• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.72-79
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• 2000

On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard. Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and cockling tendency, and provides the necessary information to fine-tune the manufacturing process for optimum quality. Many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, being beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting inconveniently long measuring time per sample. The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, non-leaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layers of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow n well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. Hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly as planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum, resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.311-314
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• 2015

Purpose: This study attempted to determine intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability for measurement of foot form using the FPI-6 (Foot Posture Index) in patients with hemiplegia caused by stroke. Methods: Twenty two stroke patients were recruited into the research and their foot posture was evaluated using the FPI. Two raters assessed 6 items sequentially in accordance with the FPI-6 manual. This procedure involved asking the subject to take several steps in-place, prior to settling into a comfortable stance position with double limb support. Subjects were instructed to stand still with their arms by their sides and look straight ahead. FPI-6 values ranged from -2 to +2 for each of the six criteria and from -12 to +12 for the total score, indicating a position for each foot either along the supinated (negative score) to pronated (more than +6) continuum of foot posture. Results: The results showed that intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability for a total FPI-6 score was high: 0.807-0.888. An almost perfect agreement between the two raters was identified in the foot's morphological classification (Somer's D=0.712; p<0.05). Intra-percentage agreement was high (88.6%). Conclusion: The FPI-6 is a quick, simple, and reliable clinical tool with demonstrated good to excellent intra-rater reliability and good inter-rater reliability when used in assessment of the stroke patient's foot.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was a prospective survey to evaluate the Korean Triage and Acuity Scale (KTAS) inter-rater reliability and to identify discordant areas in the KTAS classification between nurses and paramedics in emergency department (ED). Methods: Inter-rater reliability were evaluated using triage deta from January 11 to May 31, 2019. A convinience sample of a total of 800 patients who visited an emergnecy medical center in Incheon (400 adult and 400 pediatric patients in this study) were selected. The triages of this study a pair of one nurse and one paramedic performed triage at the same time, using the KTAS, Inter-rater reliability for the KTAS was evaluated with the weighted kappa. Results: The inter-rater reliability of the KTAS evaluated by weighted Kappa between nurse-paramedic KTAS score of adult patients was .71, and .66 for pediatric patients. Both were in the level considered as substantial. Among causes of triage discordance, the most frequently identified discordant item in triaging adults was the difference in the measurement of pain intensity (28.0%). For both adult and pediatric patients, multiple chief complaint was identified as the major discordant factor. In triaging pediatric patients the body temperature assessment by subjective judgments was the highest discordant item (50.7%). Conclusion: The study result suggested that the KTAS demonstrated a reasonable level of inter-rater reliability and functioned as a standardized triage tool for emergency medical services. In order to improve the inter-rater reliability and classification competence, it is necessary to revise the current all-integrated KTAS provider course to be differentiated for each job group.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to assess the welfare level for shift workers by means of their satisfactions to the jobs in manufacturing environment. As a measurement tool of job satisfaction, we use the JDI(Job Descriptive Index) which can ensure reliability and are widely used. Measurement factors are investigated by means of the duty, payment, promotion, supervisor, co-workers, and general job satisfaction of shift workers. For the application of job satisfaction, 109 workers, 12-hour shift workers in domestic five companies related with manufacturing industry are considered. They treat general facilities in night shift work. The result of this study may be used as a strategic data of welfare policy for improving the welfare level of shift workers.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14
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• pp.53-60
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• 1996

The most remarkable and characteristic problem of design is that of creativity of design. Originality is a part of creativity. In the process of designing, we used to handle design thoughts that shows some patte군 of divergent and productive thoughts. During design thinking, for example 'Idea sketch', We also are under Pattern Recognition and Gestalt principles organization. In this study, it is reorganized that the 'Originality Test of Line Drawing(OTLD)'is a measurement system for personal originality. There is a regression on two tests of OTLD, which has 1 Semester Interval. From the regression data, Test2 = 7.763 + 0.643Test1, F value : 55.219, Prob : 0.0001. We would suggest a measurement system for an ability of originality in design fields, but we couldn't find any reliability and validity for Fine Art fields. In this point, OTLD could be a development tool for design creativity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1996.11a
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• pp.255-259
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• 1996

This paper describes a system for measurement and control of a gas flow. In order to measure the flux of gas and control a vavle according to flux, this system was developed. This system is implemented on the personal computer and its environment is developed tool called TMS. This system includes a main program and Tele-Metering Unit for transmitting correcting flow value based on temperature and pressure in flow computer and AD converter for transmitting instantaneous flow rate, temperature and pressure as interface part of personal computer. This system was made by Visual C++ program. Using this system, inspected data for the recognition of transmitting flow value are generated on the screen, file and printer. The activity, reliability of this system was verified on Daegu-Citygas that aids the system for the acquisition of inspected data by realtime application.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.574-587
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• 2015

