• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제84권3호
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• pp.333-342
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• 1995

이 연구에서는 많은 시간과 인력이 투입되어야 하는 임도설계업무(林道設計業務)를 전산화함으로써 업무의 효율성을 증진시키기 위한 임도설계용(林道設計用) 전산모델을 개발하였다. 전산모델은 크게 자료입력(資料入力)모듈, 임도설계(林道設計)모듈, 토적계산(土積計算)모듈, 도면출력(圖面出力)모듈로 구성되어 있으며, 이들은 측량자료(測量資料)와 설계제원(設計諸元)의 입력, 설계도면(設計圖面)의 작성, 평면곡선(平面曲線)과 총단곡선(總斷曲線)의 처리, 곡선부의 확폭, 토공량(土工量)의 산출, 토량운용계획(土量運用計劃)의 수립, 도면의 인쇄 등 산악지형 임도설계에 요구되는 다양한 기능을 수행한다. 또한 다원적인 설계변경기능(設計變更機能)을 제공함으로써 설계과정에서 공학적 판단에 따라 각종 설계내역(設計內譯)의 변경이 가능하며 그 결과를 즉시 확인할 수 있음은 물론 변경내용에 따라 모든 설계과정이 자동적으로 재실행됨으로써 효율적인 설계업무가 이루어질 수 있다. 이러한 종합적인 기능을 갖추고 있는 전산모델은 임도선형(林道線形)의 평가(評價) 및 토량(土量)의 균형평가(均衡評價) 등 일련의 공학적(工學的) 분석(分析)은 물론 환경적(環境的)인 평가(評價)도 가능하게 한다. 따라서 험준한 산악지형에 적합한 인도의 선형(線形)을 결정하고 토량균형(土量均衡)을 유지시킬 수 있어 환경적(環境的)으로 안정되고 경제성 있는 임도계획(林道計劃)을 가능하게 할 수 있다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.159-169
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• 2005

Objectives : This study was carried out for the purpose of knowing the effect from anti-arthma action of the abstraction from a extract of Paridis Rhizoma(EPR). In order to know what the effect of controlling an abstraction from Paridis Rhizoma. and about the expression of B cells and Ig E cells, mast cells it was necessary for it to be activated by ovalbumin. Methods : In order to know what the effect was on the organization of cytokine gene expression from The increase and divorce of the B cells and allergic acting by EPR, we found it necessary to examine the BALF. At the same time, as we examined the histamine release by ELISA method, we also examined the effect of EPR. Results : EPR at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, the highest concentration examined did not have any cytotoxic effects on mLFCs. In FACS analysis, number of granulocyte/lymphocyte, $CD3e^+/CCR3^+,\;CD4^+\;and\;CD23^+/B220^+$ in asthma-induced lung cells were significantly decreased by EPR treatment compared to the control group. In RT-PCR analysis, mRNA expression for CCR3, eotaxin and histamine in asthma-induced lung cells, which was induced by rIL-3 plus rmIL-5 treatments, was significantly decreased by EPR treatment. In ELISA analysis, production levels of IL-4, IL-13 and histamine in asthma-induced lung cells, which were induced by rIL-3 plus rmIL-5 co-treatment, were significantly decreased by EPR treatment. EPR treatments significantly inhibited the proliferation of eosinohils prepared from asthma-induced mouse lung tissues compared to the non-EPR treated control cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that EPR treatment significantly decreased the levels of eosipnphil activation compared to non-treated cells. Conclusion : The present data suggested that Paridis Rhizoma may have an effects on the inhibition of parameters associated with asthma responses in eosinpophils, and thus implicate the possibility for the clinical application of Paridis Rhizoma.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.70-78
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• 1988

평이버섯의 유전연구(遺傳硏究)와 신품종(新品種) 육성(育成)의 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻기 위하여 팽이버섯의 원형질체(原形質體) 나출(裸出)에 영향(影響)을 미치는 제(諸) 요인(要因)을 구명(究明)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 팽이버섯의 균사생장(菌絲生長) 및 원형질체(原形質體) 나출(裸出)에 알맞은 배지(培地)는 Potato Dextrose peptone Agar였으며 5일간(日間) 배양(培養)된 지수적(指數的) 생장기(生長期)의 균사체(菌絲體)에서 원형질체(原形質體) 나출량(裸出量)이 가장 많았다. MMM 배지(培地)에서는 전혀 나출(裸出) 되지 않았다. 원형질체(原形質體)의 나출(裸出)은 Novozyme 234+Cellulase CP를 10 mg$ml^{-1}$ 농도(濃度)로 사용(使用)하였을때 $52.0{\times}10^{5}ml^{-1}$로 가장 높았으며 최적(最適) 반응시간(反應時間)은 3시간(時間)이었다. Novozyme 단독처리구(單獨處理區)에서는 나출량(裸出量)이 반정도 였다. 효소액(酵素液) pH의 영향(影響)은 삼투압조절제(參透壓調節劑)의 종류(種類)에 따라 차이(差異)를 보였다. 예소액(醴素液)의 반응시간(反應時間)은 Novozyme 234+cellulase CP 10 mg $ml^{-1}$의 경우 3시간(時間) 후(後) 최대(最大) 조출량(操出量)을 보였다. 삼투압조절제는 0.6 M의 Sucrose가 효과적(效果的)이었으며 완형액(緩衡液)없이 pH 6.2로 사용(使用)할 때 원형질체(原形質體)의 나출량(裸出量)이 가장 많았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.649-656
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• 2015

