• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.1204-1212
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• 2008

The vehicle simulation (flight simulator) in 1920's was the first in the virtual reality. With the development of precise optical and electromagnetic equipment, the virtual reality widened its application for other purposes than military one. Based on the realistic display technology, it is more and more common in the various areas such as entertainment, medical profession, learning, film, architectural design, tourism and etc. In 1989, Jaron Ranier was the first to use the terminology 'Virtual Reality'. With this term, all virtual projects could be classified in a single item. But even before the term was used, the virtual reality has been studied up to now. As a part of virtual reality, the human thirst for the impossible thing has led to the development of ride film. The ride film consists of the special technical elements as well as the psychological analysis of human being. The ultimate purpose of virtual reality is engrossment through interaction. Even though the real interaction requires interface, input sensor and reaction ability, the ride film is not an element of the typical interaction. The virtual reality is mostly defined in technical terms now. But in this study, we will analyze the concepts worked out by Professor Michael Haim who is called a philosopher in the cyberspace in aspect of experience-oriented definition. We will analyze the adaptability of virtual reality based on his concepts such as artificial reality/ interaction/ engrossment/ networked world/ remote display/ simulation/ onmon engrossment. And also, we aim to suggest the directions of developing the ride films for perfect engrossment and to draw optimized conclusion thereon. In this viewpoint, we consider that the study of ride film on which there were few case studies will contribute to level up the basic frameworks of IT technology and the digital image.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.455-466
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• 2013

The aim of this study is to seek application plans of National Ecosystem Survey database based on comparison and examination of feasible analysis methods for distribution characteristics of alien plants. In order to set up a correlation analysis method between alien plants and environmental factors, we had reviewed the 3rd National Ecosystem Survey guide book and consequently, two kinds of analysis method were tested. One was 1/25,000 scale map boundary based analysis and the other was representative mountain area based analysis. In this study we restricted the research area to select reliable surveyed database from whole "2011 National Ecosystem Survey flora database" according to two major criteria. First, an area defined by 1/25,000 scale map boundary and representative mountain area where the number of surveyed flora records should be within top 20%. Second, land cover map should also be built up inside that area. As a result, 25 map boundaries and 25 representative mountain areas were extracted to be analyzed. To limit a boundary for every representative mountain area we had analyzed distribution of environmental factors around that area by manual inspection with SPOT-5 remote sensed satellite image then designated 3km buffer zone from each alien plant location in that area. After then, naturalized index (NI) and urbanized index (UI) was calculated and correlations analysis was carried out. With the result of correlation analysis by map boundary only agricultural land area showed significant value of r (0.4~0.6, correlated) and the rest of factors did not. In the case of representative mountain area, the result showed that agricultural land, road and forest area showed significant value of r (0.6~0.8, highly correlated) which was corresponding to existing researches. Therefore, representative mountain area based method is preferable when using the alien plants database of National Ecosystem Survey for species distribution analysis. And also, considering the way of database utilization is strongly suggested at the first stage of survey planning for promoting active use of national ecosystem survey database.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2011

Reliable information on the surface solar radiation is indispensable for rebuilding food production system in the famine plagued North Korea. However, transfer of the related modeling technology of South Korea is not possible simply because raw data such as solar radiation or sunshine duration are not available. The objective of this study is restoring solar radiation data at 27 synoptic stations in North Korea by using satellite remote sensing data. We derived relationships between MODIS radiation estimates and the observed solar radiation at 18 locations in South Korea. The relationships were used to adjust the MODIS based radiation data and to restore solar radiation data at those pixels corresponding to the 27 North Korean synoptic stations. Inverse distance weighted averaging of the restored solar radiation data resulted in gridded surfaces of monthly solar radiation for 4 decadal periods (1983-1990, 1991-2000 and 2001-2010), respectively. For a direct application of these products, we produced solar irradiance estimates for each sub-grid cell with a 30 m spacing based on a sun-slope geometry. These products are expected to assist planning of the North Korean agriculture and, if combined with the already prepared South Korean data, can be used for climate change impact assessment across the whole Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2011

