• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.347-365
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• 2020

In South Korea, social, the number of single-person households has rapidly increased because of financial factors. Since single-person households have characteristics differentiated from general households, many enterprises pay attention to them that appear as important consumers. This study conducted a survey with consumers in their 20s to 50s in single-person households, nationwide who had an experience of purchasing HMR. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, of the benefits pursued in dietary life, the pursuit of nutrition a negative (-) impact on RTH type and did not have any impacts on the RTE and RTC types. The pursuit of taste had a positive (+) impact only on the RTE type while it did not have any impact on the RTH and RTC types. The pursuit of convenience had positive (+) impacts on all RTH, RTE and RTC types, while the pursuit of price sought did not have any impact on all types. Second, of the preferences by each HMR type, preferences for the RTH and RTC types had positive (+) impacts on purchase intention while preference for the RTE type did not have any impact on purchase intention. Third, of the benefits pursued in dietary life, the pursuits of taste and convenience had positive (+) impacts on purchase intention while the pursuits of nutrition and price did not have any significant impacts on purchase intention. In addition, of the benefits pursued in dietary life, the pursuit of convenience had a significant impact on purchase intention mediated by preference by each HMR type. As a result, taste of HMR and the aspects of convenience act as factors inducing purchases, and products in the various forms of taste and convenience in order to appeal consumers who pursue taste and convenience.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.387-396
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• 2022

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the types of nutrition labeling on the processing fluency, health evaluation and purchase intentions of home meal replacements. Methods: This online experimental study was conducted from December 29 to 31, 2019 and included 134 participants. The research design was 2 (Objective nutrition labeling: present vs. absent) × 2 (Evaluative nutrition labeling: present vs. absent) and each participant was randomly assigned to one of four groups. As stimuli, five types of ready-to-heat foods sold in the market were used. Results: Processing fluency (4.91 points) and purchase intention (4.13 points) were significantly high when both evaluative nutrition labeling and objective nutrition labeling were presented, and healthfulness evaluation (4.47 points) was significantly high when only evaluative nutrition labeling was presented. All three variables were measured to be high when evaluative nutrition labeling was presented. The evaluative nutrition labeling that visually represented nutritional values was found to be more effective for processing fluency, healthfulness evaluation, and purchase intention than the objective nutrition labeling representing the nutritional value of the product in numbers and proportions. Conclusions: These results show that it is necessary to develop various types of evaluative nutrition labeling to enable consumers to choose and purchase healthful home meal replacements. Also, consumer education and public campaigns are needed to encourage consumers to select healthier home-cooked meals using nutrition labeling.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.49-70
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• 2010

Customer population management models can be classified into three categories: the first category includes the models that analyze the customer population at cohort level; the second one deals with the customer population at aggregate level; the third one has interest in the interactions among the customer populations in the competitive market. Our study proposes a model that can analyze the dynamics of customer population in consumer-durables market at aggregate level. The dynamics of customer population includes the retention curves from the purchase or at a specific duration time, the duration time expectancy at a specific duration time, and customer population growth or decline including net replacement rate, intrinsic rate of increase, and the generation time of customer population. For this study, we adopt mathematical ecology models, redefine them, and restructure interdisciplinary models to analyze the dynamics of customer population at aggregate level. We use the data of previous research on dynamic customer population management at cohort level to compare its results with those of ours and to demonstrate the useful analytical effects which the precious research cannot provide for marketers.

• Journal of the military operations research society of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.109-114
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• 1977

There are some factors which cause the profits from the production to be decreased or increased. They are, for example, the rise in efficiency of production facilities resulting from the development of the scientific technique, the changes of purchase price of those, and the drop in efficiency of those owing to there long-term operation. In this connection, an manager can get the highest profit by deciding the proper time of new facilities replacement for those in operation or in being planned, which leads to good management planning of his manufactaring business for a given period or a long time. Main purpose of this is the study of how we decide the optimal time or facilities replacement in order to maximize the total profits for a given period by considering them as continous function as to the time in the case where a machineng is set. The results are following: 1. The definition of profit function is in duced in consideration of the breakdowns caused from continous operation of the machinery. 2. The necessary conditions are obtained for the optimal time of replacement and find out the methods of its solution. 3. Comparing between the 'Short cut' method and method in this paper, we obtained that our method is more realistic.

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.207-234
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• 2018

A manufacturer of a durable good typically purchases supplies, including parts for assembly - that are also useful for repairs - from independent "original equipment suppliers" with which it contracts. The manufacturer is a branded monopolist of its final assembled product. To put into effect also a monopoly of the replacement parts, it must stipulate in its arrangements with independent suppliers of the parts that they not supply such patented parts to any other buyer. Durable good owners would then only be able to obtain their requirements of replacement parts from the same company that supplied the durable. This would amount to a tie-in of replacement parts to the direct purchase of new durables. And that describes the apparently widespread practice of automobile manufacturers in India, as exposed in a recent case before the Competition Commission of India (Samsher Kataria v Honda Siel Cars India Limited and others). Here, I will argue that such tie-in enabled automotive manufacturers to more fully appropriate consumer surplus, which induced them to lower the price of new cars, sell more cars and also sell more repair parts. The tie-in expanded the auto parts industry and promoted new entry. The main restraint on expansion of India's automotive manufacturing is not monopoly. It is government protection in the form of tariffs on automobiles and auto parts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.324-334
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• 2022