무지개송어 아가미상피세포를 이용하여 cortisol에 의해 유도된 세포 손상에 대항하는 아연의 보호 효과를 연구하였다. 24시간 동안 cortisol에 노출된 세포들은 농도 의존적으로 LDH 방출이 증가하였고, 세포 생존율은 감소하였다. 아연($100{\mu}M$ $ZnSO_4$) 처리에 의해 이와 같은 영향이 감소하였고, 아연은 cortisol에 의해 유도된 caspage-3 활성, 즉 apoptosis에 대항하여 세포를 보호하였다. Cortisol에 의해 유도된 세포 사멸, LDH 방출과 caspase-3 활성은 glucocorticoid 수용체의 길항제인 Mifepristone(RU-486) 처리에 의해 차단되었는데, 이것은 세포 손상이 cortisol과 관련이 있다는 것을 제안하였다. 더하여 cortisol에 의해 유도된 세포 손상 모델에서 MT, GST 그리고 G6PD와 같은 항산화 유전자 발현에 대한 아연의 영향을 연구했다. MTA, MTB, GST 그리고 G6PD mRNA 수준은 아연과 cortisol을 각각 단독 처리에 의해 그리고 아연과 cortisol을 동시 처리에 의해 증가하였다. 이와 같은 증가는 아연이나 cortisol 단독 처리보다는 $100{\mu}M$ $ZnSO_4$와 $1{\mu}M$ cortisol을 동시에 처리했을 때 MTA, MTB, GST 그리고 G6PD mRNA 수준이 더 높았다. 아연 처리에 의해 세포 내 자유 아연 농도가 증가하였고, 이와 같은 반응은 cortisol과 아연을 함께 처리했을 때 세포 내 자유 아연 농도가 더 증가하였다. 결론적으로 아연 처리는 간접적인 항산화 활성을 통해 cortisol에 의해 유도 세포독성 및 apoptosis를 저해하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.55-68
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• 1992

The effects of changes in extracellular $Na^+\;and\;Ca^+$ concentration on the membrane potential and contractility were studied in the antral circular muscle of guinea pig stomach in order to elucidate the existence and the nature of $Na^+/Ca^{2+}$ exchange mechanism. All experiments were performed in tris buffered Tyrode solution which was aerated with 100% $O_2$ and kept at $35^{\circ}C.$ The treatment of $10^{-5}$ ouabain was performed to induce intracellular $Na^+$ loading prior to the start of experiment. The results were as follows: 1. $Na^+$-free Tyrode or high $Ca^{2+}$-Tyrode solution hyperpolarized the membrane potential and induced contracture. The time course of contracture was similar to that of change in membrane potential. 2. The degree of hyperpolarization and the amplitude of contracture decreased in accordance with the increase of extracellular $Na^+$ concentration. 3. $Na^+$-free contracture was developed even after blocking the influence of intrinsic nerves by the pretreatment with atropine, guanethidine and TTX. 4. $Ca^{2+}$-channel blockers(D-600 or $Mn^{2+}$) and the blocker of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum(ryanodine) did not suppress the development of $Na^+$-free contracture. And also, dinitrophenol had no effect on $Na^+$-free contracture. 5. Dose-response relationship between extracellular $Na^+$ concentrations and the magnitude of contractures showed a sigmoid pattern. The slope of straight line from Hill plot was 2.7. 6. In parallel with the increase of extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration, the amplitude of contracture increased dose dependently and was maximum at 8 mM $Ca^{2+}$-Tyrode solution. 7. The relationship between extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentrations and the magnitude of contractures showed hyperbolic pattern. The slope of straight line from Hill plot was 1.1. From the above results, it is suggested that $Na^+/Ca^{2+}$ exchange mechanism exists in the antral circular muscle of guinea pig stomach and this mechanism affects the membrane potential electrogenically.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2001