While high-definition precipitation maps with a 270 m spatial resolution are available for South Korea, there is little information on geospatial availability of precipitation water for the famine - plagued North Korea. The restricted data access and sparse observations prohibit application of the widely used PRISM (Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model) to North Korea for fine-resolution mapping of precipitation. A hybrid method which complements the PRISM grid with a sub-grid scale elevation function is suggested to estimate precipitation for remote areas with little data such as North Korea. The fine scale elevation - precipitation regressions for four sloping aspects were derived from 546 observation points in South Korea. A 'virtual' elevation surface at a 270 m grid spacing was generated by inverse distance weighed averaging of the station elevations of 78 KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) synoptic stations. A 'real' elevation surface made up from both 78 synoptic and 468 automated weather stations (AWS) was also generated and subtracted from the virtual surface to get elevation difference at each point. The same procedure was done for monthly precipitation to get the precipitation difference at each point. A regression analysis was applied to derive the aspect - specific coefficient of precipitation change with a unit increase in elevation. The elevation difference between 'virtual' and 'real' surface was calculated for each 270m grid points across North Korea and the regression coefficients were applied to obtain the precipitation corrections for the PRISM grid. The correction terms are now added to the PRISM generated low resolution (~2.4 km) precipitation map to produce the 270 m high resolution map compatible with those available for South Korea. According to the final product, the spatial average precipitation for entire territory of North Korea is 1,196 mm for a climatological normal year (1971-2000) with standard deviation of 298 mm.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.511-516
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• 2003

Computer vision technology has been utilized as one of the most powerful tools to automate various agricultural operations. Though it has demonstrated successful results in various applications, the current status of technology is still for behind the human's capability typically for the unstructured and variable task environment. In this paper, a man-machine interactive hybrid decision-making system which utilized a concept of tole-operation was proposed to overcome limitations of computer image processing and cognitive capability. Tasks of greenhouse watermelon cultivation such as pruning, watering, pesticide application, and harvest require identification of target object. Identifying water-melons including position data from the field image is very difficult because of the ambiguity among stems, leaves, shades. and fruits, especially when watermelon is covered partly by leaves or stems. Watermelon identification from the cultivation field image transmitted by wireless was selected to realize the proposed concept. The system was designed such that operator(farmer), computer, and machinery share their roles utilizing their maximum merits to accomplish given tasks successfully. And the developed system was composed of the image monitoring and task control module, wireless remote image acquisition and data transmission module, and man-machine interface module. Once task was selected from the task control and monitoring module, the analog signal of the color image of the field was captured and transmitted to the host computer using R.F. module by wireless. Operator communicated with computer through touch screen interface. And then a sequence of algorithms to identify the location and size of the watermelon was performed based on the local image processing. And the system showed practical and feasible way of automation for the volatile bio-production process.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.343-356
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• 2009

SCS method was applied to make the assessments of direct runoff according to land use changes in Jeju island. Land uses were obtained from 5 year-period remote sensing time series data from 1975 to 2000 which are provided by Water Management Information System (WAMIS). Hydrologic soil groups were categorized based on soil series of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), and permeable geologic structures such as Sumgol, Gotzawal and so on. The land uses of Jeju island are obviously characterized by urban-agricultural areas increases, and forest areas decrease. According to land use changes, curve number (CN) for Jeju island was consistently increased from 65.3 in 1975 to 69.6 in 2000. From 1975 to 2000, the amount of direct runoff and ratios increased due to CN changes. When the rainfall data in 1995 was applied to each year, the direct runoff amounts were $299.0{\sim}351.6\;mm$, and runoff ratios were $15.1{\sim}17.7%$. In the case of the application of the rainfall data in 2000, the direct runoff amounts were $136.9{\sim}161.5\;mm$, and runoff ratios were $9.7{\sim}11.5%$. Since direct runoff can be closely related to groundwater recharge and sustainable groundwater yield, the groundwater influence caused by land use changes or district exploitations should be considered for the reasonable water management and development in Jeju island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2008