This study was conducted to provide basic data for product development and marketing strategies for the Thai home meal replacement (HMR) market, to reflect the changing trends in household sizes in Thailand. The results of analyzing the characteristics and differences of HMR consumption behavior between single-person households and multi-person households in Thailand were as follows: It was found that single-person households use HMR to save money and for the convenience in cooking and preparation. In the preference by HMR type, multi-person households showed a higher preference for all types of products than single-person households. Thai consumers, regardless of their household size, mainly use department stores and large shopping malls to purchase HMR, and they most prefer to get information through Internet advertisements. The shelf life, quality, taste, hygiene, and freshness of HMR were the main considerations for their selection. Based on the results of this study, the Thai market requires the development of HMR products that are reasonable in terms of cost and preparation time. In addition, it is necessary to develop products that can satisfy consumer needs, such as nutritional enhancement and therapeutic foods, products that are organic, eco-friendly, cater to various menus, and address the premium segment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 2023

Rolling stock maintenance, which focuses on preventive maintenance, is typically implemented considering the potential harm that may be inflicted to passengers in the event of failure. The cost of preventive maintenance throughout the life cycle of a rolling stock is 60%-75% of the initial purchase cost. Therefore, ensuring stability and reducing maintenance costs are essential in terms of economy. In particular, private railroad operators must reduce government support budget by effectively utilizing railroad resources and reducing maintenance costs. Accordingly, this study analyzes the reliability characteristics of components using field data. Moreover, it resolves the problem of determining an economical replacement interval considering the timing of scrapping railroad vehicles. The procedure for determining the optimal replacement interval involves five steps. According to the decision model, the optimal replacement interval for the onboard signal device components of the "A" line train is calculated using field data, such as failure data, preventive maintenance cost, and failure maintenance cost. The field data analysis indicates that the mileage meter is 9 years, which is less than the designed durability of 15 years. Furthermore, a life cycle in which the phase signal has few failures is found to be the same as the actual durability of 15 years.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.770-781
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• 2022

Korea's aging population is rapidly increasing, but there has been little research into senior-friendly foods. Therefore, this study aimed to provide basic data for the development of senior-friendly Home Meal Replacement(HMR) foods by conducting a survey among elderly and middle-aged persons highly likely to purchase senior-friendly foods in the near future. Study findings showed that the level of HMR purchase was higher among the middle-aged, many subjects preferred products requiring simple cooking, and a higher proportion of subjects purchased them offline. Five HMR selection attributes were identified, and dietary lifestyles were classified into four categories. Through a cluster analysis, 3 groups based on level of involvement were identified: high-level, mid-level, and low-level. Napping^® analysis showed that subjects classified food products into HMR and meal kits, and into products with a clear broth and products with a thicker broth. The study findings are expected to help suggest a differentiating approach in developing senior-friendly HMR foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.876-885
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• 2017

This study aimed to identify the characteristics of Home Meal Replacement (HMR) product purchases and the need for HMR product development for Hong Kong consumers in order to suggest market segmentation strategies according to consumers' dietary lifestyle. For this, an online survey was conducted on a panel of 521 Hong Kong consumers with HMR purchase experience registered at a specialized organization. Data analysis was performed using SPSS (ver. 23.0). HMR purchase characteristics of Hong Kong consumers according to dietary lifestyle showed significant differences in all items, including 'number of purchases', 'purchase location', 'cost of single purchase', and 'reason for purchase'. According to dietary lifestyle, participants were divided into three clusters: 'High interest', 'normal interest', and 'low interest'. In the case of 'high interest in dietary life group', 'low-sodium food' was the most common, followed by 'heating food', 'low sugar food', and 'low calorie food'. In the case of 'moderate interest in dietary life group', 'low-sodium food' was the most common, followed by 'low sugar food', 'low calorie food', and 'nutritious meal'. In the case of 'low interest in dietary life group', 'low sugar food' was the most common, followed by 'low-sodium food', 'various new menu', and 'easy-to-carry dehydrated food'. For the 'high interest' group, the highest proportion of consumers were male in between the ages of 20 to 29, married, and worked in an office job. The 'high interest' consumers also showed a tendency to pay '15,000 to 20,000 KRW' per single purchase. The 'normal interest' group consisted of an even proportion of male and female consumers, with the most common age range being from 30 to 39 years, and most were married. These consumers preferred to spend 'less than 10,000 KRW' or '10,000 KRW to 15,000 KRW' per single purchase, which is in the lower price range for HMR purchases. The 'low interest in dietary life group' had more females gender-wise, were unmarried, and worked in an office job, For a single purchase, the 'low interest' group chose to pay less than 10,000 KRW, which is relatively lower than the other two clusters. The results of this study can be used as baseline data for building marketing strategies for HMR product development. It can also provide basic data and directions for new HMR export products that reflect consumer needs in order to create a market segmentation strategy for industrial applications.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.373-381
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• 2021

The number of vegans has increased rapidly due to religious and ethical beliefs, environmental concerns, health, etc. Also, as interest in healthy and safe food increases, the demand for organic products or nutrition-enhanced products is increasing. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the selection attributes and purchasing behavior for protein-fortified and vegan snacks. It is anticipated that the results would find use as basic data for developing protein-fortified snacks for vegans that can meet consumer needs and derive marketing strategies. A survey was conducted on 140 consumers. According to the analysis of their purchase behavior, the number of people who had purchased high-protein snacks and vegan snacks was higher than those who did not have prior experience. The reasons for the purchase of protein fortified snacks included 'meal replacement' at 'offline-convenient store/supermarket'. Vegan snacks were purchased for 'ethical beliefs, health, environment' at 'offline-vegan restaurant, bakery'. Both snacks showed above-normal preferences. However, it is necessary to improve taste and flavor when developing these products as these were the factors that negatively impacted the preferences. The attributes were factorized into the 'showing off factor', 'sensory factor', 'credence factor', and 'functional factor' and the 'sensory factor' was considered the most important.