Azelastine, a phthalazinone derivative, is an antiallergic agent which demonstrates histamine $H_1-receptor$ antagonist activity and also inhibits histamine release from mast cells following antigen and non-antigen stimuli. Thus, azelastine may be useful in the management of both asthma and allergic disorders. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two azelastine hydrochloride tablets, $Azeptin^{TM}$ (Bu Kwang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and $Azela^{TM}$ (Kyung Dong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Eighteen normal male volunteers, $22.44{\pm}2.01$ years in age and $61.99{\pm}6.18\;kg$ in body weight, were divided into two groups and a randomized $2{\times}2$ cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 1 mg of azelastine hydrochloride per tablet were orally administered, blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentrations of azelastine in serum were determined using HPLC with fluorescence detector. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as $AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ were calculated and ANOVA test was utilized for the statistical analysis of the parameters. The results showed that the differences in $AUC_t$, $C_{max}\;and\;T_{max}$ between two tablets were -6.45%, -2.60% and -7.14%, respectively, when calculated against the $Azeptin^{TM}$ tablet. The powers $(1-{\beta})$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$ were 96.65% and 88.47%, respectively. Minimum detectable differences $({\Delta})$ at ${\alpha}=0.05$ and $1-{\beta}=0.8$ were less than 20% (e.g., 14.40% and 17.65% for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals were within ${\pm}20%$ (e.g., $-14.87{\sim}1.97$ and $-12.92{\sim}7.72$ for $AUC_t\;and\;C_{max}$, respectively). Two parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that $Azela^{TM]$ tablet is bioequivalent to $Azeptin^{TM}$ tablet.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose - In recent, a research finds that advanced selling can influence a consumer's choice(Kim et al., 2013). Advanced selling is defined as the new product launching strategy which company allows consumers to preorder new product before its release(Chu & Zhang, 2011). Prior researches have focused on the benefits of advanced selling(e.g., information gathering for demand prediction, an advantage for pricing strategy, and so on) for companies using this strategy(Chen, 2001; Chu & Zhang, 2011; Li & Zhang, 2013; Tang et al., 2004; Xie & Shugan, 2009). However, Kim et al.(2013) find it can also influence a consumer's choice. In detail, they suggest that when consumers use advanced selling, they are likely to prefer high-performance options rather than low-price options based on construal level theory(Trope & Liberman, 2003). In this paper, we tried to expand the prior researches for finding the mechanism of the influence of advanced selling on a consumer's choice. The purpose of this research is to test the mediating effect on the influence of advanced selling. Research design, data, and methodology - To find the mechanism of the influence of advanced selling, we designed an experiment for testing mediation effect. we recruited 93 students from a university. We assigned participants into one of two groups using randomization method. The participants with each group were given a scenario describing the sales strategy. Finally, they made a choice between high-performance option and low-price option. Sequentially, they also responded some questions for testing mediation effect. Results - First, we replicated prior research to test the influence of advanced selling. As a result, we could find that consumers prefer the high-performance option when they preorder it to purchase at the time of consumption. Thus, the replication result is the same as prior research. Second, we tested that advanced selling can influence the perception of temporal distance. The results confirmed that consumers perceived longer temporal distance in advanced selling condition(β = 1.575, SE = 0.272, p < 0.001). Third, we predicted that temporal distance can increase the importance of desirable attributes and decrease the importance of feasible attributes. The results suggested that temporal distance decreased significantly the importance of attributes related to feasibility(β = -0.19, SE = 0.07, p < 0.01), however, it had non-significant effect on increasing the importance of desirable attributes. Finally, we used Sobel-test for testing mediation effect, and it confirmed that the importance of feasible attributes had mediating role of the influence of advanced selling(Sobel test statistic = -2.110, SE = 0.111, p < 0.05). Conclusions - In this paper, we tried to find the mechanism of the influence on advanced selling from a consumer's choice. With an experiment, we confirmed that the importance of feasible attributes could mediate the effect on advanced selling. Therefore, we suggested some theoretical and practical contributions from this research. Finally, we discussed research limitations and suggested future research topics.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권45호
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• pp.27-50
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• 2016