This quantitative study helps develop a measurement tool for consumer experiences inside and outside of a fashion brand store in a large shopping center along with a previous qualitative study that utilized a consumer interview. An expert group interview was conducted to verify the result of the previous qualitative study. Subjects were selected through convenient sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was developed to collect the data. We used 666 questionnaires for data analysis. To analyze data, reliability analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis and measurement equivalence verification were conducted with a statistical package of SPSS 21.0 and Amos 18.0. We used 27 questions in 8 factors for consumer experience inside of the fashion brand store: fashion product, VMD, salesperson responsiveness, salesperson specialty, salesperson's special treatment, salesperson's respect for customers, and positive/negative emotion. We used 27 questions concerning seven factors for the consumer experience outside of a fashion brand store that encompasses a large shopping center: experience with brand and product category diversity, experience with promotion and event, esthetic experience, experience with culture and entertainment, experience with recreational behavior, experience with reputation and sense of pride, and experience with customers.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.48
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• pp.231-256
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is that we regard the notion of reality that television viewers feel as presence, point out problem of measurement tool that appropriate for TV, clarify the subordinate concept of presence, and develop measurement tool that have reliability and validity. To achieve this, we paid attention to reality of television as a determinant of presence and tried to elicit proper subcategories. That is, we progressed two steps research that distinguished external characteristic and content of the media into sensible reality and cognitive reality, and develop measure item and verified statistical validity. We analyzed the second research result about measurement category of presence selected by first research and then we did Exploratory factor analysis and Confirmatory factor analysis. As a result, the first characteristic that make people experience presence is sensible reality, that is, it is the factor of sensible faithfullness, image faithfullness, and image reality as the form factor of the media. The second characteristic is cognitive reality. That is the factor of social reality, relational reality, and practical reality as the factor of media content. Synthesizing these subordinate factor, we can conceptualize presence experience as a reality of media form and content in HDTV viewing environment.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.232-242
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop a Korean version of the pediatric functional muscle test (K-PFMT) for children with motor developmental disorders, and to verify its reliability and validity. Methods: The subjects were 40 children, aged below 5 years. Each was scored on the K-PFMT by 14 physical therapists to determine inter-rater reliability and internal consistency. Additionally, 3 of the 14 therapists tested 20 children again one or two weeks later to determine test-retest reliability. The internal consistency was calculated by Cronbach's alpha. The inter-rater and test-retest reliability were calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). One-way ANOVA and the paired t-test were used to compare differences among the three evaluator groups and between the test and retest group. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Pearson's correlation with a total score of GMFM. Results: Chronbach's alpha was over 0.98 for each test item and 0.99 for the total items. There was no significant differences in the score of K-PFMT among the three evaluator groups except for a few items. The test-retest ICC was from 0.89 to 1.00 and from 0.82 to 1.00, respectively. There was no significant difference between the test and retest group, except for a few items. There were high significant correlations between K-PFMT and GMFM. Conclusion: This study showed that a K-PFMT with relatively high reliability and validity was successfully developed. The K-PFMT will be a useful tool for measurement of muscle strength of children with motor developmental disorder.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2024

Objective: This study aims to assess the reliability and validity of the new hand-held spirometer as a potential substitute for traditional pulmonary function testing (PFT) devices. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: In this study, thirty healthy adults underwent spirometry using both the new hand-held spirometer and the MIR spirometer, which is a standard PFT device. Parameters including peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁), and forced vital capacity (FVC) were measured and analyzed for validity and reliability. Inter-rater reliability and validity were evaluated through 95% limits of agreement (LOA) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Statistical analyses, including the Bland-Altman plots and the ICC, were utilized to assess agreement between the two devices. Results: The new hand-held spirometer exhibited a good agreement with intra-class coefficient (ICC [2,1]) ranging 0.762 to 0.956 and 95% LOA of -1.94 to 1.80 when compared with MIR. The test-retest reliability of the hand-held spirometer analyzed using - ICC [2,1] demonstrated a good level of consistency (ICC [2,1] =0.849-0.934). Conclusions: In conclusion, the study aimed to assess the potential of the new hand-held spirometer as a viable alternative to traditional PFT devices, with a specific focus on its reliability and validity in spirometric measurements. The new hand-held spirometer exhibited good test-retest reliability across all measured variables, suggesting its potential as a valid and reliable tool for simultaneous PFT measurements.