organ of ovariectomized immature rats and also to elucidate the mechanism of action of said compounds by bioassay. Each of LY-117018, tamoxifen and estradiol-17${\beta}$ was administered to ovariectomized immature rats at various dose levels. Forty hours after drug administration, tested rats were sacrificed and uterine wet weight, DNA and RNA contents in uterine and liver tissues were investigated. At the same time, uterine wet weight was also investigated with some other rats treated with 125${\mu}g$ of LY-117018 together with increasing doses of tamoxifen. Ovariectomized immature rats given 25${\mu}g$ single dose of each drug were sacrificed on Day 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 after drug administration and uterine was weighed to estimate the duration of action of LY-117018 and tamoxifen. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The administration of LY-117018 or tamoxifen to ovariectomized rats increased uterine wet weight and DNA and RNA contents in uterine tissues with more increase in tamoxifen groups, but significant differences between groups treated at dose levels of 5${\beta}$ or more of both drugs were observed. Estradiol-17${\beta}$ groups showed significant increases in each group(P<0.01). 2. The administration of LY-117018 or tamoxifen to each group significantly increased DNA and RNA contents in liver tissues with more increase in tamoxifen groups. Estradiol-17${\beta}$ groups showed no significant differences between treatment groups of 5${\beta}$ or more. 3. Treatment with 125${\beta}$ of LY-117018 together with various doses of tamoxifen resulted in more increase of uterine wet weight than treatment with a single dose of LY-117018 or tamoxifen. 4. Treatment with 0.2${\beta}$ of LY-117018 or tamoxifen in ovariectomized rats decreased uterine wet weight,DNA and RNA contents in liver and uterine tissues compared with ovariectomized control. 5. The duration of effective action of LY-1l7018 and tamoxifen was 4 days or more. 6. There was significant difference(P<0.001) in uterine wet weight between Day 9after ovariectomy (two days after LY-117018 or tamoxifen treatment) and Day 10(63.7${\pm}$3.5mg, 39.2${\pm}$9.9mg, respectively).

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.54-73
• /
• 2015

Objectives The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of Yikgeebohyul-tang aqueous extracts (YKBHT) on the propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced rat hypothyroidism. Methods The rats were divided into 6 groups : intact vehicle control, PTU control, LT4, YKBHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg treated groups. Hypothyroidism was induced by daily subcutaneous treatment of PTU 10 mg/kg for 28 days. YKBHT aqueous extracts were administered once a day as an oral dose of 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg for 42 days. The changes were observed : weight of body, thyroid gland, liver, testis, epididymis and prostate, serum thyroid hormone levels, serum male sex hormone levels, serum lipid profiles, liver and testis antioxidant system. These results were compared with LT4 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally treated rats. Results These PTU induced hypothyroidism and related hepatic and male reproductive organ damages were favorably and dose-dependently inhibited by treatment of YKBHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg, and YKBHT also effectively regulated the PTU-induced abnormal antioxidant defense factor changes in the both liver and testis. Although, LT4 also inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and relative liver damages. But it deteriorated the hypothyroidism related testis, epididymis and prostate damages through testicular oxidative damages. Conclusions : The result of this study suggests that YKBHT has favorable effects on the hypothyroidism and related liver and reproductive organ damages with augmentation of antioxidant defense factor in the testis and liver. YKBHT 500, 250 and 125 mg/kg dose-dependently inhibited PTU-induced hypothyroidism and related liver and male reproductive organ damages in rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2011

Objective: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical used extensively to manufacture plastics and epoxy resin liners for food and beverage cans. BPA, with properties similar to estrogen, has endocrine-disrupting effects. In the present study, we examined the effects of early prepubertal BPA exposure on the onset of puberty and reproductive parameters such as estrous cycle and reproductive organ weights in female mice. Methods: Female mice were injected subcutaneously at postnatal day (PND) 8 with BPA (0.1, 1, 10, 100 mg/kg) in sesame oil or with sesame oil alone. Body weight was measured from PND 10 to 70. Vaginal opening and estrous cycle were monitored from PND 20 to 29. Animals were sacrificed at PND 25, 30, and 70, and the ovary and uterus weights were measured. Results: Early prepubertal exposure to BPA (10 and 100 mg/kg) significantly decreased body weight from PND 18 to 30. BPA treated mice at testing dose levels showed early opening of the vagina compared to the control group. The number of estrous cycle and days of estrus were significantly decreased in high dose (100 mg/kg) BPA treated mice. The ovary weight at PND 25 and 30 was significantly decreased in all BPA treatment groups. Conclusion: Early prepubertal exposure to BPA accelerated the onset of puberty but decreased reproductive parameters in female mice.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.211-230
• /
• 1991

The germinatin of e. annuus continued from the middle ofmay to mid-october. The maximum germination occurred on the mid-july. The period bloom of was distingushed amongs the different growth forms ; a orm pr of biennial and a form of pr perennial flowering from the mid-may to mid-september, and a form ps biennial blossom from the beginning of October to earlynovember. the dispersal of seed for(a form pr)occurred from early June to the mid-september. A rotte, germinating from summer to autumn, could classified into several growth forms; individuals without a critical leaf area for bolting until september and October, become a form ps of biennial, whicth did not proceed toreproductive growth unitl the next year, even thought wintering. individuals flowered on 3 years after germination become a form pr of perennial. The growth formular of aform pr of bennial, grown in a pot was w=20.2[1+$3.36{\times}10^3$(-0.062t)]$^{-1}$. The maximum relative growth rate(rgr) was 0.062g/g/day and the maximum net assimlation rate(nar) 0.089g/g/day. Therelative growth among each organ was shown as R=0.12 $T^{1.15}$between the avove-ground part(t) and the below- ground part(r). the relation between the avove-ground part(t) and the ratio of stem weight(wi) was ws/wi=2.56 $T^{0.35}$. n.p.k. was largely distributed on a leaf throughoutthe total growth period. while growing, it tended to decrease on the vegetative organ gut vice versa on the reproductive organ. however, nitrogen was more widely distributed on a leaf then in the reproductive organ.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.290-300
• /
• 2011

Objectives: There is limited data regarding the toxicity of methylcyclohexane, despite its wide use in rubber adhesives, paint diluents, and cleansing agents. This study aimed to verify the toxicity and influence on the reproductive system of methylcyclohexane after its repeated injection in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: Methylcyclohexane was injected subcutaneously into male and female SD rats once a day, five times a week, for 13 weeks at different doses (0, 10, 100, and 1,000 mg/kg/day) for each group. The toxicity of testing material was verified by observing the change in body and organ weight, hematological change, pathological findings, and effect on the reproductive system at each different concentration. Results: In the 1,000 mg/kg/day group, there were cases of animal deaths. In animals that survived, hematological changes, including a decrease in the red blood cell count, were observed. A considerable weight gain or loss and pathological abnormalities in the liver, kidney, and other organs were found. However, the 10 and 100 mg/kg/day groups did not cause deaths or other specific abnormalities. In terms of reproductive toxicity, there were changes in hormone levels, including a significant decrease in hormones such as estradiol and progesterone (p < 0.001) in male animals. Menstrual cycle change for female animals did not show concentration dependency. Conclusion: When injected repeatedly for 13 weeks, methylcyclohexane proved to be toxic for the liver, heart, and kidney at a high dose. The absolute toxic dose was 1,000 mg/kg/day, while the no observed adverse effect level was less than 100 mg/kg/day. The substance exerted little influence on the reproductive system.