• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.24 no.7 s.178
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• pp.1863-1870
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• 2000

When an impact stress is applied on the external boundary of double cantilever beam of orthotropic material which crack length is greater than specimen hight and anistropic ratio is very high, dyna mic energy release rate is derived, and the relationship between dynamic energy release rate and crack propagating velocity is studied. Dynamic energy release rate to static energy release rate is decreased with increasment of crack propagating velocity. The relationships between dynamic energy release rate and vertical strain have a similar pattern with those between static energy release rate and vertical strain. When normalized time(Cstla) is greater than or equal to 2, dynamic energy release rate approaches to a constant value.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1994

The effect of some formulation variables on the release rate of famotidine, a $H_2$ receptor antagonist, from cellulose matrices containing hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) in different ratios and types was investigated. The effects of tablet shape and compression pressure on dissolution rate of famotidine were studied. And the effect of the pH of dissolution media was also studied. Increase in the ratio of polymer to drug decreased the release rate of famotidine. Increase of the polymer viscosity also decreased the release rate. The release rate of famotidine was dependent on the pH of dissolution media. The release rate of drug was not much dependent on the compression pressure but dependent on the tablet shape and/or surface area. Consequently, the release rate of famotidine can be modified by changing the HPC contents, types of polymers with different viscosity grades or using appropriate fillers.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-59
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• 2004

Composite materials were used widely due to merit of light weight, low maintenance cost and easy installation. But it is the cause of enormous casualties to men and properties because of weak about the fire. Particularly, it is more serious in case of subway train installed composite materials. For this reason, experimental comparison has been done fur measuring heat release rate(H.R.R) and smoke production rate(S.P.R) of interior panels of electric motor car using cone calorimeter. A high radiative heat flux of 50kW/㎡ was used to bum out all materials and to simulate the condition of fully developed fire case in the tests. It was observed that Heat Release Rate and Smoke Production Rate curves were dependent on the kinds of the interior materials. From the heat release rate curves, the sustained ignition time, peak heat release rate and total heat release rate were deduced, These data are useful in classifying the materials by calculating two parameters describing the possibility to flashover.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.263-271
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• 1996

Sulconazole nitrate(SCN), an imidazole derivative which has been effective in the treatment of dermatophytosis, tinea versicolor and candidiasis, was formulated as a gel containing drug, poloxamer 407, ethanol and propylene glycol. The resulting SCN gels were evaluated with respect to their viscosity, drug release rate, skin permeation rate. The apparent viscosity of SCN gel increased in proportion to poloxamer 407, drug and propylene glycol concentration. In case ethanol was added, the apparent viscosity decreased. The drug release rate of SCN gel increased in proportion to temperature and ethanol concentration. But the drug release rate decreased as the concentration of poloxamer 407 increased. The increase of drug concentration induced nonlinear increase of drug release rate. When propylene glycol was added at the level of 10%, the drug release rate increased but from 15% it decreased. The skin permeation rate decreased in high concentration of poloxamer 407. The skin permeation rate of SCN gel containing 15% ethanol increased about twice than that of gel without ethanol. The increase of drug concentration induced nonlinear increase of skin permeation rate. When propylene glycol was added at the level of 10%, the skin permeation rate increased but from 15% it decreased.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.306-310
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• 1986

The release of heparin from monolithic devices composed of different ratios of polyethylene oxide(PEO MW 20,000) and polydimethylsiloxane was investigated. Water soluble PEO plended into the polydimethylsiloxane proved a controlled release of heparin. The release rate of heparin could be controlled by varying the content of PEO and loading dose of heparin. The release rate of heparin from the devices increased as the content of PEO and heparin in the devices increased. The release rate of heparin from devices were related to nature of solute(ionic strength) and temperature. The release mechanism may be associated with the creation of pore or domine through the devices the water-uptake and the change in the physical structure of the polydimethysiloxane network.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 1995