Ship detection from satellite remote sensing is a crucial application for global monitoring for the purpose of protecting the marine environment and ensuring marine security. It permits to monitor sea traffic including fisheries, and to associate ships with oil discharge. An automatic ship detection approach for RADARSAT Fine Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image is described and assessed using in situ ship validation information collected during field experiments conducted on August 6, 2004. Ship detection algorithms developed here consist of five stages: calibration, land masking, prescreening, point positioning, and discrimination. The fine image was acquired of Ulsan Port, located in southeast Korea, and during the acquisition, wind speeds between 0 m/s and 0.4 m/s were reported. The detection approach is applied to anchoring ships in the anchorage area of the port and its results are compared with validation data based on Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) radar. Our analysis for anchoring ships, above 68 m in length (LOA), indicates a 100% ship detection rate for the RADARSAT single beam mode. It is shown that the ship detection performance of SAR for smaller ships like barge could be higher than the land-based radar. The proposed method is also applied to estimate the ship's dimensions of length and breadth from SAR radar cross section(RCS), but those values were comparatively higher than the actual sizes because of layover and shadow effects of SAR.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.76 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 1987

The various conditions of photographs, especially kinds of films, combinated filters and seasons are important factors for forestry purpose aerial photography. In this paper the variations of tones were compared between color and color infrared, panchromatic black and white and infrared black and white, and among false color photographic images created by using 3 kinds of filters when prints are made. Color infrared film was good for identifying tree species, for its spectral signatures had a greater range of tones and hues than color signatures. In that case taken in May were more effective than taken April. False color photographs were not so good as color photographs because they were mostly dark and indistinct. Infrared black and white film with medium red filter showed potential for separating broad-leaved forests from conifers. MSS composed photographs, when composed with proper bands and densities, were proved useful for distinguishing land use types but not applicable to more detailed practices such as forest type separation and tree species identification.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2000

The server/client systems using the web protocol and distribution computing environment by network was applied to the MT data processing based on the Java technology. Using this network based system, users can get consistent and stable results because the system has standard analysing methods and has been tested from many users through the internet. Users can check the MT data processing at any time and get results during exploration to reduce the exploration time and money. The pure/enterprised Java technology provides facilities to develop the network based MT data processing system. Web based socket communication and RMI technology are tested respectively to produce the effective and practical client application. Intrinsically, the interpretation of MT data performing the inversion and data process requires heavy computational ability. Therefore we adopt the MPI parallel processing technique to fit the desire of in situ users and expect the effectiveness for the control and upgrade of programing codes.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.517-528
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• 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to suggest a multi-modal controller type for Smart TV Control. Background: Recently, many issues regarding the Smart TV are arising due to the rising complexity of features in a Smart TV. One of the specific issues involves what type of controller must be utilized in order to perform regulated tasks. This study examines the ongoing trend of the controller. Method: The selected participants had experiences with the Smart TV and were 20 to 30 years of age. A pre-survey determined the first independent variable of five tasks(Live TV, Record, Share, Web, App Store). The second independent variable was the type of controllers(Conventional, Mouse, Voice-Based Remote Controllers). The dependent variables were preference, task completion time, and error rate. The experiment consist a series of three experiments. The first experiment utilized a uni-modal Controller for tasks; the second experiment utilized a dual-modal Controller, while the third experiment utilized a triple-modal Controller. Results: The first experiment revealed that the uni-modal Controller (Conventional, Voice Controller) showed the best results for the Live TV task. The second experiment revealed that the dual-modal Controller(Conventional-Voice, Conventional-Mouse combinations) showed the best results for the Share, Web, App Store tasks. The third experiment revealed that the triple-modal Controller among all the level had not effective compared with dual-modal Controller. Conclusion: In order to control simple tasks in a smart TV, our results showed that a uni-modal Controller was more effective than a dual-modal controller. However, the control of complex tasks was better suited to the dual-modal Controller. User preference for a controller differs according the Smart TV functions. For instance, there was a high user preference for the uni-Controller for simple functions while high user preference appeared for Dual-Controllers when the task was complex. Additionally, in accordance with task characteristics, there was a high user preference for the Voice Controller for channel and volume adjustment. Furthermore, there was a high user preference for the Conventional Controller for menu selection. In situations where the user had to input text, the Voice Controller had the highest preference among users while the Mouse Type, Voice Controller had the highest user preference for performing a search or selecting items on the menu. Application: The results of this study may be utilized in the design of a controller which can effectively carry out the various tasks of the Smart TV.