이 연구는 재현의 층위인 실제 인간의 육성(肉聲)을 기반으로 하는 다큐멘터리-애니메이션이 현실세계의 증언으로 작용하는 애니메이션 매체의 새로운 확장임을 논의하였다. 애니메이션은 매우 다양한 기법으로 제작되어 정의하기 힘들 정도로 복잡한 양상을 띠며, 다큐멘터리는 객관적 재현을 기반으로 하지만 연출과 디지털 영상처리 등 여러 유형의 인위적 개입이 존재한다는 점에서 복잡성이 증폭된다. 두 매체의 혼성 장르로 등장한 다큐멘터리-애니메이션은 실제의 사건과 요소를 작품 안으로 끌어들여 현실 기반의 서사를 개념적으로 공유하며, 애니메이션의 외형을 시각적 특징으로 한다. 일반적으로 '애니메이티드 다큐멘터리'로 분류되어 온 이 장르는 <바시르와 왈츠를> 발표 이후 논의가 촉발되었는데, 이 작품의 기법은 실사를 변환한 로토스코핑 기법을 사용한 것으로 오인되곤 한다. 그렇지만 세밀히 분석해보면 전형적인 애니메이션 기법, 3D프로그램의 사용, 그리고 실사영상의 혼용으로 실체 없는 가상의 시뮬라크르인 애니메이션과 지시대상의 객관적 지표성을 기반으로 하는 다큐멘터리의 특성이 공존하는 모호한 매체로 제시되어 있다. 본고에서 논의하고 있는 <무장>(Going Equipped)과 <스낵 앤 드링크>(Snack and Drink), 그리고 <라이언>(Lyan)은 실제인물의 증언으로 서사가 진행된다는 점에서 다큐멘터리 매체의 특성을 공유하지만 동시에 제작기법과 연출특성으로 인해 애니메이션으로 연결된다. 따라서 기존의 분류체계에 이 매체를 포함하기보다 새로운 확장으로써 논의되어야 하며, 이는 작품의 실체를 직시하고 논의를 발전시키기 위해 반드시 필요한 전제라 하겠다. 이 연구에서는 인터뷰이(Interviewee)의 목소리를 직접 사용하면서도 애니메이션의 특성을 벗어나지 않는 작품들을 통해 다큐멘터리-애니메이션을 정의하고 현실세계의 증언으로 확장되고 있는 매체의 가능성에 대하여 논의하고자 하였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.666-684
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• 2019

The horizontal distributions of eggs and larvae of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus were extensively surveyed in the vicinity of Korean waters between 31°75'N and 36°50'N during May and June in 2016 and 2017 (total of four surveys). We used a coupled bio-physical model (DisMELS) that combines an individual-based model (IBM) incorporating vertical migration of larvae and temperature-dependent survival to understand transport processes in the early life stage. Using the distributions of eggs and larvae from surveys, the potential spawning grounds were estimated at the northwest and southeast of Jeju Island and the central East China Sea in May, and at the southwestern East Sea and southern West Sea in June by running the model backward in time. In forward experiments within 30 days from the backward results, most larvae were transported to both the Korean and Japanese sides of the East Sea through the Korea Strait. However, the larvae released in the central East China Sea were transported to the Japanese side only, while those released in the southern West Sea were retained within that region. The survival rates at 30 days after release based on the simulation incorporating temperature-dependent survival throughout May and June were 29.7% in 2016 and 28.8% in 2017.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2008

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ketamine, a dissociative anesthetics, on secretion of catecholamines (CA) secretion evoked by cholinergic stimulation from the perfused model of the isolated rat adrenal gland, and to establish its mechanism of action, and to compare ketamine effect with that of thiopental sodium, which is one of intravenous barbiturate anesthetics. Ketamine ($30{\sim}300{\mu}M$), perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min, dose- and time-dependently inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high $K^+$ (a direct membrane-depolarizer, 56 mM), DMPP (a selective neuronal nicotinic NN receptor agonist, $100{\mu}M$) and McN-A-343 (a selective muscarinic M1 receptor agonist, $100{\mu}M$). Also, in the presence of ketamine ($100{\mu}M$), the CA secretory responses evoked by veratridine (a voltage-dependent $Na^+$ channel activator, $100{\mu}M$), Bay-K-8644 (an L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, $10{\mu}M$), and cyclopiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, $10{\mu}M$) were significantly reduced, respectively. Interestingly, thiopental sodium ($100{\mu}M$) also caused the inhibitory effects on the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, veratridine, Bay-K-8644, and cyclopiazonic acid. Collectively, these experimental results demonstrate that ketamine inhibits the CA secretion evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both nicotinic and muscarinic) receptors and the membrane depolarization from the isolated perfused rat adrenal gland. It seems likely that the inhibitory effect of ketamine is mediated by blocking the influx of both $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ through voltage-dependent $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ channels into the rat adrenal medullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting $Ca^{2+}$ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which are relevant to the blockade of cholinergic receptors. It is also thought that, on the basis of concentrations, ketamine causes similar inhibitory effect with thiopental in the CA secretion from the perfused rat adrenal medulla.