Polymeric reinforcement and coatings of alginate beads were carried out to control the release rate of drug from alginate beads. A poorly water-soluble ibuprofen (IPF) was selected as a model drug. A commercially available $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS100 was also used as a polymer. Effects of polymeric contents, the presence of plasticizers and amount of drug loading on the release rate of drug were investigated. The release rate of drug from alginate beads in the simulated gastric fluid did not occur within 2 h but released immediately when dissolution media were switched to the simulated intestinal fluid. No significant difference of release rate from polymer-reinforced alginate bead without plasticizers was observed when compared to plain (simple) beads. However, the release rate of drug from polymer-reinforced alginate beads was further sustained and retarded when aluminium tristearate (AT) as a plasticizer was added to polymer. However, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG400) did not change the release rate of drug from alginate beads although PEG400 was used to improve dispersion of polymer and sodium alginate, and plasticize $Eudragit^{\circledR}$ RS100 polymer. The presence of plasticizer was crucial to reinforce alginate gel matrices using a polymer. As the amount of drug loading increased, the release rate of drug increased as a result of decreasing effects of polymer contents in matrices. The significantly sustained release of drug from polymer-coated alginate beads occurred as the amount of polymer increased because the thickness of coated membrane increased so that cracks and pores of the outer surface of alginate beads could be reduced. The sustained and retarded action of polymer-reinforced and coated beads may result from the disturbance of swelling and erosion (disintegration) of alginate beads. From these findings, polymeric-reinforcement and coatings of alginate gel beads can provide an advanced delivery system by retarding the release rate of various drugs.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.33-39
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• 1994

We have studied the effect of loading amount and particle size on the rate of release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. Release rate increased as the loading amount and particle size increase. We also studied the effect of additives (lactose and algin) on the rate of release of 5-FU. Both algin and lactose promoted the rate of release. The ability to increase the rate is in the order of algin>lactose>5-FU. Scanning electron microscope study clearly shows that large cavities and cracks are created. The results imply that, by the proper combinations of the amount of the additive, $EVA_c$ and drug, the rate of drug release can be modulated over a wide range of values.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.31-44
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• 1987

Nowadays, the problems of energy and environmental pollution become serious day by day and the diesel engine, which has been proved to be superior to gasoline engine with respect to fuel consumption and ecological problems of exhaust gas, has been adopted widely for various purposes from the marine diesel engine and the dynamo engine to all kinds of engine on land. Therefore, extensive parametric studies on combustion of diesel engine should be done for its desing and improvement. To predict the behavior of diesel engien according to variable operating conditions by means of cycle simulation, the reasonable pattern of heat release rate has to be asumed. But it is necessary to know the actual variation of heat release rate in order to assume the reasonable pattern of heat release rate according to the actual operating conditions. In this paper, on a high speed small bore diesel engine with pre-combustion chamber, experimental investigations were carried out to determine the relationship between the heat release pattern and parameters such as engine load and speed. And also, the theoretical investigations about the performance variations of the above diesel engine according to the predicted pattern of heat release rate variation were performed. From the above observations, it may be said that the Fanboro indicator, which was used to get the cylinder pressure, can be used to estimate a reasonable pattern of heat release rate and it is confirmed that the pattern of heat release rate for the pre-combustion type engine is different from that of the direct injection type engine.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.51-57
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• 1998

Tetracycline lyogel ointment consisting of hydroxy ethyl cellulose(HEC) in glycerin and Eudragit RS 100 in triacetin were prepared and then release characteristic were investigated. The physical properties of lyogel ointment such as viscosity, particle size and microscopic structures were also evaluated. The microscopic structures showed that lyogel particles containing drug were dispersed in the triactin solution. The release rate of drug from lyogel ointment as a function of HEC was not changed. However the release rate was significantly decresed when the amount of Eudragit RS 100 and triacetin in lyogel ointment was increased. The viscosity and weight fraction in external phase of lyogel ointment influenced the release rate. The current studies suggest that the release rate of drug can be controlled by changing of lyogel ointment compositions.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.319-324
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• 2006

Release rate is one of the important items for the environmental impact assessment caused by radioactive materials in case of an accidental release from the nuclear facilities. In this study, the uncertainty of the estimated release rate is evaluated using Monte Carlo method. Gaussian plume model and linear programming are used for estimating the release rate of a source material. Tracer experiment is performed at the Yeoung-Kwang nuclear site to understand the dispersion characteristics. The optimized release rate was 1.56 times rather than the released source as a result of the linear programming to minimize the sum of square errors between the observed concentrations of the experiment and the calculated ones using Gaussian plume model. In the mean time, 95% confidence interval of the estimated release rate was from 1.41 to 2.53 times compared with the released rate as a result of the Monte Carlo simulation considering input variations of the Gaussian plume model. We confirm that this kind of the uncertainty evaluation for the source rate can support decision making appropriately in case of the radiological emergencies.